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The Journal of Infection Jan 2014Polyomaviruses are ubiquitous, species-specific viruses belonging to the family Papovaviridae. The two most commonly known human polyomaviruses, BK virus and JC virus... (Review)
Review
Polyomaviruses are ubiquitous, species-specific viruses belonging to the family Papovaviridae. The two most commonly known human polyomaviruses, BK virus and JC virus were first described in the 1970s. Newer human polyomaviruses, namely KI polyoma virus, WU polyoma virus and Merkel cell polyoma virus were identified in the last five years. Most humans encounter BK and JC virus during childhood, causing mild illness. However, when reactivated or acquired in the immunocompromised host, BK and JC virus have been implicated in a number of human clinical disease states. BK is most commonly associated with renal involvement, such as ureteral stenosis, hemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy. Less commonly, it is associated with pneumonitis, retinitis, liver disease and meningoencephalitis. JC virus is most well known for its association with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and is possibly implicated in the development of various human neoplasms. The following chapter will outline the basic virology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of BK and JC virus and discuss relevant diagnostic and treatment options.
Topics: BK Virus; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; JC Virus; Polyomavirus Infections; Virus Activation
PubMed: 24119828
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.009 -
Virology Oct 2001The accidental discovery of the mouse polyoma virus nearly 50 years ago opened up an experimental system unique in opportunities for investigating virus-host... (Review)
Review
The accidental discovery of the mouse polyoma virus nearly 50 years ago opened up an experimental system unique in opportunities for investigating virus-host interactions leading to the development of tumors. Extensive studies of the virus in tissue culture have provided a detailed understanding of its genetics and molecular biology. Knowledge of the virus as a transforming agent in culture can now be tested in the animal where multiple cell types are targets for tumorigenic conversion and where a variety of host factors, both immunological and nonimmunological, come into play. Studies in the animal using well-characterized wild-type and mutant virus strains have led to some unexpected findings. Some of these run counter to certain widely held beliefs in cancer biology. This minireview focuses on these surprising findings and the challenges they raise.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Mice; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 11689038
DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1124 -
Pediatric Transplantation Nov 2006Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for children with end-stage renal disease. Patient survival and allograft survival have improved with better... (Review)
Review
Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for children with end-stage renal disease. Patient survival and allograft survival have improved with better immunosuppressant regimes to reduce acute allograft rejection but post-transplant infections have been exacerbated. An emerging problematic virus in the past decade is the polyoma virus BKV. The features of BKV including the clinical features in the general and immune compromised population are reviewed and correlated with pediatric studies in the post-transplant population. These features are placed in context with lessons learned about BKV in relevant adult studies.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Child; DNA, Viral; Graft Survival; Humans; Incidence; Kidney Transplantation; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 17032436
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2006.00544.x -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Aug 2009Polyoma virus and SV40 are the founding members of the Polyomaviridae. They are small viruses, with a genome consisting of around 5.3kbases of closed circular,... (Review)
Review
Polyoma virus and SV40 are the founding members of the Polyomaviridae. They are small viruses, with a genome consisting of around 5.3kbases of closed circular, double-stranded DNA. This simplicity, the ease with which they can be grown, and their capacity to cause cancers in newborn rodents has made them popular models for studying the molecular basis of cancer formation. As a consequence, many of the underlying principles involved in tumorigenesis have been uncovered during the study of these viruses. For instance, the discovery of p53, Rb protein function, tyrosine kinases and PI3 kinases were all made when examining polyoma virus and SV40. Here we review how these discoveries were made, and the influence they have had on our understanding of cancer development.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; History, 20th Century; Humans; Medical Oncology; Neoplasms; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Simian virus 40; Tumor Virus Infections; Virology
PubMed: 19505648
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.03.001 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Jun 2009Not only is gene regulation in polyoma interesting, but it has also proven to be highly informative and illustrative of a number of novel concepts in gene regulation. Of... (Review)
Review
Not only is gene regulation in polyoma interesting, but it has also proven to be highly informative and illustrative of a number of novel concepts in gene regulation. Of special interest and importance are the mechanisms by which this virus switches from the expression of early gene products to late gene products after the onset of viral DNA replication. This switch is mediated at least in part by changes in transcription elongation and polyadenylation in the late region, and by the formation and editing of dsRNA in the nucleus. In this review we will summarize the regulation of RNA synthesis and processing during polyoma infection, and will point out in particular those aspects that have been most novel.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; DNA, Viral; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genome, Viral; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Polyomavirus; Promoter Regions, Genetic; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; RNA Splicing; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 19482599
DOI: 10.2741/3581 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Mar 2010
Review
Topics: Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 20190614
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181d01c6d -
Zeitschrift Fur Die Gesamte Innere... Jul 1963
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Advances in Enzyme Regulation 1990The secretion of a threshold amount of SAGF can elicit one of the major features of the transformed phenotype, anchorage-independent growth. It appears that, like other... (Review)
Review
The secretion of a threshold amount of SAGF can elicit one of the major features of the transformed phenotype, anchorage-independent growth. It appears that, like other cells, NIH 3T3 cells make and secrete SAGF, but not enough to enable them to proliferate in soft agar. The stream of signals from polyoma virus MTAg:pp60c-src:PI-kinase complexes attached to the inner surface of the cell membrane is not enough to raise SAGF secretion to the threshold level for agar growth, but these signals can powerfully enhance the responsiveness to added SAGF. Only when NIH 3T3 cells express all three polyoma T antigens do they secrete enough SAGF and become responsive enough to the factor to form colonies in soft agar. This is in contrast to F111 cells which produce adequate amounts of, and respond to, SAGF after MTAg expression alone. The reasons for this difference remain to be investigated. Obviously, factors expressed during the course of the spontaneous establishment are different for these two lines and they affect the cells' response to MTAg. Clearly, knowing how polyoma virus transforms cells will require a deeper understanding of the deregulation of membrane signaling enzymes by the viral MTAg and the identification and characterization of the autocrine SAGF's that mediate at least part of the neoplastic response to the viral signals.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Models, Biological; Oncogene Protein pp60(v-src); Phosphorylation; Polyomavirus; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 2169695
DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(90)90014-s -
Canadian Journal of Microbiology Jun 1981
Review
Topics: Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; DNA, Viral; Genes, Viral; Mice; Mutation; Polyomavirus; Recombination, Genetic; Temperature; Virus Replication
PubMed: 6266624
DOI: 10.1139/m81-084 -
Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1984
Review
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cells, Cultured; Chromosome Mapping; DNA; Gene Amplification; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes, Viral; Humans; Models, Genetic; Polyomavirus; RNA; Simian virus 40; Transcription, Genetic; Tumor Virus Infections; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 6085404
DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(84)90019-6