-
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Dec 2015As the consumption of aquatic products increased, the need for regulation of pesticide residues in aquatic products also emerged. Thus, in this study, a scheduled...
As the consumption of aquatic products increased, the need for regulation of pesticide residues in aquatic products also emerged. Thus, in this study, a scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (sMRM) method employing a novel extraction and purification step based on QuEChERS with EDTA was developed for the simultaneous quantitation of 20 pesticides (alachlor, aldicarb, carbofuran, diazinon, dimethoate, dimethomorph, ethoprophos, ferimzone, fluridone, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, malathion, methidathion, methiocarb, phenthoate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, pirimicarb, and simazine) in aquatic products. Additionally, the present method was validated in the aspects of specificity, linearity (r ≥ 0.980), sensitivity (the limit of quantitation (LOQ) ≤ 5 ng/g), relative standard deviation, RSD (1.0% ≤ RSD ≤ 19.4%), and recovery (60.1% ≤ recovery ≤ 117.9%). Finally, the validated method was applied for the determination of the 20 pesticide residues in eel and shrimp purchased from local food markets. In the present study, QuEChERS with EDTA was successfully expanded to residual pesticide analysis for the first time. The present method could contribute to the rapid and successful establishment of the positive list system in South Korea.
Topics: Animals; Eels; Food Contamination; Fruit; Mass Spectrometry; Palaemonidae; Pesticide Residues; Seafood; Solid Phase Extraction; Vegetables; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 26466578
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9071-x -
Environmental Health and Preventive... Jun 2018Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor insecticides (AChEIIs) were used extensively in the agrarian region of Anuradhapura for the past few decades. As a result, the region...
BACKGROUND
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor insecticides (AChEIIs) were used extensively in the agrarian region of Anuradhapura for the past few decades. As a result, the region faced a heightened risk of toxicity. Carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, and fenthion were the five hazardous AChEIIs banned from Anuradhapura in 2014. Assessment of post-ban trends in acute poisoning will reveal the impact of the ban. Data on availability and sales of remaining AChEIIs will guide towards preventive measures against related toxicities.
METHODS
Cross-sectional surveys were conducted at Anuradhapura district of Sri Lanka. Details related to acute AChEII poisoning were sorted from the Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura. Main insecticide vendors in Anuradhapura were surveyed to find information on availability and sales of AChEIIs. Chi-square for goodness of fit was performed for trends in acute poisoning and sales.
RESULTS
Hospital admissions related to acute AChEII poisoning have declined from 554 in 2013 to 272 in 2017. Deaths related to acute AChEII poisoning have declined from 27 in 2013 to 13 in 2017. Sales of all five banned AChEIIs had reduced by 100%. Sales of the remaining AChEIIs were declining, except for acephate, phenthoate, and profenofos. However, one of the top selling, most frequently abused carbosulfan, had the highest risk of toxicity. Chi-square for goodness of fit showed a significance (P < 0.001) between the trends of hospital admissions for acute AChEII poisoning and the sales related to AChEIIs.
CONCLUSIONS
Hospital admissions related to acute poisoning was declining along with the overall sales of remaining AChEIIs, during the post-AChEII ban period. Nevertheless, future vigilance is needed on the remaining AChEIIs to predict and prevent related toxicities.
Topics: Agriculture; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Commerce; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Female; Government Regulation; Health Policy; Hospitalization; Humans; Incidence; Insecticides; Male; Poisoning; Risk Factors; Sri Lanka
PubMed: 29945568
DOI: 10.1186/s12199-018-0716-1 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Dec 2018In this study, a new magnetic adsorbent based on magnetite-sporopollenin/graphene oxide (FeO-SP/GO) was successfully developed. The adsorbent was applied for magnetic...
In this study, a new magnetic adsorbent based on magnetite-sporopollenin/graphene oxide (FeO-SP/GO) was successfully developed. The adsorbent was applied for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of three selected polar organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), namely, dimethoate, phenthoate, and phosphamidon, prior to gas chromatography analysis with electron capture detection (GC-μECD). The FeO-SP/GO adsorbent combines the advantages of superior adsorption capability of the modified sporopollenin (SP) with graphene oxide (GO) and magnetite (FeO) for easy isolation from sample solution. Several MSPE parameters were optimized. Under optimized conditions, excellent linearity (R ≥ 0.9994) was achieved using matrix match calibration in the range of 0.1 to 500 ng mL. The limit of detection (LOD) method (S/N = 3) was from 0.02 to 0.05 ng mL. The developed FeO-SP/GO MSPE method was successfully applied for the determination of these three polar OPPs in cucumber, long beans, bell pepper, and tomato samples. Good recoveries (81.0-120.0%) and good relative standard deviation (RSD) (1.4-7.8%, n = 3) were obtained for the spiked OPPs (1 ng mL) from real samples. This study is beneficial for adsorptive removal of toxic pesticide compounds from vegetable samples.
Topics: Adsorption; Biopolymers; Carotenoids; Chromatography, Gas; Dimethoate; Ferrosoferric Oxide; Graphite; Limit of Detection; Solanum lycopersicum; Magnetics; Magnetite Nanoparticles; Organic Chemicals; Oxides; Pesticides; Solid Phase Extraction; Vegetables
PubMed: 30328041
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3402-3 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Dec 1994Histopathological changes in the head and trunk kidneys of Channa punctatus induced by chronic nonlethal levels of Elsan (211 ppb), mercuric chloride (16.7 ppb), and...
Histopathological changes in the head and trunk kidneys of Channa punctatus induced by chronic nonlethal levels of Elsan (211 ppb), mercuric chloride (16.7 ppb), and aqueous ammonia (15.64 ppm) were studied on 7, 28, 63, and 90 days of exposure. The pathology of the head kidney was characterized by degeneration and dispersion of interrenal and chromaffin tissue and necrosis in the haemopoietic elements. Kidney lesions were observed throughout the entire experimental period in fish exposed to Elsan and mercuric chloride. In contrast, the lesion induced by exposure to aqueous ammonia began to heal during the first phase of treatment. Marked abnormalities in trunk kidney histology were also found. Renal lesions consisted of minimal to mild multifocal, acute tubular epithelial degeneration, karyolysis, and dilation or shrinkage of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus. Elsan treatment resulted in a highly significant decrease in the dimension of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus at all days of sampling, except on Day 28. The response of the fish trunk kidney tissue to mercuric chloride was similar to that observed with Elsan exposure in terms of the alteration in the mean dimensions of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus. The response to ammonia was significant reduction in the size of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus throughout the experimental period except at Day 28. Little dilation of Bowman's capsule and a significant dilation of glomerulus were found at Day 28 of ammonia exposure. This study demonstrated that a chronic nonlethal exposure to Elsan, mercuric chloride affect both endocrine and excretory parts of the kidney while ammonia specifically damages the excretory part of the kidney of C. punctatus.
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fishes; Insecticides; Kidney; Kidney Glomerulus; Mercury; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Time Factors
PubMed: 7534687
DOI: 10.1016/0147-6513(94)90003-5 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... May 2007A simple and rapid method was developed for measuring 10 organophosphorus pesticides (acephate, methidathion, dichlorvos, fenthion, EPN, diazinon, phenthoate, malathion,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
A simple and rapid method was developed for measuring 10 organophosphorus pesticides (acephate, methidathion, dichlorvos, fenthion, EPN, diazinon, phenthoate, malathion, fenitrothion, and cyanophos) in the serum of acute poisoning patients by LC/MS. Following deproteinization by acetonitrile, an aliquot of the biological sample was injected into a C(18) column using 10mM ammonium formate-methanol as the mobile phase. Extraction recoveries were satisfactory and ranged between 60.0 and 108.1% in serum. The limits of detection (LODs) in serum ranged from 0.125 to 1 microg/ml, and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.25 to 1.25 microg/ml. An excellent linearity was observed for these LOQs up to 8 microg/ml. Intra- and interassay precision and accuracy were satisfactory for most of the pesticides analyzed. In terms of temperature stability, of all the organophosphorus compounds analyzed, dichlorvos and malathion exhibited the most rapid degradations over 24h at room temperature. Methidathion and diazinon remained relatively stable at all temperatures during the entire 4-week testing period. The present method was successfully applied to one actual case of acute poisoning. In conclusion, this method is simple, accurate, and useful for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides and should benefit both clinical and forensic toxicology.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Stability; Forensic Toxicology; Freezing; Humans; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Middle Aged; Molecular Structure; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Suicide, Attempted; Time Factors
PubMed: 17337150
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.036 -
Journal of Environmental Science and... 2015In this study, we carried out three bioassays with nine used insecticides in tomato crops to identify their efficiency against tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta, the...
In this study, we carried out three bioassays with nine used insecticides in tomato crops to identify their efficiency against tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta, the physiological selectivity and the activity reduction of insecticides by three rain regimes to predatory wasps Protonectarina sylveirae and Polybia scutellaris. We assessed the mortality caused by the recommended doses of abamectin, beta-cyfluthrin, cartap, chlorfenapyr, etofenprox, methamidophos, permethrin, phenthoate and spinosad to T. absoluta and wasps at the moment of application. In addition, we evaluated the wasp mortality due to the insecticides for 30 days on plants that did not receive rain and on plants that received 4 or 125 mm of rain. Spinosad, cartap, chlorfenapyr, phenthoate, abamectin and methamidophos caused mortality higher than 90% to T. absoluta, whereas the pyrethroids beta-cyfluthrin, etofenprox and permethrin caused mortality between 8.5% and 46.25%. At the moment of application, all the insecticides were highly toxic to the wasps, causing mortality higher than 80%. In the absence of rain, all the insecticides continued to cause high mortality to the wasps for 30 days after the application. The toxicity of spinosad and methamidophos on both wasp species; beta-cyfluthrin on P. sylveirae and chlorfenapyr and abamectin on P. scutellaris, decreased when the plants received 4 mm of rain. In contrast, the other insecticides only showed reduced toxicity on the wasps when the plants received 125 mm of rain.
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Larva; Lepidoptera; Solanum lycopersicum; Macrolides; Nitriles; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Permethrin; Plant Leaves; Pyrethrins; Rain; Thiocarbamates; Wasps
PubMed: 25421627
DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.965621 -
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Dec 2009Organophosphate poisoning has a high mortality rate. Recently, differences among organophosphorus insecticides in human self-poisoning were reported. This study...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Organophosphate poisoning has a high mortality rate. Recently, differences among organophosphorus insecticides in human self-poisoning were reported. This study investigated the prognostic risk factors and the mortality of different organophosphates following acute organophosphate poisoning.
METHODS
This retrospective study included 68 patients with acute organophosphate poisoning. We investigated patient survival according to initial parameters, including the initial Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, serum cholinesterase level, and hemoperfusion and evaluated the mortality according to organophosphate types.
RESULTS
Thirteen of the 68 patients died. The agents responsible for mortality were different. The APACHE II score was a significant predictor of mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.194; p<0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.089 to 1.309) and respiratory failure (OR, 1.273; p<0.01; 95% CI, 1.122 to 1.444). The mortality was 0% for dichlorvos, malathion, chlorpyrifos and profenofos. However, other organophosphates showed different mortality (16.7% for O-ethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate, 25% for phenthoate, 37.5% for phosphamidon, 50% for methidathion). The usefulness of hemoperfusion appears to be limited.
CONCLUSIONS
The initial APACHE II score is a useful prognostic indicator, and different organophosphates have different mortality.
Topics: APACHE; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cholinesterases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Organophosphate Poisoning; Poisoning; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 19949736
DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2009.24.4.362 -
Pest Management Science Sep 2004A 110-fold acetamiprid-resistant Plutella xylostella (L) strain was established after four selection experiments (in five generations) on a 9.5-fold resistant colony in...
A 110-fold acetamiprid-resistant Plutella xylostella (L) strain was established after four selection experiments (in five generations) on a 9.5-fold resistant colony in the laboratory. The resistant strain did not show cross-resistance to chlorfluazuron or Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki Berliner, but displayed low resistance to cartap and phenthoate.
Topics: Animals; Bacillus thuringiensis; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Larva; Moths; Neonicotinoids; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Phenylurea Compounds; Pyridines; Thiocarbamates
PubMed: 15382497
DOI: 10.1002/ps.933 -
Transactions of the Royal Society of... 1983
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; DDT; Female; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Malathion; Male; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pakistan; Time Factors
PubMed: 6679355
DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(83)90030-5 -
Transactions of the Royal Society of... 1983The change from larval to adult mosquito control in the Gezira area of Sudan resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of malaria in this region. House spraying with...
The change from larval to adult mosquito control in the Gezira area of Sudan resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of malaria in this region. House spraying with malathion began in 1975 and resistance to this compound was first detected in 1978. Laboratory tests showed that adult Anopheles arabiensis Patton were resistant to malathion and phenthoate but susceptible to all other organophosphates tested. The larvae of this strain were susceptible to malathion. The malathion resistance in the adults was synergized by triphenyl phosphate, but not by piperonyl butoxide. This suggests that a carboxylesterase enzyme may be the basis of malathion resistance in this strain. Analysis of general esterase levels to alpha- and beta-naphthyl acetate showed that there was no quantitative change in the amount of carboxylesterase enzyme present in the resistant strain as compared to the susceptible. The absence of larval resistance suggests that house spraying rather than agricultural spraying is the major source of selection pressure. The presence of a high level of adult malathion resistance in A. arabiensis may decrease the efficacy of malathion for malaria control in Sudan. The lack of cross-resistance to organophosphates which do not contain a carboxylester bond means that insecticides such as fenitrothion are still practical alternatives.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Carboxylesterase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Insecticide Resistance; Larva; Malathion; Sudan
PubMed: 6636275
DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(83)90118-9