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Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A,... Jan 2008An approach based on solid-phase microextraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-LC-MS) has been developed for determining 12 insecticides (bromophos...
An approach based on solid-phase microextraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-LC-MS) has been developed for determining 12 insecticides (bromophos ethyl, chlorpyrifos methyl, chlorpyrifos ethyl, diazinon, fenoxycarb, fonofos, phenthoate, phosalone, pirimiphos methyl, profenofos, pyrazophos, and temephos) in honey. The influence of several parameters on the efficiency of the SPME was systematically investigated. Under optimal conditions, the procedure provided excellent linearity (>0.990), detection and quantification limits (between 0.001 and 0.1 microg g(-1) and between 0.005 and 0.5 microg g(-1), respectively), and precision (<19% at the quantification limits and from 6 to 14% at ten times higher concentrations). However, recoveries were not so good, ranging from 19 to 92%. Honey samples were found that were contaminated with bromophos ethyl, diazinon, fonofos, pirimiphos ethyl, pyrazophos, and temephos at estimated concentrations from 6.2 +/- 1.2 to 19 +/- 3 ng g(-1).
Topics: Carbamates; Chromatography, Liquid; Honey; Insecticides; Linear Models; Mass Spectrometry; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Solid Phase Microextraction
PubMed: 17852391
DOI: 10.1080/02652030701424529 -
Toxicology Letters Jul 1982A single oral dose of DDT (60.0 mg/kg), malathion (687.5 mg/kg), phosalone (60.0 mg/kg) and elsan (175.0 mg/kg) to adult male albino rats produced significant impairment...
A single oral dose of DDT (60.0 mg/kg), malathion (687.5 mg/kg), phosalone (60.0 mg/kg) and elsan (175.0 mg/kg) to adult male albino rats produced significant impairment in acid and alkaline phosphatase activities within 1 h of dosing. Renal and hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly inhibited in all cases, while treatment with malathion and phosalone resulted in an increase in intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity. Elsan induced an increase in acid phosphatase activity in liver, kidney and intestine whereas the response to DDT, malathion and phosalone was variable.
Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; DDT; Malathion; Male; Organ Specificity; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Rats
PubMed: 7112611
DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(82)90182-5 -
Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) May 2020Current therapeutic options for organophosphorus (OP) insecticide self-poisoning including atropine and oximes are inadequate and case fatality may exceed 20%. An OP...
Current therapeutic options for organophosphorus (OP) insecticide self-poisoning including atropine and oximes are inadequate and case fatality may exceed 20%. An OP hydrolase enzyme, OpdA, has been used for environmental cleansing of OP insecticides and prevented death in rat and non-human primate models of OP insecticide poisoning if given very quickly after exposure. We here tested OpdA's ability to break down OP insecticides in human serum and in clinically relevant minipig models of OP insecticide poisoning. Human serum was spiked with seven diverse WHO Class II OP insecticides (chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, diazinon, dimethoate, fenthion, phenthoate, and profenofos) and the effect of OpdA on degradation measured. The pharmacodynamic and clinical effects of OpdA treatment were studied in Gottingen minipigs orally poisoned with agricultural formulations of dimethoate EC40 or methyl parathion EC60; pharmacodynamic effects were also assessed in profenofos EC50-poisoned pigs. OpdA effectively hydrolysed OP insecticides in human serum, with rates varying from 856 (SD 44) down to 0.107 (SD 0.01) moles of substrate hydrolysed/mole of enzyme/sec (k) for quinalphos and phenthoate, respectively, although at rates 2-3 log orders less than found in buffered solution. It showed clinical benefit in minipig models, reducing the dose of noradrenaline required to sustain an adequate mean arterial pressure after dimethoate (mean 0.149 [SD 0.10] μg/kg/h vs. 1.07 [SD 0.77] μg/kg/h, < .0001) and methyl parathion (mean 0.077 [SD 0.08] μg/kg/h vs. 0.707 [SD 0.49] μg/kg/h, < .0001) poisoning. OpdA reduced blood OP insecticide concentration and acetylcholinesterase inhibition after poisoning by dimethoate, methyl parathion, and profenofos insecticides. incubation of OpdA in human serum showed hydrolysis of diverse OP insecticides, although at lower rates than found in buffer solutions. This activity results in clinical and pharmacodynamic efficacy against several OP insecticides. These results support the testing of OpdA in further animal models before considering human trials to determine whether it may become an urgently required novel therapeutic agent for OP insecticide self-poisoning.
Topics: Animals; Aryldialkylphosphatase; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Insecticides; Methyl Parathion; Organophosphate Poisoning; Swine; Swine, Miniature
PubMed: 31452424
DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1655149 -
The Science of the Total Environment Oct 2016The objectives of the current study were to determine the occupational health hazards posed by the application of pesticides in rice-prawn concurrent systems of...
The objectives of the current study were to determine the occupational health hazards posed by the application of pesticides in rice-prawn concurrent systems of south-west Bangladesh and to assess their potential risks for the aquatic ecosystems that support the culture of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Information on pesticide use in rice-prawn farming was collected through structured interviews with 38 farm owners held between January and May of 2012. The risks of the pesticide use to human health were assessed through structured interviews. The TOXSWA model was used to calculate pesticide exposure (peak and time-weighted average concentrations) in surface waters of rice-prawn systems for different spray drift scenarios and a simple first tier risk assessment based on threshold concentrations derived from single species toxicity tests were used to assess the ecological risk in the form of risk quotients. The PERPEST model was used to refine the ecological risks when the first tier assessment indicated a possible risk. Eleven synthetic insecticides and one fungicide (sulphur) were recorded as part of this investigation. The most commonly reported pesticide was sulphur (used by 29% of the interviewed farmers), followed by thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, and phenthoate (21%). A large portion of the interviewed farmers described negative health symptoms after pesticide applications, including vomiting (51%), headache (18%) and eye irritation (12%). The results of the first tier risk assessment indicated that chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, and malathion may pose a high to moderate acute and chronic risks for invertebrates and fish in all evaluated spray drift scenarios. The higher tier assessment using the PERPEST model confirmed the high risk of cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, and chlorpyrifos for insects and macro- and micro-crustaceans thus indicating that these pesticides may have severe adverse consequences for the prawn production yields.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Aquaculture; Bangladesh; Farmers; Fungicides, Industrial; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Insecticides; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Health; Oryza; Palaemonidae; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 27328394
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.014 -
Food Chemistry Feb 2021Facile enrichment and determination of trace organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in foods has been a constantly pursuing goal in food safety field. Herein, Zr-immobilized...
Facile enrichment and determination of trace organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in foods has been a constantly pursuing goal in food safety field. Herein, Zr-immobilized covalent organic frameworks (FeO@COF@Zr) have been first constructed and utilized as the powerful adsorbents for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of OPPs. Owing to the π-π stacking interaction, hydrogen bonding and Zr-phosphate coordination reaction, the composites exhibited excellent selectivity and superior affinity to OPPs. Under optimized conditions, the proposed MSPE method coupled with GC-FPD showed good linearity (R ≥ 0.9990) and yielded low limits of detection (0.7-3.0 μg kg) for OPPs. Moreover, the developed method was successfully employed for the quantitation of OPPs in spiked vegetable samples and obtained satisfactory recoveries in the range of 87-121% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 8.9%. These results demonstrated that the prepared nanoparticles hold unique advantages for trace OPPs analysis in foodstuffs.
Topics: Aniline Compounds; Food Analysis; Food Contamination; Iron; Limit of Detection; Magnetic Phenomena; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Nanocomposites; Organophosphates; Pesticides; Solid Phase Extraction; Vegetables; Zirconium
PubMed: 32920274
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127974 -
Analytical Sciences : the International... 2011A rapid, specific, and sensitive method for the simultaneous quantitation of organophosphates (fenitrothion (MEP), malathion, and phenthoate (PAP)), glufosinate (GLUF),...
Mix-mode TiO-C18 monolith spin column extraction and GC-MS for the simultaneous assay of organophosphorus compounds and glufosinate, and glyphosate in human serum and urine.
A rapid, specific, and sensitive method for the simultaneous quantitation of organophosphates (fenitrothion (MEP), malathion, and phenthoate (PAP)), glufosinate (GLUF), and glyphosate (GLYP) in human serum and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been validated. All of the targeted compounds together with the internal standard were extracted from the serum and urine using a mix-mode TiO-C(18) monolithic spin column. The recovery of organophosphates from serum and urine ranged from 12.7 to 49.5%. The recovery of GLUF and GLYP from serum and urine ranged from 1.9 to 7.9%. The intra- and inter-accuracy and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation, %RSD) were within 96.7-107.7% and 4.0-13.8%, respectively. The detection and quantitation limits for serum and urine were 0.1 and 0.1 µg/ml, respectively, for organophosphates, 0.1 and 0.5 µg/ml, respectively for GLUF and GLYP. The method had linear calibration curves ranging from 0.1 to 25.0 µg/ml for organophosphates and 0.5-100.0 µg/ml for GLUF, and GLYP. The validated method was successfully applied to a clinical GLYP poisoning case.
Topics: Aminobutyrates; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Glycine; Humans; Organophosphorus Compounds; Polymethacrylic Acids; Sensitivity and Specificity; Titanium; Glyphosate
PubMed: 21985924
DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.999 -
Journal of Environmental Science and... Aug 2009The goal of this work was to study the ability of 18 pesticides to inhibit selective model activities for all major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, namely CYP1A1/2,...
The goal of this work was to study the ability of 18 pesticides to inhibit selective model activities for all major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, namely CYP1A1/2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4. Generally organophosphorus insecticides were the most potent and extensive inhibitors, especially towards CYP1A1/2 (IC(50) values of chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion and profenofos approximately 3 micro M), CYP2B6 (IC(50) values of chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion 2.5 micro M), CYP2C8 (fenitrothion 4.3 micro M), CYP2C9 (fenitrothion and malathion 4.8 and 2.5 micro M, respectively), CYP2D6 (chlorpyrifos and phenthoate approximately 3 micro M) and CYP3A4 (chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion and phenthoate 3-4 micro M). Otherwise there were quite considerable differences in potency and extent of inhibition between different organophosphates. Pyrethroids were in general very weak or inactive. Deltamethrin and fenvalerate were potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 (IC(50) values of approximately 3 micro M) while lambda-cyhalothrin potently inhibited both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4-mediated activities (IC(50)'s about 3-4 micro M). Some pesticides caused relatively potent inhibitions sporadically (carbendazim, CYP2D6, IC(50) = 12 micro M; atrazine, CYP3A4, IC(50) = 2.8 micro M; glyphosate, CYP2C9, IC(50) = 3.7 micro M; hexaflumuron, IC(50) = 6.0 micro M). With the exceptions of alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, isoproturon, carbaryl and abamectin, most pesticides inhibited relatively potently at least one CYP-selective activity, which may have relevance for potential interactions in occupational exposures and for further studies on the CYP-associated metabolism of respective pesticides.
Topics: Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Microsomes, Liver; Pesticides
PubMed: 20183062
DOI: 10.1080/03601230902997766 -
BioMed Research International 2014In the present study, the residual pesticide levels were determined in eggplants (Solanum melongena) (n = 16), purchased from four different markets in Dhaka,...
In the present study, the residual pesticide levels were determined in eggplants (Solanum melongena) (n = 16), purchased from four different markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The carbamate and organophosphorus pesticide residual levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the efficiency of gamma radiation on pesticide removal in three different types of vegetables was also studied. Many (50%) of the samples contained pesticides, and three samples had residual levels above the maximum residue levels determined by the World Health Organisation. Three carbamates (carbaryl, carbofuran, and pirimicarb) and six organophosphates (phenthoate, diazinon, parathion, dimethoate, phosphamidon, and pirimiphos-methyl) were detected in eggplant samples; the highest carbofuran level detected was 1.86 mg/kg, while phenthoate was detected at 0.311 mg/kg. Gamma radiation decreased pesticide levels proportionately with increasing radiation doses. Diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and phosphamidon were reduced by 40-48%, 35-43%, and 30-45%, respectively, when a radiation strength of 0.5 kGy was utilized. However, when the radiation dose was increased to 1.0 kGy, the levels of the pesticides were reduced to 85-90%, 80-91%, and 90-95%, respectively. In summary, our study revealed that pesticide residues are present at high amounts in vegetable samples and that gamma radiation at 1.0 kGy can remove 80-95% of some pesticides.
Topics: Bangladesh; Carbamates; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Environmental Monitoring; Gamma Rays; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Vegetables
PubMed: 24711991
DOI: 10.1155/2014/145159 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Apr 1989Histopathological changes were induced in the ovary by chronic nonlethal levels of Elsan (211 ppb), mercury (16.7 ppb), and ammonia (15.64 ppm). In the breeding season,...
Histopathological changes were induced in the ovary by chronic nonlethal levels of Elsan (211 ppb), mercury (16.7 ppb), and ammonia (15.64 ppm). In the breeding season, treated Channa punctatus revealed a significant decrease in ovarian weight throughout the duration of the experiment. Acute changes were noted in the diameter and percentage occurrence of the different stages of oocytes. In all cases, stage I oocytes revealed no difference in diameter with respect to control although they demonstrated an increase in the percentage occurrence. For stages II and III, a remarkable decrease occurred in both the number and the diameter of these mature oocytes. The preponderance of stage I and destruction of stage II and stage III oocytes in all three treatments indicate that chemically diverse xenobiotics have equal reproductive toxicity in fish, interfering with their breeding.
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Female; Fishes; Mercury; Oocytes; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Ovary; Water Pollutants; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 2737117
DOI: 10.1016/0147-6513(89)90044-4 -
Chemosphere Dec 2006Many investigations on protists indicate that they play an important role in agricultural soils. We have tested the effects of three organophosphate (OP) pesticides,...
Many investigations on protists indicate that they play an important role in agricultural soils. We have tested the effects of three organophosphate (OP) pesticides, basudin, cidial, and fenix, on the soil ciliate Colpoda inflata, and examined its viability, fission rate, ability to excyst and extrude macronuclear chromatin into cytoplasm. Exposure to these OPs caused a dose-dependent effect on cell viability, and significantly reduced the mean fission rate at a concentration of 1/10(5) v/v. After exposure of resting cysts to 1/10(5) v/v or 1/10(6) v/v concentrations of basudin or cidial, the number of excysted cells was significantly lower than that of the controls. Conversely, exposure to a 1/10(5) v/v fenix concentration did not affect excystment and exposure to 1/10(6) v/v was found to promote excystment. Moreover, exposure to these OPs (1/10(4) v/v or 1/10(5) v/v) interferred with the ability to extrude macronuclear chromatin. The median lethal concentration in 60 min for each OPs tested was at least a hundred times lower than the doses recommended by the manufacturer. Finally, as the inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity is the first target of OPs, the presence of ChE activity was checked in C. inflata. Three ChE activities were found, hydrolyzing the substrates acetyl-beta-methyl thiocholine iodide, propionyl thiocholine iodide and butyryl thiocholine iodide, that appeared to be very low and not inhibited by OP-exposure.
Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterases; Ciliophora; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Organophosphorus Compounds; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 17228426
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.081