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Chemical Reviews Nov 2009
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Macromolecular Rapid Communications Dec 2019Recent advances in oxygen-tolerant controlled/living radical polymer chemistry now enable efficient synthesis of diverse and combinatorial polymer libraries. While...
Recent advances in oxygen-tolerant controlled/living radical polymer chemistry now enable efficient synthesis of diverse and combinatorial polymer libraries. While library synthesis has been dramatically simplified, equally efficient purification strategies for removal of small-molecule impurities are not yet established in high throughput settings. It is shown that gel filtration columns for chromatography frequently used in the protein science community are well suited for high throughput polymer purification. Using either single-use columns or gel filtration plates, the purification of 32 diverse polymers is demonstrated in a library with >95% removal of small molecule impurities and >85% polymer retention in a single purification step. Doing so replaces the typical procedure of polymer precipitation, which requires solvent optimization for each polymer in a complex library. Overall, this work raises awareness in the polymer science community that gel filtration is amenable to purification of large polymer libraries and can speed up the progress of combinatorial polymer chemistry.
Topics: Chromatography, Gel; Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques; Polymers; Small Molecule Libraries
PubMed: 31737977
DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900528 -
Chemphyschem : a European Journal of... Sep 2002Polymers can be theoretically and computationally described by models pertaining to different length scales and corresponding time scales. These models have... (Review)
Review
Polymers can be theoretically and computationally described by models pertaining to different length scales and corresponding time scales. These models have traditionally been used independently of each other. Recently, considerable progress has been made in systematically linking models of different scales. This Review focuses on the generation of lattice and off-lattice coarse-grained polymer models, whose "monomers" correspond to roughly a chemical repeat unit, from chemically detailed atomistic simulations of the same polymers. Computational methods are described as well as applications to polymers in the melt and in solution. The success of multiscale simulations in solving real-world polymer problems that could not be solved in any other way suggests that they will have an important role to play in the future.
Topics: Biopolymers; Carbohydrate Conformation; Cellulose; Disaccharides; Models, Theoretical; Molecular Conformation; Polymers; Starch
PubMed: 12436902
DOI: 10.1002/1439-7641(20020916)3:9<754::aid-cphc754>3.0.co;2-u -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Dec 2001Polymers are ubiquitous components of products manufactured for medical and pharmaceutical applications. Widely used commodity polymers were the first polymers to be... (Review)
Review
Polymers are ubiquitous components of products manufactured for medical and pharmaceutical applications. Widely used commodity polymers were the first polymers to be utilised in biomedical applications. These polymers were not developed with biocompatibility established at the onset and many speciality polymers have been developed in recent years to begin to meet the multifaceted demands for medical development, the optimisation of structure-property correlations and ultimately, clinical use. In the broader area of materials research, combinatorial or high throughput strategies used for drug development are recognised to have potential for discovery and process development. Much of the application of combinatorial chemistry in drugs research has been dependent on the use of polymeric reagents, substrates and supports. The chemistry of the reactions on polymers in solid and liquid phases have also played a major role in combinatorial drugs research. There is considerable interest in combinatorial materials research and this review outlines how this research may be applied for biomedical polymer development.
Topics: Animals; Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Polymers
PubMed: 11733121
DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00224-1 -
The Journal of Chemical Physics Nov 2016Polymer translocation through nanopores into a crowded environment is of ubiquitous importance in many biological processes. Here we investigate polymer translocation...
Polymer translocation through nanopores into a crowded environment is of ubiquitous importance in many biological processes. Here we investigate polymer translocation through a nanopore into an active bath of self-propelled particles in two-dimensional space using Langevin dynamics simulations. Interestingly, we find that the mean translocation time τ can show a bell-shape dependence on the particle activity F at a fixed volume fraction ϕ, indicating that the translocation process may become slower for small activity compared to the case of the passive media, and only when the particle activity becomes large enough can the translocation process be accelerated. In addition, we also find that τ can show a minimum as a function of ϕ if the particle activity is large enough, implying that an intermediate volume fraction of active particles is most favorable for the polymer translocation. Detailed analysis reveals that such nontrivial behaviors result from the two-fold effect of active bath: one that active particles tend to accumulate near the pore, providing an extra pressure hindering the translocation, and the other that they also aggregate along the polymer chain, generating an effective pulling force accelerating the translocation. Such results demonstrate that active bath plays rather subtle roles on the polymer translocation process.
Topics: Mechanical Phenomena; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Nanopores; Polymers
PubMed: 27825228
DOI: 10.1063/1.4966591 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2017Janus particles, which have two or more distinct physical surfaces, provide a number of potential applications in many fields. However, it is difficult to selectively...
Janus particles, which have two or more distinct physical surfaces, provide a number of potential applications in many fields. However, it is difficult to selectively load chemical or biological components onto the Janus particles. Here, the approach utilizing molecular imprinting and Pickering emulsion technologies for the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based Janus particles (which showed high affinity to the targets) is described stepwise. As self-propelled microengines possessing specific molecular recognition ability, Janus molecularly imprinted polymer particles show high potential for specific and well-controlled drug delivery.
Topics: Colloids; Molecular Imprinting; Polymers
PubMed: 28255892
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6857-2_22 -
Chemical Record (New York, N.Y.) 2005The historical development of our research on polycondensation that proceeds in a chain-growth polymerization manner ("chain-growth polycondensation") for well-defined... (Review)
Review
The historical development of our research on polycondensation that proceeds in a chain-growth polymerization manner ("chain-growth polycondensation") for well-defined condensation polymers is described. We first studied polycondensation in which change of the substituent effect induced by bond formation drove the reactivity of the polymer end group higher than that of the monomer. In this approach, well-defined aromatic polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, and poly(ether sulfone)s were obtained. The second approach was the study of the phase-transfer polymerization of a solid monomer dispersed in an organic solvent. In this type of polymerization, the solid monomer was physically unable to react with another monomer and was carried with the phase transfer catalyst into the solution phase where it reacted with an initiator and the polymer end group in the solvent in a chain polymerization manner. We also found catalyst-transfer polycondensation as a third approach to chain-growth polycondensation. In the Ni-catalyzed polycondensation of 2-bromo-5-chloromagnesiothiophenes, the Ni catalyst transferred to the polymer end group, and a coupling reaction occurred there to yield a well-defined polythiophene. This chain-growth polycondensation was applied to the synthesis of condensation polymer architectures such as block copolymers, star polymers, graft copolymers, and so on.
Topics: Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Molecular Weight; Polymers
PubMed: 15806548
DOI: 10.1002/tcr.20032 -
Macromolecular Rapid Communications Jun 2016A straightforward synthetic procedure for the double modification and polymer-polymer conjugation of telechelic polymers is performed through amine-thiol-ene...
A straightforward synthetic procedure for the double modification and polymer-polymer conjugation of telechelic polymers is performed through amine-thiol-ene conjugation. Thiolactone end-functionalized polymers are prepared via two different methods, through controlled radical polymerization of a thiolactone-containing initiator, or by modification of available end-functionalized polymers. Next, these different linear polymers are treated with a variety of amine/acrylate-combinations in a one-pot procedure, creating a library of tailored end-functionalized polymers. End group conversions are monitored via SEC, NMR, and MALDI-TOF analysis, confirming the quantitative modification after each step. Finally, this strategy is applied for the synthesis of block copolymers via polymer-polymer conjugation and the successful outcome is analyzed via LCxSEC measurements.
Topics: Lactones; Molecular Structure; Polymers; Sulfhydryl Compounds
PubMed: 27145337
DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600150 -
Drug Discovery Today Dec 2002
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Polymers
PubMed: 12547001
DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02532-1 -
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Aug 2023Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CP NPs) that could absorb the first near-infrared (NIR-I) window have emerged as highly desirable therapeutic nanomaterials. Here, a...
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CP NPs) that could absorb the first near-infrared (NIR-I) window have emerged as highly desirable therapeutic nanomaterials. Here, a quinoidal-conjugated polymer (QCP), termed PQ, was developed as a novel class of therapeutic agents for photothermal therapy (PTT). Owing to its intrinsic quinoid structure, PQ exhibits molecular planarity and π-electron overlap along the conjugated backbone, endowing it with a narrow band gap, NIR-I absorption, and diradical features. The obtained PQ was coated with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) moiety, affording nanosized and water-dispersed PQ nanoparticles (PQ NPs), which consequently show a high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of 63.2%, good photostability, and apparent therapeutic efficacy for both and PTTs under an 808 nm laser irradiation. This study demonstrates that QCPs are promising active agents for noninvasive anticancer therapy using NIR-I light.
Topics: Cell Line, Tumor; Phototherapy; Polymers; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 37551880
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06807