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Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2021There are numbers of leukocytes present in peritoneal cavity, not only protecting body cavity from infection but also contributing to peripheral immunity including... (Review)
Review
There are numbers of leukocytes present in peritoneal cavity, not only protecting body cavity from infection but also contributing to peripheral immunity including natural antibody production in circulation. The peritoneal leukocytes compose unique immune compartment, the functions of which cannot be replaced by other lymphoid organs. Atypical lymphoid clusters, called "milky spots", that are located in visceral adipose tissue omentum have the privilege of immune niche in terms of differentiation, recruitment, and activation of peritoneal immunity, yet mechanisms underlying the regulation are underexplored. In this review, I discuss the emerging views of peritoneal immune system in the contexts of its development, organization, and functions.
Topics: Lymphoid Tissue; Omentum; Peritoneal Cavity
PubMed: 34850285
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-86016-5_6 -
Journal of Leukocyte Biology Apr 2021The peritoneal cavity is a fluid filled space that holds most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue that contains milky spots or... (Review)
Review
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid filled space that holds most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue that contains milky spots or clusters of leukocytes that are organized similar to those in conventional lymphoid tissues. A unique assortment of leukocytes patrol the peritoneal cavity and migrate in and out of the milky spots, where they encounter Ags or pathogens from the peritoneal fluid and respond accordingly. The principal role of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity is to preserve tissue homeostasis and secure tissue repair. However, when peritoneal homeostasis is disturbed by inflammation, infection, obesity, or tumor metastasis, specialized fibroblastic stromal cells and mesothelial cells in the omentum regulate the recruitment of peritoneal leukocytes and steer their activation in unique ways. In this review, the types of cells that reside in the peritoneal cavity, the role of the omentum in their maintenance and activation, and how these processes function in response to pathogens and malignancy will be discussed.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Humans; Immunity; Immunity, Innate; Omentum; Peritoneal Cavity
PubMed: 32881077
DOI: 10.1002/JLB.5MIR0720-271RR -
Immunobiology Mar 2022Atypical cytokine production and immune cell subset ratios, particularly those that include high proportions of macrophages, characterize tumor microenvironments (TMEs)....
Atypical cytokine production and immune cell subset ratios, particularly those that include high proportions of macrophages, characterize tumor microenvironments (TMEs). TMEs can be modeled by culturing peritoneal cavity (PerC) cells which have a high macrophage to lymphocyte ratio. With TCR or BCR ligation, PerC lymphocyte proliferation is tempered by macrophages. However, PHA (T cells) and anti-CD40 (B cells) are activators that induce proliferation. Herein, we report that ligating IgD, in contrast to IgM, triggers PerC B cell proliferation. IL-4 addition enhanced the IgD response for BALB/c PerC B cells but suppressed that of C57BL/6 mice. Intriguingly, concurrent ligation of IgD and CD3 rescued a PerC T cell proliferative response. These results serve to expand the list of targets for promoting cellular and humoral immunity in conditions that model macrophage-rich TMEs.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Immunoglobulin D; Lymphocyte Activation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Peritoneal Cavity
PubMed: 35077917
DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152181 -
Fertility and Sterility Oct 2016A surgical trauma results within minutes in exudation, platelets, and fibrin deposition. Within hours, the denuded area is covered by tissue repair cells/macrophages,... (Review)
Review
A surgical trauma results within minutes in exudation, platelets, and fibrin deposition. Within hours, the denuded area is covered by tissue repair cells/macrophages, starting a cascade of events. Epithelial repair starts on day 1 and is terminated by day 3. If repair is delayed by decreased fibrinolysis, local inflammation, or factors in peritoneal fluid, fibroblast growth starting on day 3 and angiogenesis starting on day 5 results in adhesion formation. For adhesion formation, quantitatively more important are factors released into the peritoneal fluid after retraction of the fragile mesothelial cells and acute inflammation of the entire peritoneal cavity. This is caused by mechanical trauma, hypoxia (e.g., CO pneumoperitoneum), reactive oxygen species (ROS; e.g., open surgery), desiccation, or presence of blood, and this is more severe at higher temperatures. The inflammation at trauma sites is delayed by necrotic tissue, resorbable sutures, vascularization damage, and oxidative stress. Prevention of adhesion formation therefore consists of the prevention of acute inflammation in the peritoneal cavity by means of gentle tissue handling, the addition of more than 5% NO to the CO pneumoperitoneum, cooling the abdomen to 30°C, prevention of desiccation, a short duration of surgery, and, at the end of surgery, meticulous hemostasis, thorough lavage, application of a barrier to injury sites, and administration of dexamethasone. With this combined therapy, nearly adhesion-free surgery can be performed today. Conditioning alone results in some 85% adhesion prevention, barriers alone in 40%-50%.
Topics: Animals; Fatigue; Female; Humans; Pain, Postoperative; Peritoneal Cavity; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Time Factors; Tissue Adhesions; Treatment Outcome; Wound Healing
PubMed: 27523299
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.012 -
Current Opinion in Critical Care Apr 2001The peritoneal cavity contains resident and migratory cell populations, which play crucial roles in the local defensive response against bacterial invasion. Although... (Review)
Review
The peritoneal cavity contains resident and migratory cell populations, which play crucial roles in the local defensive response against bacterial invasion. Although mononuclear phagocytes predominate in the peritoneal cavity of healthy subjects, recent attention has been focused on mesothelial and dendritic cells. Kinetic analysis of inflammatory mediators has derived from experimental models of peritonitis, but advances in the understanding of the roles of molecules such as lipocortins, PAF, leukotriene B4, PPAR gamma agonists, and chemokines has also been made. Little is known about the peritoneal response to physical trauma in the context of the abdominal compartment syndrome. Studies on the cellular and molecular pathology of intra-abdominal abscesses, peritoneal sclerosis, and other less frequent clinical entities (e.g., tertiary peritonitis) are needed. Biological therapy may contribute to improved clinical management of such diseases.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Digestive System; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Inflammation Mediators; Peritoneal Cavity; Rats; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 11373519
DOI: 10.1097/00075198-200104000-00009 -
Seminars in Pediatric Surgery Dec 2014The peritoneum is one of the commonest sites for pathological processes in pediatric surgery. Its response to pathological processes is characterized by an inflammatory... (Review)
Review
The peritoneum is one of the commonest sites for pathological processes in pediatric surgery. Its response to pathological processes is characterized by an inflammatory reaction with specific pathways depending on the type of injury or peritoneal process involved. This review discusses the current understanding of peritoneal inflammation, adhesion formation, intra-abdominal sepsis, peritoneal metastasis, and ascites and briefly reviews new therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent these pathological entities. Recent studies have improved the understanding of peritoneal responses, resulting in possible new targets for prevention and therapy.
Topics: Ascites; Humans; Peritoneal Cavity; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Peritonitis; Sepsis; Tissue Adhesions
PubMed: 25459437
DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.003 -
Seminars in Pediatric Surgery Dec 2014The peritoneum is subject to both primary neoplasia and secondary malignancy from direct, trans-coelomic, or hematogenous spread from any cancer. The knowledge base in... (Review)
Review
Miscellaneous conditions of the peritoneal cavity--peritoneal tumors, pseudomyxoma, mesothelioma, fibroblastic reaction, cocoon, cystic lymphatic malformations, blue-bleb, and chylous ascites.
The peritoneum is subject to both primary neoplasia and secondary malignancy from direct, trans-coelomic, or hematogenous spread from any cancer. The knowledge base in the pediatric age group is very limited due to the rarity of peritoneal conditions in children, and much of the information is extrapolated from adult literature. There have been few reports in the pediatric population on the diagnosis and management of peritoneal conditions including peritoneal malignancy. In this article, we aim to highlight some of these conditions and the treatments available with a special emphasis on the evolving role of cytoreduction surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the treatment of certain peritoneal malignancies in children.
Topics: Child; Humans; Peritoneal Cavity; Peritoneal Neoplasms
PubMed: 25459443
DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.009 -
Clinical Nuclear Medicine Feb 2021Gallbladder perforation is an uncommon but morbid complication of acute cholecystitis with mural ischemia and necrosis. The most common site of perforation is the fundus...
Gallbladder perforation is an uncommon but morbid complication of acute cholecystitis with mural ischemia and necrosis. The most common site of perforation is the fundus because of limited blood supply in this region. The Niemeier classification proposed in 1934 remains the criterion standard in grading gallbladder perforation; type 1 is acute with free perforation into the peritoneal cavity, type 2 is subacute with pericholecystic abscess, and type 3 is chronic with cholecystoenteric fistula. We report a challenging case of type 1 gallbladder perforation due to acute acalculous cholecystitis.
Topics: Cholecystitis, Acute; Gallbladder; Gallbladder Diseases; Humans; Intestinal Fistula; Male; Peritoneal Cavity
PubMed: 33031242
DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000003317 -
This edition of Seminars in Pediatric Surgery focuses on diseases of the peritoneal cavity. Preface.Seminars in Pediatric Surgery Dec 2014
Topics: Child; Humans; Peritoneal Cavity; Peritoneal Diseases
PubMed: 25459435
DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.001 -
Animal Reproduction Science Aug 2008Reported data were reviewed and reexamined to evaluate the concept that most of the follicular fluid enters the peritoneal cavity at ovulation in mares and transiently... (Review)
Review
Reported data were reviewed and reexamined to evaluate the concept that most of the follicular fluid enters the peritoneal cavity at ovulation in mares and transiently alters the circulating concentrations of LH, FSH, estradiol, and inhibin. A transrectal ultrasonographic study supported the hypothesis that the large volume (40-50 ml) of evacuated follicular fluid passes through the infundibular fimbriae into the peritoneal cavity. A spike in circulating inhibin and a decrease in the rate of reduction in circulatory estradiol occurs at ovulation. Simultaneously, a disruption occurs in the increasing concentrations of the ovulatory LH surge and in the FSH surge that begins before ovulation. The concept was further supported by the present finding that the estradiol content of follicular fluid within a few hours before ovulation is equivalent to the amount reported to be needed for a negative effect on LH and for a synergistic negative effect of estradiol and inhibin on FSH.
Topics: Animals; Female; Follicular Fluid; Horses; Luteal Phase; Peritoneal Cavity
PubMed: 18448279
DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.03.014