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Analytical Sciences : the International... 2011A rapid, specific, and sensitive method for the simultaneous quantitation of organophosphates (fenitrothion (MEP), malathion, and phenthoate (PAP)), glufosinate (GLUF),...
Mix-mode TiO-C18 monolith spin column extraction and GC-MS for the simultaneous assay of organophosphorus compounds and glufosinate, and glyphosate in human serum and urine.
A rapid, specific, and sensitive method for the simultaneous quantitation of organophosphates (fenitrothion (MEP), malathion, and phenthoate (PAP)), glufosinate (GLUF), and glyphosate (GLYP) in human serum and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been validated. All of the targeted compounds together with the internal standard were extracted from the serum and urine using a mix-mode TiO-C(18) monolithic spin column. The recovery of organophosphates from serum and urine ranged from 12.7 to 49.5%. The recovery of GLUF and GLYP from serum and urine ranged from 1.9 to 7.9%. The intra- and inter-accuracy and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation, %RSD) were within 96.7-107.7% and 4.0-13.8%, respectively. The detection and quantitation limits for serum and urine were 0.1 and 0.1 µg/ml, respectively, for organophosphates, 0.1 and 0.5 µg/ml, respectively for GLUF and GLYP. The method had linear calibration curves ranging from 0.1 to 25.0 µg/ml for organophosphates and 0.5-100.0 µg/ml for GLUF, and GLYP. The validated method was successfully applied to a clinical GLYP poisoning case.
Topics: Aminobutyrates; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Glycine; Humans; Organophosphorus Compounds; Polymethacrylic Acids; Sensitivity and Specificity; Titanium; Glyphosate
PubMed: 21985924
DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.999 -
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... Feb 2022Self-poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) insecticides is an important means of global self-harm. The insecticides are formulated with solvents that may also contribute...
Self-poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) insecticides is an important means of global self-harm. The insecticides are formulated with solvents that may also contribute to toxicity. We set up a study to detect changes in osmolal and anion gaps following ingestion of OP insecticides. We recruited consecutive patients admitted to a Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka, with a history of OP self-poisoning. The osmolal and anion gaps were calculated on admission and at 4, 24 and 72 h post-ingestion together with ethanol concentration. Forty-nine patients were recruited (28 profenofos, 10 diazinon, one coumaphos, one chlorpyrifos, one phenthoate and eight unknown OP). Only modest increases in osmolal and anion gaps were noted. Small rises in osmolal gap above the upper limit of normal were noted in 16/49 (32.7%) of all cases, 9/28 (32.1%) profenofos cases and 4/10 (40.0%) diazinon cases. The anion gap was raised in 24/49 (49.0%) of all cases, 15/28 (53.6%) profenofos cases and 5/10 (50.0%) diazinon cases. We observed a trend for a fall in osmolal gap during the first 24 h, followed by an increase up to 72 h. There was no correlation between the anion gap and serum lactate concentration, indicating that a lactic acidosis was not responsible for the anion gap. Formate, which could have explained the increased gap, was not detected in any of the samples; ketoacids (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) were not measured. This pilot study found that profenofos and diazinon poisoning caused only modest increases in the osmolal and anion gaps in a minority of cases.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Adult; Diazinon; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Middle Aged; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organothiophosphates; Osmolar Concentration; Pilot Projects; Self-Injurious Behavior; Solvents; Sri Lanka
PubMed: 34796663
DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13686 -
Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) May 2020Current therapeutic options for organophosphorus (OP) insecticide self-poisoning including atropine and oximes are inadequate and case fatality may exceed 20%. An OP...
Current therapeutic options for organophosphorus (OP) insecticide self-poisoning including atropine and oximes are inadequate and case fatality may exceed 20%. An OP hydrolase enzyme, OpdA, has been used for environmental cleansing of OP insecticides and prevented death in rat and non-human primate models of OP insecticide poisoning if given very quickly after exposure. We here tested OpdA's ability to break down OP insecticides in human serum and in clinically relevant minipig models of OP insecticide poisoning. Human serum was spiked with seven diverse WHO Class II OP insecticides (chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, diazinon, dimethoate, fenthion, phenthoate, and profenofos) and the effect of OpdA on degradation measured. The pharmacodynamic and clinical effects of OpdA treatment were studied in Gottingen minipigs orally poisoned with agricultural formulations of dimethoate EC40 or methyl parathion EC60; pharmacodynamic effects were also assessed in profenofos EC50-poisoned pigs. OpdA effectively hydrolysed OP insecticides in human serum, with rates varying from 856 (SD 44) down to 0.107 (SD 0.01) moles of substrate hydrolysed/mole of enzyme/sec (k) for quinalphos and phenthoate, respectively, although at rates 2-3 log orders less than found in buffered solution. It showed clinical benefit in minipig models, reducing the dose of noradrenaline required to sustain an adequate mean arterial pressure after dimethoate (mean 0.149 [SD 0.10] μg/kg/h vs. 1.07 [SD 0.77] μg/kg/h, < .0001) and methyl parathion (mean 0.077 [SD 0.08] μg/kg/h vs. 0.707 [SD 0.49] μg/kg/h, < .0001) poisoning. OpdA reduced blood OP insecticide concentration and acetylcholinesterase inhibition after poisoning by dimethoate, methyl parathion, and profenofos insecticides. incubation of OpdA in human serum showed hydrolysis of diverse OP insecticides, although at lower rates than found in buffer solutions. This activity results in clinical and pharmacodynamic efficacy against several OP insecticides. These results support the testing of OpdA in further animal models before considering human trials to determine whether it may become an urgently required novel therapeutic agent for OP insecticide self-poisoning.
Topics: Animals; Aryldialkylphosphatase; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Insecticides; Methyl Parathion; Organophosphate Poisoning; Swine; Swine, Miniature
PubMed: 31452424
DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1655149 -
PloS One 2018Deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) using organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are a common clinical problem in Asia. OPs inhibit acetylcholine esterase (AChE), leading to...
BACKGROUND
Deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) using organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are a common clinical problem in Asia. OPs inhibit acetylcholine esterase (AChE), leading to over-activity of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic circuits. Intermediate syndrome (IMS) is mediated via prolonged nicotinic receptor stimulation at the neuromuscular junction and its onset is between 24-96 hours post ingestion. The aims of the present study were 1) to investigate whether neuromuscular junction dysfunction within the first 24 hours following exposure, quantified by jitter in single fibre electromyography (SfEMG), can predict IMS, and 2) to compare the changes in SfEMG jitter over the course of the illness among patients who developed IMS (IMS+) and those who did not (IMS-).
METHODS AND FINDINGS
We conducted a prospective cohort study in a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka on 120 patients admitted between September 2014 and August 2016 following DSP by OP insecticides viz., profenofos 53, phenthoate 17, diazinon 13, chlorpyrifos 5, others 12, unknown 20. SfEMG was performed every second day during hospitalization. Exposure was confirmed based on the history and red blood cell AChE assays. IMS was diagnosed in patients who demonstrated at least three out of four of the standard IMS criteria: proximal muscle weakness, bulbar muscle weakness, neck muscle weakness, respiratory paralysis between 24-96 hours post ingestion. Respiratory failure requiring intubation occurred in 73 out of 120 patients; 64 of these were clinically diagnosed with IMS. Of the 120 patients, 96 had repeated SfEMG testing, 67 of them being tested within the first 24 hours. Prolonged jitter (>33.4μs) within the first 24 hours was associated with greatly increased risk of IMS (odds ratio = 8.9, 95% confidence intervals = 2.4-29.6, p = 0.0003; sensitivity 86%, specificity 58%). The differences in jitter between IMS+ and IMS- patients remained significant for 72 hours and increased jitter was observed in some patients for up to 216 hours. For intubated patients, the median time for jitter to normalize and median time to extubate were similar, and the two variables had a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.49, P = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Prolonged jitter recorded with SfEMG <24 hours of ingestion of an OP strongly correlates with subsequent occurrence of IMS. The time course of electrophysiological recovery of the NMJ was similar to the time course of respiratory recovery in IMS patients.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Electromyography; Erythrocytes; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Neuromuscular Junction Diseases; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organophosphorus Compounds; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 30261032
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203596 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Mar 2014In this study, pesticide residues in parsley, lettuce and spinach (120 samples) were analyzed by the application of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry...
In this study, pesticide residues in parsley, lettuce and spinach (120 samples) were analyzed by the application of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All samples of spinach, parsley or lettuce contained residues of three or more active substances. In parsley, carbendazim (100.0%), dichlorvos (100.0%), fenarimol (40.0%), pendimethalin (95.0%), in lettuce, diazinon (30.0%), dichlorvos (100.0%), pendimethalin (92.5%) phenthoate (12.5%), and in spinach, carbendazim (45.0%), cymoxanil (85.0%), dichlorvos (100.0%) and fenarimol (85.0%) were the significant active compounds. The maximum residue limits were exceeded in 28, 20 and 40 samples of parsley, lettuce and spinach, respectively. The results showed that there was a high occurrence of pesticide residues in parsley, lettuce and spinach samples from Hatay province, in which most of them were prohibited from use in Turkey for these vegetables. The contamination levels of these residues may be considered a serious public health problem according to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of Turkey and the European Union (EU).
PubMed: 24587520
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0531-9 -
BioMed Research International 2014In the present study, the residual pesticide levels were determined in eggplants (Solanum melongena) (n = 16), purchased from four different markets in Dhaka,...
In the present study, the residual pesticide levels were determined in eggplants (Solanum melongena) (n = 16), purchased from four different markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The carbamate and organophosphorus pesticide residual levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the efficiency of gamma radiation on pesticide removal in three different types of vegetables was also studied. Many (50%) of the samples contained pesticides, and three samples had residual levels above the maximum residue levels determined by the World Health Organisation. Three carbamates (carbaryl, carbofuran, and pirimicarb) and six organophosphates (phenthoate, diazinon, parathion, dimethoate, phosphamidon, and pirimiphos-methyl) were detected in eggplant samples; the highest carbofuran level detected was 1.86 mg/kg, while phenthoate was detected at 0.311 mg/kg. Gamma radiation decreased pesticide levels proportionately with increasing radiation doses. Diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and phosphamidon were reduced by 40-48%, 35-43%, and 30-45%, respectively, when a radiation strength of 0.5 kGy was utilized. However, when the radiation dose was increased to 1.0 kGy, the levels of the pesticides were reduced to 85-90%, 80-91%, and 90-95%, respectively. In summary, our study revealed that pesticide residues are present at high amounts in vegetable samples and that gamma radiation at 1.0 kGy can remove 80-95% of some pesticides.
Topics: Bangladesh; Carbamates; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Environmental Monitoring; Gamma Rays; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Vegetables
PubMed: 24711991
DOI: 10.1155/2014/145159 -
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Dec 2009Organophosphate poisoning has a high mortality rate. Recently, differences among organophosphorus insecticides in human self-poisoning were reported. This study...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Organophosphate poisoning has a high mortality rate. Recently, differences among organophosphorus insecticides in human self-poisoning were reported. This study investigated the prognostic risk factors and the mortality of different organophosphates following acute organophosphate poisoning.
METHODS
This retrospective study included 68 patients with acute organophosphate poisoning. We investigated patient survival according to initial parameters, including the initial Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, serum cholinesterase level, and hemoperfusion and evaluated the mortality according to organophosphate types.
RESULTS
Thirteen of the 68 patients died. The agents responsible for mortality were different. The APACHE II score was a significant predictor of mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.194; p<0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.089 to 1.309) and respiratory failure (OR, 1.273; p<0.01; 95% CI, 1.122 to 1.444). The mortality was 0% for dichlorvos, malathion, chlorpyrifos and profenofos. However, other organophosphates showed different mortality (16.7% for O-ethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate, 25% for phenthoate, 37.5% for phosphamidon, 50% for methidathion). The usefulness of hemoperfusion appears to be limited.
CONCLUSIONS
The initial APACHE II score is a useful prognostic indicator, and different organophosphates have different mortality.
Topics: APACHE; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cholinesterases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Organophosphate Poisoning; Poisoning; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 19949736
DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2009.24.4.362 -
Environmental Health and Preventive... Jun 2018Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor insecticides (AChEIIs) were used extensively in the agrarian region of Anuradhapura for the past few decades. As a result, the region...
BACKGROUND
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor insecticides (AChEIIs) were used extensively in the agrarian region of Anuradhapura for the past few decades. As a result, the region faced a heightened risk of toxicity. Carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, and fenthion were the five hazardous AChEIIs banned from Anuradhapura in 2014. Assessment of post-ban trends in acute poisoning will reveal the impact of the ban. Data on availability and sales of remaining AChEIIs will guide towards preventive measures against related toxicities.
METHODS
Cross-sectional surveys were conducted at Anuradhapura district of Sri Lanka. Details related to acute AChEII poisoning were sorted from the Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura. Main insecticide vendors in Anuradhapura were surveyed to find information on availability and sales of AChEIIs. Chi-square for goodness of fit was performed for trends in acute poisoning and sales.
RESULTS
Hospital admissions related to acute AChEII poisoning have declined from 554 in 2013 to 272 in 2017. Deaths related to acute AChEII poisoning have declined from 27 in 2013 to 13 in 2017. Sales of all five banned AChEIIs had reduced by 100%. Sales of the remaining AChEIIs were declining, except for acephate, phenthoate, and profenofos. However, one of the top selling, most frequently abused carbosulfan, had the highest risk of toxicity. Chi-square for goodness of fit showed a significance (P < 0.001) between the trends of hospital admissions for acute AChEII poisoning and the sales related to AChEIIs.
CONCLUSIONS
Hospital admissions related to acute poisoning was declining along with the overall sales of remaining AChEIIs, during the post-AChEII ban period. Nevertheless, future vigilance is needed on the remaining AChEIIs to predict and prevent related toxicities.
Topics: Agriculture; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Commerce; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Female; Government Regulation; Health Policy; Hospitalization; Humans; Incidence; Insecticides; Male; Poisoning; Risk Factors; Sri Lanka
PubMed: 29945568
DOI: 10.1186/s12199-018-0716-1 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jun 1995Histopathological changes in the intestine of Channa punctatus induced by chronic nonlethal levels of Elsan (211 ppb), mercury (16.7 ppb), and ammonia (15.64 ppm) were...
Histopathological changes in the intestine of Channa punctatus induced by chronic nonlethal levels of Elsan (211 ppb), mercury (16.7 ppb), and ammonia (15.64 ppm) were studied at 7-day intervals for 90 days and the data were presented only for days (7, 28, 63, and 90) when the most conspicuous changes were noted after treatment. In the earlier phases of Elsan treatment (7 and 28 days) overall destruction of the structure of villus and other layers was prominent. Histopathology of the intestine of C. punctatus, after 63-day Elsan exposure, could be described as collapsed villi with the tips merged with each other to give a flattened appearance. Ninety-day Elsan exposure demonstrated severe damage in the longitudinal muscle layer. After 7-day mercury treatment a high degree of necrosis was indicated by submucosal area, whereas 28-day mercury treatment revealed collapsed villi due to necrotic mucosal cells and goblet cells. Mercury treatment for 63 days caused disarray of all the layers, but some improvement of villus organization was noted in fish treated with mercury for 90 days. Seven-day exposure to ammonia deteriorated the normal structure of the villus, whereas in 28-day ammonia exposure, lesions were predominant in the submucosal layers. Sixty-three-day ammonia treatment demonstrated an effect similar to that produced by Elsan, associated with a more complete destruction of all the layers. Fishes under ammonia treatment for 90 days demonstrated extensive damage to the mucosal folds. The major changes in thickness of different layers of the intestine were also evaluated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Fishes; Insecticides; Intestine, Small; Mercury; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Time Factors; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 7544266
DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1995.1044