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International Journal of Pediatric... 2006The home environment is undoubtedly the most important setting in relation to shaping children's eating and physical activity behaviors. Family-based behavioral... (Review)
Review
The home environment is undoubtedly the most important setting in relation to shaping children's eating and physical activity behaviors. Family-based behavioral treatment is the most well-established intervention for the treatment of childhood obesity. Historically, family based interventions target the obese child and at least one or both parents. Presented here is a review of the literature on parents as exclusive agents of change, with the addition of some recent results indicating the effectiveness of this approach when implemented in public health programs. Targeting parents as the exclusive mediator has resulted in a better reduction in children's percentage overweight, and improvement in the obesogenic environment and behaviors, in comparison to a setting in which parents attended sessions with the obese child, or only children attended sessions. The findings from these studies were subsequently implemented in a national community-based survey. Both children's and parents' weight status were significantly improved, although only parents attended the group sessions. A significant reduction in the obesogenic load at home was also found. Permissive parenting style was associated with less reduction in obesogenic load at home (p < 0.01) and with less weight loss (p < 0.05). Omitting the obese child from direct intervention and targeting parents only is a cost-effective approach with integrated messages for the management of weight-related problems.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Behavior Therapy; Body Weight; Child; Exercise; Feeding Behavior; Health Behavior; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Humans; Life Style; Obesity; Overweight; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Patient Compliance; Permissiveness; Program Evaluation; Research Design
PubMed: 17907317
DOI: 10.1080/17477160600644272 -
Journal of Virology Jul 1991Single-cycle infections have been used to study the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) life cycle in CD4+ T-cell lines that differ in their permissiveness for... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Single-cycle infections have been used to study the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) life cycle in CD4+ T-cell lines that differ in their permissiveness for infection. In single-cycle infections of highly permissive C8166 cells, 50% of the infectious units escaped being blocked by a monoclonal antibody against the virus binding site on CD4 (leu3a) within 30 min. In contrast, 50% of the infectious units for three less permissive cell lines (H9, A3.01, and Jurkat) required 4 h to escape the leu3a block. Entry was also more efficient in the highly permissive cells, with NL4-3 stocks having three times more infectious units for C8166 cells than for H9, A3.01, or Jurkat cells. Postentry steps up through reverse transcription required approximately 3.5 h in each of the cell lines. The times lapsing between reverse transcription and the expression of reverse transcripts ranged from 17 to 25 h in the different cell lines. Virus production per cell was also similar in the different cell lines (within 1.5-fold of each other). These results indicate that a major determinant of the permissiveness of growing T cells for HIV-1 is the rate and efficiency of virus entry.
Topics: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Line; DNA, Viral; HIV-1; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Time Factors; Virus Replication
PubMed: 1674969
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.65.7.3900-3902.1991 -
Archives of Sexual Behavior Feb 2022Pornography and attitude change studies most often adopt a sexual scripting (SS) perspective. The moral incongruence (MI) perspective on pornography has gained...
Pornography and attitude change studies most often adopt a sexual scripting (SS) perspective. The moral incongruence (MI) perspective on pornography has gained prominence in recent years, however, and may lead to differential predictions from the SS approach. Specifically, a detailed reading of MI and SS papers reveals the potential for discrepant predictions about the effect of pornography on sexual permissiveness, one of the most studied outcomes in pornography research. From an SS perspective, pornography use increases sexual permissiveness, but the preexisting traditional sexual scripts of the religious lessen the magnitude of this effect. Alternatively, the MI perspective implies the possibility that religious persons become more opposed to permissive sexuality as a result of their pornography use, as a way to mitigate the cognitive dissonance they feel for engaging in a sexual behavior proscribed by their faith tradition. The present study explored these divergent possibilities using nationally representative U.S. data. Across four meta-samples and four indicators of sexual permissiveness, religious nonviewers of pornography were the least sexually permissive, followed by religious viewers, nonreligious nonviewers, and nonreligious viewers. These results were robust over time and maintained after adjusting for demographics. For theorizing about pornography, religiosity, and sexual permissiveness, these results suggest that an SS approach may be preferable to an MI approach. The importance of continued research using both the SS and MI perspectives is discussed, however, emphasizing that the present study extrapolated a potential prediction from MI rather than a formal postulate put forth by the model's creators.
Topics: Attitude; Erotica; Humans; Morals; Religion; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 34816358
DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02135-0 -
Acta Geneticae Medicae Et Gemellologiae 1987This research compares similarities and differences between kibbutz twins and singletons on individual perceptions of extent of restriction imposed by their fathers and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This research compares similarities and differences between kibbutz twins and singletons on individual perceptions of extent of restriction imposed by their fathers and mothers, teachers, caretakers and peers with regard to the children's choices, plans, and actual activities. During the past two years, the parents of all kibbutz twins in Israel of age 1 to 18 have been contacted. They provided background information about themselves and their twin children. In each kibbutz, two control singletons were selected of the same sex and age for each twin pair, yielding a "quartet". With the aid of a mapping sentence, questionnaires were constructed to help ascertain the child's role in life areas such as family, friendship, school, hobbies, work, amusement. Questionnaires with the same facet design are being administered to children (twin and singleton), mothers, fathers, teachers, and caretakers. In addition, each child is given a battery of tests--including the verbal WISC, Block Design, Raven Matrices, and Reading Comprehension. The children will be interviewed and tested in three successive years, beginning either in grade 4 or 5. Data will thus be obtained on changes in perception of permissiveness-restrictiveness and their relation to performance at ages 9 to 13. To date 9-year-olds in 14 kibbutzim have been interviewed. Analyses of responses to four questions are presented in this paper. The preliminary analyses indicate that twins and singletons have similar means and distributions with regard to the extent to which the children feel they are told what to do by either parent.
Topics: Adolescent; Authoritarianism; Child; Child, Preschool; Faculty; Humans; Infant; Israel; Parents; Permissiveness; Psychological Tests; Social Environment; Social Perception; Surveys and Questionnaires; Twins
PubMed: 3434128
DOI: 10.1017/s0001566000004396 -
The Journal of General Virology May 1976Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus replicates to high titre in permissive mouse kidney (MKS) cells but poorly in monkey kidney (CV1) cells. The permissiveness of...
Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus replicates to high titre in permissive mouse kidney (MKS) cells but poorly in monkey kidney (CV1) cells. The permissiveness of monkey-mouse hybrid cells varies according to their chromosomal content. In monkey cells, the synthesis of both single-stranded and double-stranded virus RNA is restricted; in semi-permissive hybrid clones, the double-stranded RNA is synthesized normally, whereas the synthesis of the single-stranded RNA is inhibited. Thus, it seems that more than one restrictive event is responsible for the low permissiveness of monkey cells to EMC virus.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Chromosomes; Encephalomyocarditis virus; Haplorhini; Hybrid Cells; Mice; RNA, Viral; Species Specificity; Virus Replication
PubMed: 180239
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-31-2-173 -
The American Journal of Psychiatry May 1959
Topics: Humans; Permissiveness; Personality; Personality Disorders; Psychotherapy
PubMed: 13637274
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.115.11.992 -
The Anatomical Record. Part A,... Feb 2005The coronary vasculature develops from mesothelial and endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) derived from the proepicardial organ (PEO), which migrate over the heart to...
Myocardial heterogeneity in permissiveness for epicardium-derived cells and endothelial precursor cells along the developing heart tube at the onset of coronary vascularization.
The coronary vasculature develops from mesothelial and endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) derived from the proepicardial organ (PEO), which migrate over the heart to form the epicardium. By epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the subepicardium and epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) are formed. EPDCs migrate into the myocardium, where they differentiate into smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts that stabilize the developing coronary vasculature and contribute to myocardial architecture. Complete PEO ablation results in embryonic lethality due to cardiac defects, including a looping disorder with a too wide inner curvature. To investigate the behavior of early coronary contributors, we analyzed normal quail embryos and found lumenized endothelial vessels in the subepicardium already at stage HH19. Furthermore, EPCs had penetrated into the myocardium of the inner curvature. To confirm that the myocardium of the inner curvature is specifically permissive for EPCs and to study early EPDC migration in more detail, chimeric chicken embryos harboring a quail PEO were analyzed. Lateral epicardial outgrowth and EMT were observed throughout, but migration into the myocardium was restricted to the inner curvature between HH19 and 22. The permissive myocardial area expanded to the atrium, atrioventricular canal, and trabeculated ventricle at stage HH23-24. In contrast, outflow tract myocardium was never found to be permissive for EPDCs and EPCs until HH30, not even when the quail PEO was attached directly onto it. We conclude that early coronary formation starts in the inner curvature and hypothesize that the presence of PEO-derived cells is essential for the maturation of the inner curvature and subsequent looping of the heart tube.
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Chick Embryo; Chimera; Coronary Vessels; Coturnix; Endothelium, Vascular; Heart; Morphogenesis; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Pericardium
PubMed: 15627984
DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20154 -
Virology Journal Nov 2006Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the etiologic agent of PRRS, causing widespread chronic infections which are largely uncontrolled by...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection spreads by cell-to-cell transfer in cultured MARC-145 cells, is dependent on an intact cytoskeleton, and is suppressed by drug-targeting of cell permissiveness to virus infection.
BACKGROUND
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the etiologic agent of PRRS, causing widespread chronic infections which are largely uncontrolled by currently available vaccines or other antiviral measures. Cultured monkey kidney (MARC-145) cells provide an important tool for the study of PRRSV replication. For the present study, flow cytometric and fluorescence antibody (FA) analyses of PRRSV infection of cultured MARC-145 cells were carried out in experiments designed to clarify viral dynamics and the mechanism of viral spread. The roles of viral permissiveness and the cytoskeleton in PRRSV infection and transmission were examined in conjunction with antiviral and cytotoxic drugs.
RESULTS
Flow cytometric and FA analyses of PRRSV antigen expression revealed distinct primary and secondary phases of MARC-145 cell infection. PRRSV antigen was randomly expressed in a few percent of cells during the primary phase of infection (up to about 20-22 h p.i.), but the logarithmic infection phase (days 2-3 p.i.), was characterized by secondary spread to clusters of infected cells. The formation of secondary clusters of PRRSV-infected cells preceded the development of CPE in MARC-145 cells, and both primary and secondary PRRSV infection were inhibited by colchicine and cytochalasin D, demonstrating a critical role of the cytoskeleton in viral permissiveness as well as cell-to-cell transmission from a subpopulation of cells permissive for free virus to secondary targets. Cellular expression of actin also appeared to correlate with PRRSV resistance, suggesting a second role of the actin cytoskeleton as a potential barrier to cell-to-cell transmission. PRRSV infection and cell-to-cell transmission were efficiently suppressed by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), as well as the more-potent experimental antiviral agent AK-2.
CONCLUSION
The results demonstrate two distinct mechanisms of PRRSV infection: primary infection of a relatively small subpopulation of innately PRRSV-permissive cells, and secondary cell-to-cell transmission to contiguous cells which appear non-permissive to free virus. The results also indicate that an intact cytoskeleton is critical for PRRSV infection, and that viral permissiveness is a highly efficient drug target to control PRRSV infection. The data from this experimental system have important implications for the mechanisms of PRRSV persistence and pathology, as well as for a better understanding of arterivirus regulation.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Colchicine; Cytochalasin D; Cytoskeleton; Flow Cytometry; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Interferon-gamma; Kidney; Microscopy, Confocal; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; Swine; Tubulin Modulators; Virus Replication
PubMed: 17081295
DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-3-90 -
The Journal of General Virology Jun 1988Three categories of cell lines are described which differ with respect to their permissiveness to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), strain A59. Fully permissive L-2 cells...
Three categories of cell lines are described which differ with respect to their permissiveness to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), strain A59. Fully permissive L-2 cells gave rise to 100- to 1000-fold higher numbers of infectious centres than did semi-permissive LM, LM-K or C-1300 cells, whereas non-permissive Vero or C-6 cells were refractory to MHV infection. On an infected cell basis, semi-permissive cells (LM, LM-K or C-1300) were as efficient in replicating viral RNA, protein and progeny virions as fully permissive L-2 cells. This result suggested that LM, LM-K and C-1300 cells were deficient in their ability to permit full expression (as compared to L-2 cells) of an early event in MHV infection. Assays of radiolabelled MHV binding to cells of all three categories (L-2, LM, LM-K and C-6) and of infectious MHV binding to L-2 and LM-K cells showed no correlation between virion binding and degree of permissiveness to MHV infection. Internalization of MHV virions into L-2 and LM-K cells, as assayed by proteinase K-resistant infectious centres, showed that, in both cases, maximum virion uptake was complete by approximately 40 min post-inoculation. Direct assays of infectious virion uptake showed similar numbers of internalized viruses (only a threefold difference between L-2 and LM-K cells, as compared to a 500-fold difference in infectious centres). Attempts to enhance MHV uptake into LM-K cells relative to L-2 cells, with DEAE-dextran or the cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs colchicine and cytochalasin B, were unsuccessful, further suggesting that the ability of LM-K cells to internalize the virus was not lacking. The results suggest that MHV infection of at least some semi-permissive cells, such as the LM-K line, is limited by a process which chronologically correlates with virion uncoating. Since LM-K cells have been shown previously to be resistant to membrane fusion in MHV infection, it is postulated that they may also restrict uncoating of MHV by limiting the degree of normal endosomal membrane fusion with the viral envelope.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Colchicine; Cytochalasin B; Cytoskeleton; DEAE-Dextran; Fibroblasts; Murine hepatitis virus; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; RNA, Viral; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Vero Cells; Viral Proteins; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 2838566
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-6-1125 -
Journal of Clinical Psychology Sep 2008In this article, the author examines Romeijn's (2008) contention that the account of theory construction in the abductive theory of scientific method suffers from the...
In this article, the author examines Romeijn's (2008) contention that the account of theory construction in the abductive theory of scientific method suffers from the problem of the underdetermination of theories by empirical evidence. Following Romeijn, the author focuses on the issue of underdetermination as it affects the method of exploratory factor analysis, the strategy of analogical modeling, and the theory of explanatory coherence. The author argues that in each case there are sufficient methodological resources available to researchers to use these methods to good effect. Additionally, he comments on the normative force of the abductive theory of method.
Topics: Humans; Permissiveness; Philosophy; Psychological Theory; Psychology
PubMed: 18612973
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20507