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Journal of Hazardous Materials Jan 2011Organophosphorus pesticides in crops and soil pose a serious threat to public health and environment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may make a contribution to...
Organophosphorus pesticides in crops and soil pose a serious threat to public health and environment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may make a contribution to organophosphate degradation in soil and consequently decrease chemical residues in crops. A pot culture experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of Glomus caledonium 90036 and Acaulospora mellea ZZ on the dynamics of phoxim residues in green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) and soil at different harvest dates after phoxim application. Results show that mycorrhizal colonization rates of inoculated plants were higher than 70%. Shoot and root fresh weights did not vary with harvest dates but increased significantly in AM treatments. Phoxim residues in plants and soil decreased gradually with harvest dates, and markedly reduced in AM treatments. Kinetic analysis indicated that phoxim degradation in soil followed a first-order kinetic model. AM inoculation accelerated the degradation process and reduced the half-life. G. caledonium 90036 generally produced more pronounced effects than A. mellea ZZ on both the plant growth and phoxim residues in plants and soil. Our results indicate a promising potential of AM fungi for the control of organophosphate residues in vegetables, as well as for the phytoremediation of organophosphorus pesticide-contaminated soil.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Biomass; Half-Life; Insecticides; Kinetics; Mycorrhizae; Onions; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Plant Roots; Plant Shoots; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Vegetables
PubMed: 20870354
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.004 -
Chemosphere Feb 2014The silkworm is an important economic insect. Poisoning of silkworms by organophosphate pesticides causes tremendous loss to the sericulture. In this study, Solexa...
The silkworm is an important economic insect. Poisoning of silkworms by organophosphate pesticides causes tremendous loss to the sericulture. In this study, Solexa sequencing technology was performed to profile the gene expression changes in the midgut of silkworms in response to 24h of phoxim exposure and the impact on detoxification, apoptosis and immune defense were addressed. The results showed that 254 genes displayed at least 2.0-fold changes in expression levels, with 148 genes up-regulated and 106 genes down-regulated. Cytochrome P450 played an important role in detoxification. Histopathology examination and transmission electron microscope revealed swollen mitochondria and disappearance of the cristae of mitochondria, which are the important features in insect apoptotic cells. Cytochrome C release from mitochondria into the cytoplasm was confirmed. In addition, the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) signal pathways were all inhibited using qRT-PCR. Our results could help better understand the impact of phoxim exposure on silkworm.
Topics: Animals; Bombyx; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Digestive System; Gene Expression; Inactivation, Metabolic; Insecticides; Organothiophosphorus Compounds
PubMed: 23899924
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.089 -
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology Jul 2015Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an important economic insect and a model species for Lepidopteran. Each year, O,O-diethyl O-(alpha-cyanobenzylideneamino) phosphorothioate...
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an important economic insect and a model species for Lepidopteran. Each year, O,O-diethyl O-(alpha-cyanobenzylideneamino) phosphorothioate (phoxim) pesticide poisoning in China results in huge economic losses in sericulture. Silkworm fat body is the main organ for nutrient storage, energy supply, intermediary metabolism, and detoxification. Microarray analysis of silkworm Cytochrome P450 detoxification enzyme genes revealed that all tested P450 4 (CYP4) family genes are expressed in the fat body. Quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of CYP4 family genes in silkworm fat body 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after phoxim exposure. The expression levels of silkworm molting hormone synthesis-related genes started to change 24 h after phoxim exposure, with those of CYP302A1, CYP306A1, and CYP314A1 being elevated by 1.38-, 1.33-, and 2.10-fold, respectively. The CYP18A1 gene that participates in steroid hormone inactivation and the CYP15C1 gene that participates in the epoxidation during the synthesis of juvenile hormone (JH) from methyl farnesoate (MF) were increased by 3.85- and 7.82-fold, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these endogenous hormone metabolism-related genes belong to CYP mito clan and clan 2, and that phoxim exposure may affect silkworm development and metamorphosis. The CYP4, CYP6, and CYP9 families all showed some degrees of increases in gene expression; among them, CYP49A1, CYP4L6, CYP6AB4, CYP9G3, CYP9A19, and CYP9A22's transcription levels were significantly upregulated to 12.77-, 2.64-, 2.42-, 4.06-, 3.32-, and 2.98-fold, respectively, of the control levels. In the fat body, CYP49A1, CYP6AB4, CYP9A19, and CYP9A22 were constantly expressed at high levels after 24, 48, and 72 h of phoxim treatments; according to phylogenetic analysis, these genes belong to detoxification-related clan 3 and clan 4 CYP families. These genes may participate in the metabolism of phoxim in silkworm fat body. The results obtained in this study provide a basis for future in-depth investigations of insect P450 family genes in metabolic detoxification.
Topics: Animals; Bombyx; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Gene Expression Profiling; Insect Proteins; Insecticides; Larva; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Phylogeny
PubMed: 26071814
DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.12.013 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jan 2011Degradation of phoxim in river water was fully explored in this paper. Effects of pH, temperature, and photoirradiation on the degradation were investigated in detail....
Degradation of phoxim in river water was fully explored in this paper. Effects of pH, temperature, and photoirradiation on the degradation were investigated in detail. The results indicated that the degradation was characterized by a first-order process; UV irradiation and the increase of pH and temperature substantially accelerated the degradation. To fully characterize the degradation mechanism, HPLC-MS/MS was utilized to identify the degradation intermediates. Five intermediates were identified as phoxom, phoxom dimer, O,O,O',O'-tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate, O,O,O'-triethyl-O'-2-hydroxyethyldisulfinylpyrophosphate, and O,O,O'-triethyl-O'-2-hydroxyethyldithiopyrophosphate. On the basis of the results of the intermediate analysis, the degradation pathways of phoxim under the present experimental conditions were proposed. Through conversion of a thiophosphoryl into a phosphoryl group, some phoxim was converted to phoxom, most of which further formed dimer. Another portion of phoxim transformed to O,O,O',O'-tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate via nucleophilic substitution and photolysis. Thereafter, O,O,O',O'-tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate underwent hydroxylation to form O,O,O'-triethyl-O'-2-hydroxyethyldithiopyrophosphate or sulfur oxidation first and then hydroxylation to produce O,O,O'-triethyl-O'-2-hydroxyethyldisulfinylpyrophosphate. The understanding of phoxim's degradation mechanism in this study will be critical to its safety assessment and increase the understanding of the fate of phoxim in environment water.
Topics: Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Rivers; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 21142082
DOI: 10.1021/jf1029459 -
Pest Management Science Mar 2017Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an economically important insect. It is relatively less resistant to certain chemicals and environment exposures such as pesticides and...
BACKGROUND
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an economically important insect. It is relatively less resistant to certain chemicals and environment exposures such as pesticides and pathogens. After pesticide exposures, the silkworms are more susceptible to microbial infections. The mechanism underlying the susceptibility might be related to immune response and oxidative stress.
RESULTS
A sublethal dose of phoxim combined with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) elevated the silkworm mortality at 96 h. We found a higher content of H O and increased levels of genes related to oxidative stress and immune response after treatment with a sublethal dose of phoxim for 24 h or 48 h. However, such response decreased with longer pesticide treatment. Mortality increased by 44% when B. mori was exposed to combined treatment with BmNPV and phoxim rather than BmNPV alone. The level of examined immune-related and oxidative-stress-related genes significantly decreased in the combined treatment group compared with the BmNPV group. Our results indicated that, with long-term exposure to pesticides such as OPs, even at sublethal dose, the oxidative stress response and immune responses in silkworm were inhibited, which may lead to further immune impairment and accumulation of oxidative stress, resulting in susceptibility to the virus and harm to the silkworm.
CONCLUSION
Our study provided insights for understanding the susceptibility to pathogen after pesticide exposures, which may promote the development of better pesticide controls to avoid significant economic losses. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Animals; Bombyx; Insecticides; Larva; Nucleopolyhedroviruses; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 27220913
DOI: 10.1002/ps.4326 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jul 2017Bradysia odoriphaga is the major pest affecting Chinese chive production, and in China, it has developed widespread resistance to organophosphorus insecticides....
Bradysia odoriphaga is the major pest affecting Chinese chive production, and in China, it has developed widespread resistance to organophosphorus insecticides. Chlorfenapyr is a promising pyrrole insecticide with a unique mechanism of action that does not confer cross-resistance to neurotoxic insecticides. However, the effect of chlorfenapyr on organophosphate-resistant B. odoriphaga is not well understood. The present study evaluated the potential of chlorfenapyr for the control of phoxim-resistant B. odoriphaga. The results showed that chlorfenapyr had significant insecticidal activity to B. odoriphaga in multiple developmental stages, and there were no significant differences in susceptibility between the field (phoxim-resistant) and laboratory (phoxim-susceptible) populations. The pot experiment and field trials confirmed the results of our laboratory bioassays. In the field trial, chlorfenapyr applied at 3.0, 6.0, or 12.0 kg of active ingredient (a.i.)/ha significantly decreased the number of B. odoriphaga and improved the yield compared to phoxim at 6.0 kg of a.i./ha and the control conditions. Moreover, the final residues of chlorfenapyr on plants were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) as a result of its non-systemic activity. These results demonstrate that chlorfenapyr has potential as a potent alternative to phoxim for controlling B. odoriphaga.
Topics: Animals; China; Diptera; Insect Control; Insecticides; Larva; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pyrethrins
PubMed: 28672113
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02098 -
Environmental Toxicology Apr 2015Bombyx mori is an important economic animal for silk production. However, it is liable to be infected by organophosphorus pesticide that can contaminate its food and...
Bombyx mori is an important economic animal for silk production. However, it is liable to be infected by organophosphorus pesticide that can contaminate its food and growing environment. It has been known that organophosphorus pesticide including phoxim exposure may damage the digestive systems, produce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in silkworm B. mori, whereas cerium treatment has been demonstrated to relieve phoxim-induced toxicity in B. mori. However, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms of midgut injury due to phoxim exposure and B. mori protection after cerium pretreatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the midgut damage and its molecular mechanisms, and the protective role of cerium in B. mori following exposure to phoxim. The results showed that phoxim exposure led to severe midgut damages and oxidative stress; whereas cerium relieved midgut damage and oxidative stress caused by phoxim in B. mori. Furthermore, digital gene expression suggested that phoxim exposure led to significant up-regulation of 94 genes and down-regulation of 52 genes. Of these genes, 52 genes were related with digestion and absorption, specifically, the significant alterations of esterase, lysozyme, amylase 48, and lipase expressions. Cerium pretreatment resulted in up-regulation of 116 genes, and down-regulation of 29 genes, importantly, esterase 48, lipase, lysozyme, and α-amylase were up-regulated. Treatment with Phoxim + CeCl3 resulted in 66 genes up-regulation and 39 genes down-regulation; specifically, levels of esterase 48, lipase, lysozyme, and α-amylase expression in the midgut of silkworms were significantly increased. Therefore, esterase 48, lipase, lysozyme, and α-amylase may be potential biomarkers of midgut toxicity caused by phoxim exposure. These findings may expand the application of rare earths in sericulture.
Topics: Animals; Bombyx; Cerium; Gene Expression Regulation; Insecticides; Intestines; Larva; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Oxidative Stress; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 24338979
DOI: 10.1002/tox.21921 -
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination... Mar 1981
Topics: Glass; Insecticides; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Photochemistry; Photolysis; Plants; Sunlight; Temperature; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 7284640
DOI: 10.1007/BF01622112 -
Environmental Toxicology Dec 2014Phoxim (O,O-diethyl O-(alpha-cyanobenzylideneamino) phosphorothioate) is a powerful organophosphorus pesticide with high potential for Bombyx mori larvae of silkworm...
Phoxim (O,O-diethyl O-(alpha-cyanobenzylideneamino) phosphorothioate) is a powerful organophosphorus pesticide with high potential for Bombyx mori larvae of silkworm exposure. However, it is possible that during the phoxim metabolism, there is generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phoxim may produce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in an intoxicated silkworm. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) pretreatment has been demonstrated to increase antioxidant capacity and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in organisms. This study was, therefore, undertaken to determine phoxim-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity to determine whether phoxim intoxication alters the antioxidant system and AChE activity in the B. mori larval midgut, and to determine whether TiO2 NPs pretreatment attenuates phoxim-induced toxicity. The findings suggested that phoxim exposure decreased survival of B. mori larvae, increased malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl and 8-OHdG levels, and ROS accumulation in the midgut. Furthermore, phoxim significantly decreased the activities of AChE, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and levels of ascorbic acid (AsA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and thiol in the midgut. TiO2 pretreatment, however, could increase AChE activity, and remove ROS via activating SOD, CAT, APX, GR, and GST, and accelerating AsA-GSH cycle, thus attenuated lipid, protein, and DNA peroxidation and improve B. mori larval survival under phoxim-induced toxicity. Moreover, this experimental system would help nanomaterials to be applied in the sericulture.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Bombyx; Gastrointestinal Tract; Glutathione Transferase; Insecticides; Larva; Nanoparticles; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Oxidative Stress; Protective Agents; Reactive Oxygen Species; Titanium
PubMed: 23595993
DOI: 10.1002/tox.21866 -
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology May 2017Pesticide exposure can induce oxidative stress and cause changes to antioxidant enzymes in living organisms. In the present study, the effects of phoxim (an...
Pesticide exposure can induce oxidative stress and cause changes to antioxidant enzymes in living organisms. In the present study, the effects of phoxim (an organophosphorus insecticide) and carbaryl (a carbamate insecticide) on antioxidant enzyme activity and gene expression were investigated in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. The results show that phoxim exposure can induce superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and decrease glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity at lower concentrations. The expression levels of sod-3, sod-5, ctl-1, gpx-6, and gpx-8 were up-regulated after treatment with phoxim. The mRNA expression levels of sod-5, ctl-1 and gpx-6 were increased approximately 70-, 170- and 130-fold, respectively, in the 0.25mM treatment group compared to the control group. Carbaryl exposure decreased SOD activity and induced CAT and GPx activities. The addition of carbaryl up-regulated the expression of sod-5, ctl-1, ctl-3 and gpx-8. Specifically, ctl-1 expression increased approximately 10-fold, and gpx-8 expression increased <30-fold in the 0.5mM treatment group relative to the control group. The transcript level of sod-5 increased >20-fold, and ctl-3 increased approximately 10-fold in the 1mM treatment group. The functions of the antioxidant enzymes during oxidative stress caused by the two insecticides were investigated using deletion mutants. The LC values phoxim for the of sod-3 (tm760), sod-5 (tm1146), ctl-1 (ok1242), ctl-3 (ok2042) and gpx-8 (tm2108) mutant strains were lower than those observed for the N2 strain. The LC values of carbaryl for the ctl-1 (ok1242), ctl-3 (ok2042) and gpx-6 (tm2535) deletion mutant strains decreased in comparison to the N2 strain. The results suggest that these two insecticides caused oxidative stress and changed altered the antioxidant enzyme activities and their gene expressions in C. elegans. The sod-3, sod-5, ctl-1, ctl-3, gpx-6, and gpx-8 encoding enzymes may play roles in defending cells from oxidative stress caused by these two insecticides.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Caenorhabditis elegans; Carbaryl; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Insecticides; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 28456303
DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.02.005