-
Toxicology Letters Feb 2015Peracetic acid (PAA) is a peroxide-based chemistry that is highly reactive and can produce strong local effects upon direct contact with the eyes, skin and respiratory... (Review)
Review
Peracetic acid (PAA) is a peroxide-based chemistry that is highly reactive and can produce strong local effects upon direct contact with the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Given its increasing prominence in industry, attention has focused on health hazards and associated risks for PAA in the workplace. Occupational exposure limits (OEL) are one means to mitigate risks associated with chemical hazards in the workplace. A mini-review of the toxicity data for PAA was conducted in order to determine if the data were sufficient to derive health-based OELs. The available data for PAA frequently come from unpublished studies that lack sufficient study details, suffer from gaps in available information and often follow unconventional testing methodology. Despite these limitations, animal and human data suggest sensory irritation as the most sensitive endpoint associated with inhalation of PAA. Rodent RD50 data (the concentration estimated to cause a 50% depression in respiratory rate) were selected as the critical studies in deriving OELs. Based on these data, a range of 0.36-0.51mg/m(3) (0.1-0.2ppm) was calculated for a time-weighted average (TWA), and 1.2-1.7mg/m(3) (0.4-0.5ppm) as a range for a short-term exposure limit (STEL). These ranges compare favorably to other published OELs for PAA. Considering the applicable health hazards for this chemistry, a joint TWA/STEL OEL approach for PAA is deemed the most appropriate in assessing workplace exposures to PAA, and the selection of specific values within these proposed ranges represents a risk management decision.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Humans; Models, Animal; Occupational Exposure; Peracetic Acid; Public Health; Threshold Limit Values; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 25542141
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.12.014 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Mar 2023In this study, Fe(Ⅱ)/peracetic acid (PAA) and Fe(Ⅱ)/sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) systems were applied as the combined preoxidation and coagulation process to enhance...
In this study, Fe(Ⅱ)/peracetic acid (PAA) and Fe(Ⅱ)/sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) systems were applied as the combined preoxidation and coagulation process to enhance algae removal. A high removal rate of algae and turbidity could be achieved, with most algal cells keeping intact when adding reasonable concentrations of PAA and NaClO to enhance Fe(Ⅱ) coagulation. The variations of chlorophyll a, malondialdehyde, and intracellular reactive oxygen species suggested that moderate oxidation with only destroying surface-adsorbed organic matter rather than cell integrity was realized. The generated organic radicals, Fe(Ⅳ), and hydroxy radical played the major roles in the Fe(Ⅱ)/PAA system for the moderate oxidation of algal cells, but direct oxidation by NaClO rather than producing reactive species in the Fe(Ⅱ)/NaClO process contributed to the preoxidation. Concurrently, the in-situ formed Fe(Ⅲ) greatly promoted the agglomerating and settling of algae. The analysis of cell integrity, biochemical compositions, and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices spectra demonstrated that excess NaClO but not PAA would seriously damage the algal cells. This might be because that NaClO would directly oxidize the cell wall/membrane, while PAA mainly permeates into the cell to inactivate algae. These results suggest that Fe(Ⅱ)/PAA is an efficient strategy for algae-laden water treatment without serious algae lysis.
Topics: Sodium Hypochlorite; Peracetic Acid; Ferric Compounds; Chlorophyll A; Oxidation-Reduction; Water Purification; Ferrous Compounds
PubMed: 37055977
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130571 -
Poultry Science Feb 2023Past antimicrobial misuse has led to the spread of antimicrobial resistance amongst pathogens, reportedly a major public health threat. Attempts to reduce the spread of...
Past antimicrobial misuse has led to the spread of antimicrobial resistance amongst pathogens, reportedly a major public health threat. Attempts to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria are in place worldwide, among which finding alternatives to antimicrobials have a pivotal role. Such molecules could be used as "green alternatives" to reduce the bacterial load either by targeting specific bacterial groups or more generically, functioning as biocides when delivered in vivo. In this study, the effect of in-water peracetic acid as a broad-spectrum antibiotic alternative for broilers was assessed via hydrolysis of precursors sodium percarbonate and tetraacetylethylenediamine. Six equidistant peracetic acid levels were tested from 0 to 50 ppm using four pens per treatment and 4 birds per pen (i.e., 16 birds per treatment and 96 in total). Peracetic acid was administered daily from d 7 to 14 of age whilst measuring performance parameters and end-point bacterial concentration (qPCR) in crop, jejunum, and ceca, as well as crop 16S sequencing. PAA treatment, especially at 20, 30, and 40 ppm, increased body weight at d 14, and feed intake during PAA exposure compared to control (P < 0.05). PAA decreased bacterial concentration in the crop only (P < 0.05), which was correlated to better performance (P < 0.05). Although no differences in alpha- and beta-diversity were found, it was observed a reduction of Lactobacillus (P < 0.05) and Flectobacillus (P < 0.05) in most treatments compared to control, together with an increased abundance of predicted 4-aminobutanoate degradation (V) pathway. The analysis of the AMR genes did not point towards any systematic differences in gene abundance due to treatment administration. This, together with the rest of our observations could indicate that proximal gut microbiota modulation could result in performance amelioration. Thus, peracetic acid may be a valid antimicrobial alternative that could also positively affect performance.
Topics: Animals; Peracetic Acid; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria
PubMed: 36566657
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102368 -
Water Research Jan 2022The inactivation of algae by a combined process of peracetic acid and ultraviolet irradiation (UV/PAA) was systematically investigated by choosing Microcystis aeruginosa...
The inactivation of algae by a combined process of peracetic acid and ultraviolet irradiation (UV/PAA) was systematically investigated by choosing Microcystis aeruginosa as the reference algal species. Both hydroxyl (HO) and organic radicals (RO) contributed to the cell integrity loss and RO played the dominant roles. The algae inactivation kinetics can be well fitted by the typical Hom model, showing that the inactivation kinetic curves followed a type of shoulder and exponential reduction. The initial shoulder might be induced by the protection from the cell wall. Although the results from the cell morphology, UV-vis spectra and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices analysis suggested the cell lysis and the release of algal organic matter (AOM) in the UV/PAA process, the AOM could be subsequently degraded. Humic acid (1 - 5 mg/L) inhibited the algal cell inactivation, and the presence of chloride (0.5 - 2 mM) had little effect on the cell viability reduction. However, the addition of bicarbonate (1 - 5 mM) promoted cell integrity loss. The UV/PAA process displayed better performance under the natural water background, demonstrating the extensive potential for the practical application of this approach. This study suggests that the UV/PAA process is an effective strategy for algae inactivation.
Topics: Hydroxyl Radical; Microcystis; Peracetic Acid; Ultraviolet Rays; Water Purification
PubMed: 34794020
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117847 -
Water Research Feb 2023Waterborne fungi pose a potential threat to water supply safety due to their high resistance to disinfectants. Peracetic acid, as a promising alternative disinfectant to...
Waterborne fungi pose a potential threat to water supply safety due to their high resistance to disinfectants. Peracetic acid, as a promising alternative disinfectant to chlorine, has attracted increasing attention in water treatment. In this study, the inactivation of two dominant fungal species (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus) by sequential application of peracetic acid and ultraviolet (PAA-UV/PAA) was reported for the first time. Results revealed that the pre-exposure of PAA could facilitate the subsequent process of UV/PAA combination and shorten the lag phase in fungi inactivation. After 10 min of PAA pre-exposure, PAA-UV/PAA achieved 3.03 and 2.40 log inactivation of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, which were 2- and 4.3-fold higher than that of direct UV/PAA under the same UV and PAA doses. PAA-UV/PAA disinfection also exhibited a stronger regrowth inhibition for incompletely inactivated fungal spores than direct UV/PAA. The increase of pH (5.0-9.0) and humic acid concentration (1.0-5.0 mg L ) showed an inhibitory effect on PAA-UV/PAA inactivation, but PAA-UV/PAA was more adaptable in a wide pH range and the presence of humic acid compared to direct UV/PAA. The more severe cell membrane damage and higher reactive oxygen species level in PAA-UV/PAA were evidenced for the first time by flow cytometry. The increased hydroxyl radical generation and higher synergism were primarily responsible for inactivation improvement. This study enhances the further understanding of the PAA-UV/PAA process, and the findings are expected to promote the development of PAA as a promising disinfectant for effective fungi control.
Topics: Peracetic Acid; Spores, Fungal; Humic Substances; Ultraviolet Rays; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Water Purification
PubMed: 36446176
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119404 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Feb 2024Peracetic acid (PAA) disinfection is an emerging wastewater disinfection process. Its advantages include excellent pathogen inactivation performance and little... (Review)
Review
Peracetic acid (PAA) disinfection is an emerging wastewater disinfection process. Its advantages include excellent pathogen inactivation performance and little generation of toxic and harmful disinfection byproducts. The objective of this review is to comprehensively analyze the experimental data and scientific information related to PAA-based disinfection processes. Kinetic models and modeling frameworks are discussed to provide effective tools to assess pathogen inactivation efficacy. Then, the efficacy of PAA-based disinfection processes for pathogen inactivation is summarized, and the inactivation mechanisms involved in disinfection and the interactions of PAA with conventional disinfection processes are elaborated. Subsequently, the risk of pathogen regrowth after PAA-based disinfection process is clearly discussed. Finally, to address ecological risks related to PAA-based disinfection, its impact on the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is also assessed. Among advanced PAA-based disinfection processes, ultraviolet/PAA is promising not only because it has practical application value but also because pathogen regrowth can be inhibited and ARGs transfer risk can be significantly reduced via this process. This review presents valuable and comprehensive information to provide an in-depth understanding of PAA as an alternative wastewater disinfection technology.
Topics: Peracetic Acid; Disinfection; Wastewater; Bacteria; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disinfectants; Water Purification
PubMed: 37944231
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132868 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Feb 2021Recent studies on Fenton-type processes involving peracetic acid (PAA) stimulated further development of advanced oxidative processes (AOPs). The objective of this work...
Recent studies on Fenton-type processes involving peracetic acid (PAA) stimulated further development of advanced oxidative processes (AOPs). The objective of this work was to provide new information about such processes, elucidate their reaction mechanisms both experimentally and theoretically, and verify their possible uses. The Fenton-type reaction of PAA with Fe exhibited a greater dye degradation efficiency than the Fenton process, while the efficiency of the PAA reaction with Fe was very close of Fenton process. Moreover, the processes photocatalyzed by solar radiation demonstrated comparable efficiencies due to the photoreduction of Fe to Fe. By conducting theoretical calculations, it was found that the formation of oxidizing radicals during the reaction of PAA with Fe was not thermodynamically favorable and, therefore, unsuitable for practical use. In contrast, the processes occurred in the PAA/Fe system included thermodynamically spontaneous reactions that generated peroxyl (CHC(O)OO•), alkoxyl (CHC(O)•), and hydroperoxyl (HO•) radicals. The ecotoxicological tests demonstrated that the toxicity of the PAA to the organism Dugesia tigrina can be attributed to the presence of HO.
Topics: Ecotoxicology; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Peracetic Acid; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 33264993
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123949 -
Bioresource Technology May 2023Hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAA) compositions affect the peracetic acid generation and subsequent delignification of lignocellulosic materials. However, the effects...
Hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAA) compositions affect the peracetic acid generation and subsequent delignification of lignocellulosic materials. However, the effects of HPAA compositions on lignin removal and poplar hydrolyzability after HPAA pretreatment are not fully elucidated yet. In this work, different volume ratios of HP to AA were used to pretreat poplar, AA and lactic acid (LA) hydrolysis of delignified poplar to produce XOS was compared. Peracetic acid was mainly produced in 1 h of HPAA pretreatment. HPAA with HP to AA ratio of 8:2 (HPAA) generated 4.4% peracetic acid and removed 57.7% of lignin at 2 h. Furthermore, XOS production from HPAA-pretreated poplar by AA and LA hydrolysis was increased by 97.1% and 14.9% compared to those from raw poplar, respectively. After alkaline incubation, the glucose yield of HPAA-AA-pretreated poplar increased from 40.1% to 97.1%. The study results indicated that HPAA was conducive to XOS and monosaccharides production from poplar..
Topics: Acetic Acid; Peracetic Acid; Lignin; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrolysis; Populus; Lactic Acid
PubMed: 36906236
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128848 -
Journal of Artificial Organs : the... Jun 2020Various decellularization methods for allogenic and xenogenic bioscaffolds have been previously reported; however, decellularization methods for very thin...
Various decellularization methods for allogenic and xenogenic bioscaffolds have been previously reported; however, decellularization methods for very thin (submillimeter-diameter) vascular tissues have not been discussed well. In this study, rat tail arteries (inner diameter, 0.6 mm) were decellularized with peracetic acid (PAA) and DNase I. PAA treatment is expected not only to disrupt cell membranes which improves the decellularization efficiency in the subsequent DNase treatment, but also to sterilize vascular scaffolds. We succeeded in adequate cell removal by immersing in 0.3% isotonic PAA solution and subsequent washing with DNase solution. For the DNase washing process, the perfusion method was superior in terms of cell removal to the static immersion method. Graft lumen was modified with a peptide composed of a collagen binding sequence and endothelial progenitor cell-binding sequence, (Pro-Hyp-Gly)-Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg-Glu-Asp-Val, as previously reported. They were patent in rat allogeneic transplantation model for 2 weeks, but unexpectedly resulted in graft rupture or tear formation, thereafter, suggesting reduced mechanical strength of the decellularized scaffolds. Histology showed that the thickness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) was decreased by the perfusion of the DNase solution. The method of combination of PAA and DNase was not necessarily optimal for the decellularization of very thin vascular tissues. The decellularization method is a compromise between effective cell removal and maintenance of the ECM nature. Since the acceptability of ECM denaturation by the host tissue highly depends on individual cases, decellularization methods should be carefully selected according to the type of target tissue and its intended use.
Topics: Animals; Arteries; Extracellular Matrix; Peracetic Acid; Perfusion; Rats; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 31894445
DOI: 10.1007/s10047-019-01152-0 -
Journal of Applied Oral Science :... 2022To assess the effects of different peracetic acid (PAA) formulations on smear layer (SL) removal, dentine erosion, cytotoxicity, and antibiofilm activity.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the effects of different peracetic acid (PAA) formulations on smear layer (SL) removal, dentine erosion, cytotoxicity, and antibiofilm activity.
METHODOLOGY
SL removal and dentine erosion were assessed using 90 premolars, distributed into six groups, according to final irrigation: PAA formulations (1% Sigma, 1% Bacterend OX, 1% Arposept, and 0.09-0.15% Anioxyde), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and water (control). Cytotoxicity was assessed by methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red assays. Antibacterial and antibiofilm effectiveness was evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis. For cytotoxicity and antibiofilm activity assessment, the 2.5% NaOCl was also included.
RESULTS
EDTA, Sigma, and Bacterend OX removed more SL than Arposept, Anioxyde, and water (p<0.05). EDTA caused more severe dentine erosion than Sigma and Bacterend OX (p<0.05). Sigma and Bacterend OX had higher cytotoxicity than the other solutions (p<0.05). NaOCl, Bacterend OX, Sigma, and Anioxyde significantly reduced E. faecalis colony-forming units (CFU) (p<0.05). The 2.5% NaOCl solution promoted greater biofilm biomass reduction (p<0.05) than the other solutions. All PAA formulations promoted greater biomass reduction than 17% EDTA (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Although Sigma and Bacterend OX had higher cytotoxicity, they had a SL removal capability similar to that of EDTA, were as effective as NaOCl against E. faecalis biofilm, and promoted less dentine erosion than EDTA. Arposept and Anioxyde failed to remove the SL, had lower cytotoxicity, and showed less bacterial activity than NaOCl.
Topics: Biofilms; Dentin; Humans; Peracetic Acid; Root Canal Irrigants; Smear Layer; Sodium Hypochlorite
PubMed: 35352771
DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2021-0575