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Frontiers in Immunology 2014An increasingly larger fraction of patients with hematological diseases are treated by hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) from HLA matched unrelated donors.... (Review)
Review
An increasingly larger fraction of patients with hematological diseases are treated by hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) from HLA matched unrelated donors. Polymorphisms of HLA genes represent a major barrier to HSCT because HLA-A, -B, -C and DRB1 incompatibilities confer a higher risk of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and mortality. Although >22 million volunteer HLA-typed donors are available worldwide, still a significant number of patients do not find a highly matched HSC donor. Because of the large haplotypic diversity in HLA-B-C associations, incompatibilities occur most frequently at HLA-C, so that unrelated donors with a single HLA-C mismatch often represent the only possible choice. The ratio of HLA-C-mismatched HSCT over the total number of transplants varies from 15 to 30%, as determined in 12 multicenter studies. Six multicenter studies involving >1800 patients have reported a 21-43% increase in mortality risk. By using in vitro cellular assays, a large heterogeneity in T-cell allorecognition has been observed. Yet the permissiveness of individual HLA-C mismatches remains poorly defined. It could be linked to the position and nature of the mismatched residues on HLA-C molecules, but also to variability in the expression levels of the mismatched alleles. The permissive C*03:03-03:04 mismatch is characterized by full compatibility at residues 9, 97, 99, 116, 152, 156, and 163 reported to be key positions influencing T-cell allorecognition. With a single difference among these seven key residues the C*07:01-07:02 mismatch might also be considered by analogy as permissive. High variability of HLA-C expression as determined by quantitative RT-PCR has been observed within individual allotypes and shows some correlation with A-B-C-DRB1 haplotypes. Thus in addition to the position of mismatched amino acid residues, expression level of patient's mismatched HLA-C allotype might influence T-cell allorecognition, with patients low expression-C alleles representing possible permissive mismatches.
PubMed: 24904572
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00216 -
The Journal of Adolescent Health :... Mar 2012Gender is an important factor in understanding premarital sexual attitudes and behaviors. Many studies indicate that males are more likely to initiate sexual intercourse... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
Gender is an important factor in understanding premarital sexual attitudes and behaviors. Many studies indicate that males are more likely to initiate sexual intercourse and have more permissive perceptions about sex than females. Yet few studies have explored possible reasons for these gender differences. With samples of unmarried adolescents in three Asian cities influenced by Confucian cultures, this article investigates the relationship between underlying gender norms and these differences in adolescents' premarital sexual permissiveness (PSP).
METHODS
In a collaborative survey conducted in 2006-2007 in urban and rural areas of Hanoi, Shanghai, and Taipei, 16,554 unmarried participants aged 15-24 years were recruited in the three-City Asian Study of Adolescents and Youth, with 6,204, 6,023, and 4,327 respondents from each city, respectively. All the adolescents were administered face-to-face interviews, coupled with computer-assisted self-interview for sensitive questions. Scales on gender-role attitudes and on PSP for both male and female respondents were developed and applied to our analysis of the data. Multilinear regression was used to analyze the relationship between gender-role attitudes and sexual permissiveness.
RESULTS
Male respondents in each city held more permissive attitudes toward premarital sex than did females, with both boys and girls expressing greater permissiveness to male premarital sexual behaviors. Boys also expressed more traditional attitudes to gender roles (condoning greater inequality) than did girls in each city. Adolescents' gender-role attitudes and permissiveness to premarital sex varied considerably across the three cities, with the Vietnamese the most traditional, the Taiwanese the least traditional, and the adolescents in Shanghai in the middle. A negative association between traditional gender roles and PSP was only found among girls in Shanghai and Taipei. In Shanghai, female respondents who held more traditional gender-role attitudes were more likely to exercise a double standard with respect to male as opposed to female premarital sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.18). This relationship also applied to attitudes of both girls and boys in Taipei (OR = 1.20 and OR = 1.22, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Although with variation across sites, gender differences in PSP and attitudes to gender roles among adolescents were very significant in each of the three Asian cities influenced by Confucian-based values. Traditional gender norms may still be deeply rooted in the three cities, especially among females; while it is important to advocate gender equity in adolescent reproductive health programs, the pathway of traditional gender norms in influencing adolescent reproductive health outcomes must be understood, as must differences and similarities across regions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Data Collection; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Permissiveness; Regression Analysis; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; Young Adult
PubMed: 22340852
DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.001 -
Journal of Psychiatric and Mental... Oct 2004This literature review forms a background element of a comparative study of two acute psychiatric wards in the East End of London. The research focused on ward rules as... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
This literature review forms a background element of a comparative study of two acute psychiatric wards in the East End of London. The research focused on ward rules as a means of investigating the relationship between the flexibility/inflexibility of ward nursing regimes and patient outcomes. Previous studies identified a relationship between ward rules and patient aggression. Other studies identified a link between absconding by inpatients and nurses' attitudes towards rule enforcement. However, an in-depth exploration of psychiatric ward rules from the perspective of nurses and patients has not been undertaken previously.
Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Authoritarianism; Humans; London; Mental Disorders; Nursing Evaluation Research; Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; Patient Admission; Permissiveness; Psychiatric Department, Hospital
PubMed: 15450033
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00770.x -
Journal of Virology Apr 2018Measles is characterized by a transient immune suppression, leading to an increased risk of opportunistic infections. Measles virus (MV) infection of immune cells is...
Measles is characterized by a transient immune suppression, leading to an increased risk of opportunistic infections. Measles virus (MV) infection of immune cells is mediated by the cellular receptor CD150, expressed by subsets of lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and thymocytes. Previous studies showed that human and nonhuman primate memory T cells express higher levels of CD150 than naive cells and are more susceptible to MV infection. However, limited information is available about the CD150 expression and relative susceptibility to MV infection of B-cell subsets. In this study, we assessed the susceptibility and permissiveness of naive and memory T- and B-cell subsets from human peripheral blood or tonsils to MV infection. Our study demonstrates that naive and memory B cells express CD150, but at lower frequencies than memory T cells. Nevertheless, both naive and memory B cells proved to be highly permissive to MV infection. Furthermore, we assessed the susceptibility and permissiveness of various functionally distinct T and B cells, such as helper T (T) cell subsets and IgG- and IgA-positive memory B cells, in peripheral blood and tonsils. We demonstrated that T1T17 cells and plasma and germinal center B cells were the subsets most susceptible and permissive to MV infection. Our study suggests that both naive and memory B cells, along with several other antigen-experienced lymphocytes, are important target cells of MV infection. Depletion of these cells potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of measles immune suppression. Measles is associated with immune suppression and is often complicated by bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, or gastroenteritis. Measles virus infects antigen-presenting cells and T and B cells, and depletion of these cells may contribute to lymphopenia and immune suppression. Measles has been associated with follicular exhaustion in lymphoid tissues in humans and nonhuman primates, emphasizing the importance of MV infection of B cells However, information on the relative susceptibility of B-cell subsets is scarce. Here, we compared the susceptibility and permissiveness to MV infection of human naive and memory T- and B-cell subsets isolated from peripheral blood or tonsils. Our results demonstrate that both naive and memory B cells are more permissive to MV infection than T cells. The highest infection levels were detected in plasma cells and germinal center B cells, suggesting that infection and depletion of these populations contribute to reduced host resistance.
Topics: Adult; B-Lymphocytes; Child; Female; Humans; Immunologic Memory; Male; Measles; Measles virus; Th1 Cells; Th17 Cells
PubMed: 29437964
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00131-18 -
Acta Geneticae Medicae Et Gemellologiae 1990In a previous longitudinal twin project a model was developed for studying heredity-environment interaction. One important environmental dimension in this model is...
In a previous longitudinal twin project a model was developed for studying heredity-environment interaction. One important environmental dimension in this model is permissiveness-restrictiveness. The purpose of the present study has therefore been to investigate perceived and imposed restrictiveness at the societal and classroom level and possible interactional effects on pupil behavior. Results are reported from grade 4 to grade 6 in Israeli kibbutzim and Swedish compulsory school. One major finding is that no systematic differences have been found between twins and controls in the two countries. In both Swedish schools and Israeli kibbutzim permissiveness-restrictiveness will vary depending upon perspective (perceived or imposed) and upon content (type of subject or rule-breaking activity). Preliminary within-pair comparisons for the Swedish twins are reported for different types of test results. In agreement with the model, logical abstract thinking as well as reading and mathematics achievement seem to be less influenced by hereditary factors in a restrictive educational setting than in a permissive one.
Topics: Child; Environment; Humans; Israel; Peer Group; Perception; Permissiveness; Schools; Surveys and Questionnaires; Sweden; Teaching; Twins
PubMed: 2239110
DOI: 10.1017/s000156600000547x -
Addiction (Abingdon, England) Mar 2011Reducing alcohol-related harm in young people is a major priority across Europe. Much alcohol use and associated harm in young people occurs in public drinking... (Review)
Review
AIMS
Reducing alcohol-related harm in young people is a major priority across Europe. Much alcohol use and associated harm in young people occurs in public drinking environments. This review aims to identity environmental factors in drinking establishements that are associated with increased alcohol consumption and associated harm and to understand the extent of study in this area across Europe.
METHODS
A systematic literature search identified studies that had explored associations between physical, staffing and social factors in drinking environments and increased alcohol use or alcohol-related harm.
RESULTS
Fifty-three papers were identified, covering 34 studies implemented in nine countries. Most studies had been implemented in non-European countries and many had collected data more than a decade prior to the review. The majority had used observational research techniques. Throughout the studies, a wide range of physical, staffing and social factors had been associated with higher levels of alcohol use and related harm in drinking environments. Factors that appeared particularly important in contributing to alcohol-related problems included a permissive environment, cheap alcohol availability, poor cleanliness, crowding, loud music, a focus on dancing and poor staff practice. However, findings were not always consistent across studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Drinking establishments, their management and the behaviours of the young people who use them vary widely across Europe. While international research shows that environmental factors in drinking settings can have an important influence on alcohol-related harm, there is currently a scarcity of knowledge on the relevance and impacts of such factors in modern European settings. Developing this knowledge will support the implementation of strategies to create drinking environments in Europe that are less conducive to risky drinking and alcohol-related harm.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Alcoholic Intoxication; Crowding; Dancing; Europe; Female; Food Industry; Harm Reduction; Humans; Lighting; Male; Noise; Permissiveness; Risk Factors; Social Environment; Violence; Young Adult
PubMed: 21324020
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03316.x -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias Dec 2002The mechanisms involved in the failure of an adult brain to regenerate post-lesion remain poorly understood. The reactive gliosis which occurs after an injury to the CNS... (Review)
Review
The mechanisms involved in the failure of an adult brain to regenerate post-lesion remain poorly understood. The reactive gliosis which occurs after an injury to the CNS and leads to the glial scar has been considered as one of the major impediments to neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration. A glial scar consists mainly of reactive, hypertrophic astrocytes. These reactive cells acquire new properties, leading to A non-permissive support for neurons. Astrogial reactivity is mainly characteriized by a high overexpression of the major component of the gliofilaments, the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This GFAP overexpression is related to the astroglial morphological response to injury. We hypothesized that modulation of GFAP synthesis, reversing the hypertrophic phenotype, might also reverse the blockage of neuritic outgrowth observed after a lesion. In this article, we review findings of our group, confirming our hypothesis in a model of lesioned neuron-astrocyte cocultures. We demonstrate that permissivity for neuritic outgrowth is related to phenotypic changes induced in reactive astrocytes transfected by antisense GFAP-mRNA. We also found that this permissivity was related to a neuron-regulated extracellular laminin bioavailability.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Astrocytes; Cell Division; Coculture Techniques; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Humans; Hypertrophy; Laminin; Nerve Growth Factors; Nerve Regeneration; Neurites; Neurons; Rodentia
PubMed: 12563417
DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652002000400009 -
Psychological Reports Apr 2023The concept 'parenting styles' has been widely examined to understand the etiology of narcissism for decades. This study aimed to systematically review the empirical... (Review)
Review
The concept 'parenting styles' has been widely examined to understand the etiology of narcissism for decades. This study aimed to systematically review the empirical research literature regarding the association between perceived parenting styles and narcissism. In this study, Ebscohost, Wiley Online Library, Taylor&Francis, Springer Link, PubMed, PsycNet, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were searched using identified keywords. An extensive database search resulted in 75 identified publications. Of these, 60 were scrutinized, and in the end, ten studies were included in the review for data synthesis. To reach a common conceptualization on the parenting styles, the results were evaluated based on Baumrind's typology. As a result of this systematic review, we can conclude that there is a relationship between narcissism and parenting styles. In particular, perceived permissive parenting was positively correlated with narcissism. However, the relationship between narcissism and other parenting styles is more complex. Therefore, more high-quality empirical studies are needed to investigate the relationship between parenting and narcissism.
Topics: Humans; Young Adult; Parenting; Narcissism; Authoritarianism
PubMed: 34404305
DOI: 10.1177/00332941211041010 -
The Journal of Adolescent Health :... Feb 2018Previous research on community samples reveals that a sizeable minority of parents allow their early adolescent children to drink alcohol. The present study documents in...
PURPOSE
Previous research on community samples reveals that a sizeable minority of parents allow their early adolescent children to drink alcohol. The present study documents in a national longitudinal study the prevalence of parents allowing 14-year-olds to drink and examines variation by sociodemographic background and parent alcohol use.
METHODS
Children and parents (n = 10,210 families) participating in the ongoing Millennium Cohort Study provided self-report data from when the child was an infant to age 14 years.
RESULTS
About 17% of parents allowed their early adolescents to drink. Employed, more educated, and non-abstaining parents of white children were more likely to permit early adolescent drinking. Permitting alcohol use did not vary by child gender, teenage or single parenthood, or variation in parental drinking level.
CONCLUSIONS
Socioeconomically advantaged, non-abstaining parents evidence a more permissive attitude about early drinking, which is a risk factor for early initiation, heavier use, and other problem behaviors.
Topics: Adolescent; Alcohol Drinking; Female; Humans; Male; Minors; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; Risk Factors; Self Report; Socioeconomic Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Underage Drinking; United Kingdom
PubMed: 29254647
DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.016 -
Social Science & Medicine (1982) Apr 1994Gaining cultural self-awareness by health and human services professionals in areas that are bastions of conservatism like childrearing is particularly difficult to... (Review)
Review
Gaining cultural self-awareness by health and human services professionals in areas that are bastions of conservatism like childrearing is particularly difficult to achieve. It is argued that polarized ideas about parental control dominate the Anglo Dominant Culture's value orientations, reflected in both popular and scientific literature. Parental permissiveness is cast into an opposing category of 'noncontrol', imbuing it with negativism. Prejudice against Eskimo childrearing is examined in that context and a method is offered to 'loosen' the grip of Anglo beliefs about parenting.
Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Authoritarianism; Child; Child, Preschool; Cultural Characteristics; Freedom; Health Personnel; Humans; Infant; Inuit; Life Style; Parenting; Permissiveness; Prejudice; Social Control, Informal; Social Dominance
PubMed: 8042058
DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90227-5