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Current Protein & Peptide Science 2018Proteins have played a very important role in the drug industry for developing treatments of various diseases such as auto-immune diseases, cancer, diabetes, mental... (Review)
Review
Proteins have played a very important role in the drug industry for developing treatments of various diseases such as auto-immune diseases, cancer, diabetes, mental disorder, metabolic disease, and others. Therapeutic proteins have high activity and specificity but they have some limitations such as short half-life, poor stability, low solubility and immunogenicity, so they cannot prolong their therapeutic activity. These shortcomings have been rectified by using polymers for the conjugation with proteins. The conjugates of protein-polymer improves the half-lives, stability and makes them non-immunogenic. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), is widely used in the delivery of proteins because it is the current gold standard for stealth polymers in the emerging field of polymer-based delivery as compared to various biodegradable polymers. PEGylation enhances the retention of therapeutic proteins, effectively alters the pharmacokinetics and enhances the pharmaceutical value. Smart polymer have been used to cope with the pathophysiological environment of target site and have imposed less toxic effects.The contents of this article are challenges in formulation of therapeutic proteins, synthetic routes of conjugates, smart polymer-protein conjugates and also some advantages/disadvantages of polymers as a carrier system of proteins.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Drug Carriers; Drug Liberation; Humans; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymers; Protein Conformation; Protein Stability; Proteins; Solubility; Surface Properties
PubMed: 28828988
DOI: 10.2174/1389203718666170821162823 -
Progress in Molecular Biology and... 2011Over the past few decades, interest in designing and developing polymeric nanoparticles has undergone considerable explosion. Indeed, these nanoparticulated... (Review)
Review
Over the past few decades, interest in designing and developing polymeric nanoparticles has undergone considerable explosion. Indeed, these nanoparticulated polymer-based systems provide potential solution to improve therapeutic efficacy and diagnosis sensitivity. In this chapter, general properties, production, and characterization of polymer nanoparticles are introduced. Specifically, the development and application of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based nanoparticles are emphasized because of the good biocompatible, biodegradable properties, as well as their mechanical flexibility. These PHAs nanoparticles can serve as targeting drug delivery carriers and protein purification and immobilization matrices. The perspective outlook in the last section highlights the future application of polymer nanoparticles in translational science.
Topics: Nanoparticles; Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Polymers
PubMed: 22093222
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-416020-0.00007-3 -
International Journal of Biological... Sep 2019Metal based nanocomposites are gaining popularity for the past few years due to their promising chemical and physical properties. These nanocomposites can be obtained by... (Review)
Review
Metal based nanocomposites are gaining popularity for the past few years due to their promising chemical and physical properties. These nanocomposites can be obtained by incorporation of metal nanoparticles with glass, ceramic and polymer. Metal polymer nanoparticles can be formed through direct reduction method, in situ methods like chemical reduction, photoreduction and thermal decomposition of metallic salt inside the polymer, ex-situ by direct insertion of metallic nanoparticles into the polymer, through vapor phase deposition techniques and ion implantation. Natural polymers such as cellulose, starch, chitin, chitosan, gelatin, dextran, alginate, pectin, guar gum, rubber and fibrin are preferred than the synthetic ones due to their amazing properties including maximized purity and crystallinity, tensile solidity, improved elasticity and extensive surface area. In our review, we spotlight the fabrication methods and the innovative applications of many natural polymers metal nanocomposites, as well as their antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Products; Metal Nanoparticles; Nanocomposites; Polymers
PubMed: 31220496
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.114 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2005In this work, polymer-drugs conjugates used as drug delivery systems (DDS) are revised attending to their chemical conjugation. Namely, the classification of this type... (Review)
Review
In this work, polymer-drugs conjugates used as drug delivery systems (DDS) are revised attending to their chemical conjugation. Namely, the classification of this type of DDS is based on the conjugation sites of the reactive groups (i.e., via end groups or pendant polymer groups). Advantages and limitations of these types of DDS are discussed through representative examples of polymer-drugs and polymer-proteins conjugates recently developed.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Models, Biological; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Polymers
PubMed: 18007281
DOI: 10.3390/10010114 -
Stomatologija 2018The aim of this study is to review polyether ether ketone (PEEK), its characteristics and use in prosthodontics. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to review polyether ether ketone (PEEK), its characteristics and use in prosthodontics.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Information search for articles about PEEK and it's use in prosthodontics between January 2010 and April 2017 was conducted in Medline via PubMed, Science direct, Wiley online library as well as the Web search Google Scholar sources. Twelve full text articles were selected and used in this review.
RESULTS
143 articles were found in the database using keywords: PEEK, prosthodontics, dentistry. Data on the suitability of PEEK polymer were organized according to mechanical, chemical, physical properties and PEEK surface preparation.
CONCLUSIONS
PEEK polymer is suitable to use in prosthodontics. However, there are not enough statements about complications, biofilm formation on PEEK surface and its resistance to compression. More research should be done to find out the results.
Topics: Benzophenones; Biocompatible Materials; Databases, Factual; Dental Materials; Dental Prosthesis; Dental Prosthesis Design; Humans; Ketones; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymers; Prosthodontics
PubMed: 30531169
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Aug 2011A growing number of polymer therapeutics have entered routine clinical use as nano-sized medicines. Early products were developed as anticancer agents, but treatments... (Review)
Review
A growing number of polymer therapeutics have entered routine clinical use as nano-sized medicines. Early products were developed as anticancer agents, but treatments for a range of diseases and different routes of administration have followed--recently the PEGylated-anti-TNF Fab Cimzia® for rheumatoid arthritis and the PEG-aptamer Macugen® for age related macular degeneration. New polymer therapeutic concepts continue to emerge with a growing number of conjugates entering clinical development, for example PEGylated-aptamers and a polymer-based siRNA delivery system. 'Hot' topics of the past 2 years include; emerging issues relating to polymer safety, the increasing use of biodegradable polymers, design of technologies for combination therapy, potential biomarkers for patient individualisation of treatment and Regulatory challenges for 'follow-on/generic' polymer therapeutics.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Design; Humans; Nanomedicine; Polymers
PubMed: 21676609
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.05.507 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2020Cancer represents one of the most dangerous diseases, with 1.8 million deaths worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in conventional therapies, these treatments are not... (Review)
Review
Cancer represents one of the most dangerous diseases, with 1.8 million deaths worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in conventional therapies, these treatments are not effective to completely eradicate cancer. Nanotechnology offers potential cancer treatment based on formulations of several nanoparticles (NPs). Liposomes and polymeric nanoparticle are the most investigated and effective drug delivery systems (DDS) for cancer treatment. Liposomes represent potential DDS due to their distinct properties, including high-drug entrapment efficacy, biocompatibility, low cost, and scalability. However, their use is restricted by susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, instability, burst release of drugs, and the limited surface modification. Similarly, polymeric nanoparticles show several chemical modifications with polymers, good stability, and controlled release, but their drawbacks for biological applications include limited drug loading, polymer toxicity, and difficulties in scaling up. Therefore, polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes are combined to form polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLHNPs), with the positive attributes of both components such as high biocompatibility and stability, improved drug payload, controlled drug release, longer circulation time, and superior in vivo efficacy. In this review, we have focused on the prominent strategies used to develop tumor targeting PLHNPs and discuss their advantages and unique properties contributing to an ideal DDS.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Lipids; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Polymers
PubMed: 32977707
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194377 -
ACS Applied Bio Materials Dec 2023The biopolymer lignin, which is heterogeneous and abundant, is usually present in plant cell walls and gives them rigidity and strength. As a byproduct of the wood,... (Review)
Review
The biopolymer lignin, which is heterogeneous and abundant, is usually present in plant cell walls and gives them rigidity and strength. As a byproduct of the wood, paper, and pulp manufacturing industry, lignin ranks as the second most prevalent biopolymer worldwide, following cellulose. This review paper explores the extraction, modification, and prospective applications of lignin in various industries, including the enhancement of thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers, biomedical applications such as vanillin production, fuel development, carbon fiber composites, and the creation of nanomaterials for food packaging and drug delivery. The structural characteristics of lignin remain undefined due to its origin, separation, and fragmentation processes. This comprehensive overview encompasses state-of-the-art techniques, potential applications, diverse extraction methods, chemical modifications, carbon fiber utilization, and the extraction of vanillin. Moreover, the review focuses on the utilization of lignin-modified polymer blends across multiple manufacturing sectors, providing insights into the advantages and limitations of this innovative approach for the development of environmentally friendly materials.
Topics: Lignin; Polymers; Carbon Fiber; Biopolymers
PubMed: 38036466
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00783 -
Current Drug Metabolism 2018Ternary solid dispersions have been demonstrated to be an effective strategy in the improvement of drug absorption and bioavailability. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Ternary solid dispersions have been demonstrated to be an effective strategy in the improvement of drug absorption and bioavailability.
METHOD
The applications of the combination of hydrophilic polymers with the potential of hydrophobic polymer incorporation at moderate concentrations have been discussed in recent publications.
RESULTS
In this paper, the general review of this specific type of solid dispersion will be provided with comprehensive understanding of polymer blends of either hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymers. A detailed description of miscible polymers has been developed in recent studies. In addition to dissolution rate improvement, the role of second polymers in crystal growth inhibition and in maintaining the amorphous state will be mentioned.
CONCLUSION
We also present a summary of characterization techniques commonly used to evaluate solid dispersion and polymer miscibility.
Topics: Biological Availability; Drug Design; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Polymers
PubMed: 29956619
DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180628171100 -
Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Dec 2022Biology demonstrates meticulous ways to control biomaterials self-assemble into ordered and disordered structures to carry out necessary bioprocesses. Empowering the... (Review)
Review
Biology demonstrates meticulous ways to control biomaterials self-assemble into ordered and disordered structures to carry out necessary bioprocesses. Empowering the synthetic polymers to self-assemble like biomaterials is a hallmark of polymer physics studies. Unlike protein engineering, polymer science demystifies self-assembly by purposely embedding particular functional groups into the backbone of the polymer while isolating others. The polymer field has now entered an era of advancing materials design by mimicking nature to a very large extend. For example, we can make sequence-specific polymers to study highly ordered mesostructures similar to studying proteins, and use charged polymers to study liquid-liquid phase separation as in membraneless organelles. This mini-review summarizes recent advances in studying self-assembly using bio-inspired strategies on single-component and multi-component systems. Sequence-defined techniques are used to make on-demand hybrid materials to isolate the effects of chirality and chemistry in synthetic block copolymer self-assembly. In the meantime, sequence patterning leads to more hierarchical assemblies comprised of only hydrophobic and hydrophilic comonomers. The second half of the review discusses complex coacervates formed as a result of the associative charge interactions of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. The tunable phase behavior and viscoelasticity are unique in studying liquid macrophase separation because the slow polymer relaxation comes primarily from charge interactions. Studies of bio-inspired polymer self-assembly significantly impact how we optimize user-defined materials on a molecular level.
Topics: Polymers; Proteins; Polyelectrolytes; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Biocompatible Materials
PubMed: 36254846
DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20220057