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Journal of Leukocyte Biology Apr 2021The peritoneal cavity is a fluid filled space that holds most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue that contains milky spots or... (Review)
Review
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid filled space that holds most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue that contains milky spots or clusters of leukocytes that are organized similar to those in conventional lymphoid tissues. A unique assortment of leukocytes patrol the peritoneal cavity and migrate in and out of the milky spots, where they encounter Ags or pathogens from the peritoneal fluid and respond accordingly. The principal role of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity is to preserve tissue homeostasis and secure tissue repair. However, when peritoneal homeostasis is disturbed by inflammation, infection, obesity, or tumor metastasis, specialized fibroblastic stromal cells and mesothelial cells in the omentum regulate the recruitment of peritoneal leukocytes and steer their activation in unique ways. In this review, the types of cells that reside in the peritoneal cavity, the role of the omentum in their maintenance and activation, and how these processes function in response to pathogens and malignancy will be discussed.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Humans; Immunity; Immunity, Innate; Omentum; Peritoneal Cavity
PubMed: 32881077
DOI: 10.1002/JLB.5MIR0720-271RR -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2021The thoracic and peritoneal cavities are lined by serous membranes and are home of the serosal immune system. This immune system fuses innate and adaptive immunity, to... (Review)
Review
The thoracic and peritoneal cavities are lined by serous membranes and are home of the serosal immune system. This immune system fuses innate and adaptive immunity, to maintain local homeostasis and repair local tissue damage, and to cooperate closely with the mucosal immune system. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are found abundantly in the thoracic and peritoneal cavities, and they are crucial in first defense against pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Nanomaterials (NMs) can enter the cavities intentionally for medical purposes, or unintentionally following environmental exposure; subsequent serosal inflammation and cancer (mesothelioma) has gained significant interest. However, reports on adverse effects of NM on ILCs and other components of the serosal immune system are scarce or even lacking. As ILCs are crucial in the first defense against pathogenic viruses and bacteria, it is possible that serosal exposure to NM may lead to a reduced resistance against pathogens. Additionally, affected serosal lymphoid tissues and cells may disturb adipose tissue homeostasis. This review aims to provide insight into key effects of NM on the serosal immune system.
Topics: Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Immune System; Inflammation; Lymphocytes; Nanostructures; Peritoneal Cavity; Serous Membrane; Thoracic Cavity
PubMed: 33807632
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052610 -
Fertility and Sterility Oct 2016A surgical trauma results within minutes in exudation, platelets, and fibrin deposition. Within hours, the denuded area is covered by tissue repair cells/macrophages,... (Review)
Review
A surgical trauma results within minutes in exudation, platelets, and fibrin deposition. Within hours, the denuded area is covered by tissue repair cells/macrophages, starting a cascade of events. Epithelial repair starts on day 1 and is terminated by day 3. If repair is delayed by decreased fibrinolysis, local inflammation, or factors in peritoneal fluid, fibroblast growth starting on day 3 and angiogenesis starting on day 5 results in adhesion formation. For adhesion formation, quantitatively more important are factors released into the peritoneal fluid after retraction of the fragile mesothelial cells and acute inflammation of the entire peritoneal cavity. This is caused by mechanical trauma, hypoxia (e.g., CO pneumoperitoneum), reactive oxygen species (ROS; e.g., open surgery), desiccation, or presence of blood, and this is more severe at higher temperatures. The inflammation at trauma sites is delayed by necrotic tissue, resorbable sutures, vascularization damage, and oxidative stress. Prevention of adhesion formation therefore consists of the prevention of acute inflammation in the peritoneal cavity by means of gentle tissue handling, the addition of more than 5% NO to the CO pneumoperitoneum, cooling the abdomen to 30°C, prevention of desiccation, a short duration of surgery, and, at the end of surgery, meticulous hemostasis, thorough lavage, application of a barrier to injury sites, and administration of dexamethasone. With this combined therapy, nearly adhesion-free surgery can be performed today. Conditioning alone results in some 85% adhesion prevention, barriers alone in 40%-50%.
Topics: Animals; Fatigue; Female; Humans; Pain, Postoperative; Peritoneal Cavity; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Time Factors; Tissue Adhesions; Treatment Outcome; Wound Healing
PubMed: 27523299
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.012 -
BioMed Research International 2015Preservation of peritoneal cavity homeostasis and peritoneal membrane function is critical for long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment. Several microRNAs (miRNAs)... (Review)
Review
Preservation of peritoneal cavity homeostasis and peritoneal membrane function is critical for long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of key molecular pathways driving peritoneal membrane alterations leading to PD failure. miRNAs regulate the expression of the majority of protein coding genes in the human genome, thereby affecting most biochemical pathways implicated in cellular homeostasis. In this review, we report published findings on miRNAs and PD therapy, with emphasis on evidence for changes in peritoneal miRNA expression during long-term PD treatment. Recent work indicates that PD effluent- (PDE-) derived cells change their miRNA expression throughout the course of PD therapy, contributing to the loss of peritoneal cavity homeostasis and peritoneal membrane function. Changes in miRNA expression profiles will alter regulation of key molecular pathways, with the potential to cause profound effects on peritoneal cavity homeostasis during PD treatment. However, research to date has mainly adopted a literature-based miRNA-candidate methodology drawing conclusions from modest numbers of patient-derived samples. Therefore, the study of miRNA expression during PD therapy remains a promising field of research to understand the mechanisms involved in basic peritoneal cell homeostasis and PD failure.
Topics: Animals; Dialysis Solutions; Gene Expression Regulation; Homeostasis; Humans; MicroRNAs; Peritoneal Cavity; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritoneal Fibrosis
PubMed: 26495316
DOI: 10.1155/2015/929806 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Intestinal parasitic nematodes affect a quarter of the world's population, typically eliciting prominent effector Th2-driven host immune responses. As not all infected...
Intestinal parasitic nematodes affect a quarter of the world's population, typically eliciting prominent effector Th2-driven host immune responses. As not all infected hosts develop protection against reinfection, our current understanding of nematode-induced memory Th2 responses remains limited. Here, we investigated the activation of memory Th2 cells and the mechanisms driving early recall responses to the enteric nematode in mice. We show that nematode-cured mice harbor memory Th2 cells in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs with distinct transcriptional profiles, expressing recirculation markers like CCR7 and CD62-L in the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN), and costimulatory markers like Ox40, as well as tissue homing and activation markers like CCR2, CD69 and CD40L in the gut and peritoneal cavity (PEC). While memory Th2 cells persist systemically in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues following cure of infection, peritoneal memory Th2 cells in particular displayed an initial prominent expansion and strong parasite-specific Th2 responses during early recall responses to a challenge nematode infection. This effect was paralleled by a significant influx of dendritic cells (DC) and eosinophils, both also appearing exclusively in the peritoneal cavity of reinfected mice. In addition, we show that within the peritoneal membrane lined by peritoneal mesothelial cells (PeM), the gene expression levels of cell adhesion markers VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 decrease significantly in response to a secondary infection. Overall, our findings indicate that the host peritoneal cavity in particular harbors prominent memory Th2 cells and appears to respond directly to by an early recall response differential regulation of cell adhesion markers, marking the peritoneal cavity an important site for host immune responses to an enteric pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Lymph Nodes; Mice; Nematospiroides dubius; Peritoneal Cavity; Strongylida Infections; Th2 Cells
PubMed: 35418979
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842870 -
Journal of Visceral Surgery Feb 2017
Review
Topics: Abdominal Wound Closure Techniques; Blood Loss, Surgical; Cesarean Section; Databases, Factual; Emergencies; Emergency Treatment; Female; France; Humans; Operative Time; Patient Positioning; Peritoneal Cavity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Risk Assessment; Uterus
PubMed: 28162986
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2016.09.012 -
Radiologia 2022Lumboperitoneal shunting makes it possible to regulate the flow of cerebrospinal fluid by establishing a connection between the thecal sac and the peritoneal cavity. The... (Review)
Review
Lumboperitoneal shunting makes it possible to regulate the flow of cerebrospinal fluid by establishing a connection between the thecal sac and the peritoneal cavity. The main indication for lumboperitoneal shunting in children is idiopathic intracranial hypertension, but the technique is also useful in the treatment of postinfectious, posthemorrhagic, and normotensive hydrocephalus, as well as in the treatment of postsurgical pseudomeningocele or leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. This article reviews nine cases treated at our centre to show the normal imaging findings for lumboperitoneal shunts in children and to provide a succinct review of the possible neurological and abdominal complications associated with this treatment.
Topics: Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; Child; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Neurosurgical Procedures; Peritoneal Cavity; Pseudotumor Cerebri
PubMed: 35504679
DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2022.03.004 -
Fertility and Sterility May 2002To review the literature associating pelvic endometriosis with oxidative stress and to discuss the potential causes and consequences of a pro-oxidant environment in the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the literature associating pelvic endometriosis with oxidative stress and to discuss the potential causes and consequences of a pro-oxidant environment in the peritoneal cavity.
DESIGN
Literature survey.
RESULT(S)
Several studies suggest that oxidative stress is a component of the inflammatory reaction associated with endometriosis. Evidence includes the prevention of endometriosis induction in rabbits by the addition of antioxidants, an increase in reactive oxygen species release by macrophages, increased peritoneal levels of oxidized low-density lipoproteins and their by-products, altered expression of endometrial pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymes, and consumption of peritoneal fluid vitamin E. Retrograde menstruation is likely to carry highly pro-oxidant factors, such as heme and iron, into the peritoneal cavity, as well as apoptotic endometrial cells, which are well-known inducers of oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species may be involved in endometriosis-associated infertility and may play a role in the regulation of the expression of genes encoding immunoregulators, cytokines and cell adhesion molecules implicated in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
CONCLUSION(S)
Better understanding of the mechanisms of reactive oxygen species production and detoxification and further investigation of their effect on the peritoneal environment are essential to obtain new insight into this disease and eventually develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Animals; Endometriosis; Female; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Peritoneal Cavity; Peritoneal Diseases; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 12009336
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(02)02959-x -
Immunobiology Mar 2022Atypical cytokine production and immune cell subset ratios, particularly those that include high proportions of macrophages, characterize tumor microenvironments (TMEs)....
Atypical cytokine production and immune cell subset ratios, particularly those that include high proportions of macrophages, characterize tumor microenvironments (TMEs). TMEs can be modeled by culturing peritoneal cavity (PerC) cells which have a high macrophage to lymphocyte ratio. With TCR or BCR ligation, PerC lymphocyte proliferation is tempered by macrophages. However, PHA (T cells) and anti-CD40 (B cells) are activators that induce proliferation. Herein, we report that ligating IgD, in contrast to IgM, triggers PerC B cell proliferation. IL-4 addition enhanced the IgD response for BALB/c PerC B cells but suppressed that of C57BL/6 mice. Intriguingly, concurrent ligation of IgD and CD3 rescued a PerC T cell proliferative response. These results serve to expand the list of targets for promoting cellular and humoral immunity in conditions that model macrophage-rich TMEs.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Immunoglobulin D; Lymphocyte Activation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Peritoneal Cavity
PubMed: 35077917
DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152181 -
Pharmaceutical Research May 2010Disorders associated with the peritoneal cavity include peritoneal adhesions and intraperitoneal (IP) malignancies. To prevent peritoneal adhesions, physical barrier... (Review)
Review
Disorders associated with the peritoneal cavity include peritoneal adhesions and intraperitoneal (IP) malignancies. To prevent peritoneal adhesions, physical barrier devices are used to prevent organs from contacting other structures in the abdomen and forming adhesions, or pharmacological agents that interfere with adhesion formation are administered intraperitoneally. IP malignancies are other disorders confined to the peritoneal cavity, which are treated by combination of surgical removal and chemotherapy of the residual tumor. IP drug delivery helps in the regional therapy of these disorders by providing relatively high concentration and longer half-life of a drug in the peritoneal cavity. Various studies suggest that IP delivery of anti-neoplastic agents is a promising approach for malignancies in the peritoneal cavity compared to the systemic administration. However, IP drug delivery faces several challenges, such as premature clearance of a small molecular weight drug from the peritoneal cavity, lack of target specificity, and poor drug penetration into the target tissues. Previous studies have proposed the use of micro/nanoparticles and/or hydrogel-based systems for prolonging the drug residence time in the peritoneal cavity. This commentary discusses the currently used IP drug delivery systems either clinically or experimentally and the remaining challenges in IP drug delivery for future development.
Topics: Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Peritoneal Cavity; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Tissue Adhesions
PubMed: 20198409
DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0031-z