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British Medical Journal Mar 1964
Review
Topics: Avian Sarcoma Viruses; DNA; DNA, Viral; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Oncogenic Viruses; Polyomavirus; RNA; RNA, Viral; Rous sarcoma virus; Simian virus 40; Vertebrates; Viruses
PubMed: 14096457
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5384.653 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Apr 2010Polyoma viruses are ubiquitous infecting many different mammalian species including humans. There are five known human polyoma viruses. JC virus and BK virus are two... (Review)
Review
Polyoma viruses are ubiquitous infecting many different mammalian species including humans. There are five known human polyoma viruses. JC virus and BK virus are two polyoma viruses identified nearly three decades ago. Recently WU, KI and Merkel cell polyoma viruses have been isolated from humans. The exact role of these three newly discovered viruses in human disease is not known. Most human polyoma disease is caused by BK and JC viruses which are usually acquired in childhood. Approximately 50-80% of humans have seropositivity to these viruses. Clinically apparent diseases in immunocompetent hosts are extremely rare. These viruses remain latent possibly in the lymphoid organs, neuronal tissue, and kidney and under the circumstances of severe immunosuppression both these viruses reactivate. Neurotropic JC virus reaches the brain and causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with a high mortality rate. BK virus is urotheliotropic and its reactivation causes a form of interstitial nephritis, known as BK or polyoma virus associated nephropathy which is associated with high graft loss if not recognized early. There are no known effective antiviral agents for any of the polyoma viruses.
Topics: BK Virus; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; JC Virus; Polyomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections; Viral Tropism; Virus Activation; Virus Latency
PubMed: 20060360
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.12.006 -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Sep 2018In recent years, there has been increased interest in carcinomas of the urologic tract, that demonstrate association with the polyoma virus BK arising in...
In recent years, there has been increased interest in carcinomas of the urologic tract, that demonstrate association with the polyoma virus BK arising in immunosuppressed individuals, though the nature of this association is uncertain. To begin to understand this phenomenon, we reviewed the clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical features of 11 carcinomas of the urologic tract, mainly urothelial (N = 9) and collecting duct carcinomas (N = 2), occurring during immunosuppression, and expressing polyoma virus T-antigen by immunohistochemistry. These were compared to a control group of carcinomas (N = 8), also arising during immunosuppression, but without T-antigen expression. A subset of both groups were also studied by hybrid capture-based DNA sequencing, probing not only for 479 cancer-related human genes, but also for polyoma and other viral sequences. Polyoma T-antigen-expressing tumors arose in 7 males and 4 females, at a median age of 66, and were aggressive, high-grade tumors with more than 1 variant morphologic pattern identified in 81% of cases, and a majority (73%) presenting at high stage category (>pT3). Diffuse polyoma T-antigen staining was seen in 91% of cases, with co-localization of aberrant p53 staining in 89%. Sequencing detected a lower number of deleterious mutations among T-antigen-expressing cases (average 1.62; 1/8 with TP53 mutation) compared to control cases (average 3.5, 2/4 with TP53 mutation). Only BK virus was detected with clonal integration and breakpoints randomly distributed across the human and viral genomes in 5/5 of the polyoma T-antigen-expressing carcinomas, and in none of the controls (0/4). In summary, these findings identify aggressive clinicopathologic features of polyoma T-antigen-expressing carcinomas, document BK as the strain involved, and associate BK viral integration with T-antigen expression and p53 aberrancy. While the apparent randomness of viral insertion sites is functionally unclear, the differing rates of mutations between T-antigen-expressing and control cases is intriguing.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Polyomavirus; Retrospective Studies; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 29765141
DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0065-z -
American Journal of Transplantation :... Aug 2017
Topics: BK Virus; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Polyomavirus Infections
PubMed: 28510315
DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14358 -
Virology Oct 2001The accidental discovery of the mouse polyoma virus nearly 50 years ago opened up an experimental system unique in opportunities for investigating virus-host... (Review)
Review
The accidental discovery of the mouse polyoma virus nearly 50 years ago opened up an experimental system unique in opportunities for investigating virus-host interactions leading to the development of tumors. Extensive studies of the virus in tissue culture have provided a detailed understanding of its genetics and molecular biology. Knowledge of the virus as a transforming agent in culture can now be tested in the animal where multiple cell types are targets for tumorigenic conversion and where a variety of host factors, both immunological and nonimmunological, come into play. Studies in the animal using well-characterized wild-type and mutant virus strains have led to some unexpected findings. Some of these run counter to certain widely held beliefs in cancer biology. This minireview focuses on these surprising findings and the challenges they raise.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Mice; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 11689038
DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1124 -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Aug 2009Simian Virus 40 (SV40) and Mouse Polyoma Virus (PY) are small DNA tumor viruses that have been used extensively to study cellular transformation. The SV40 early region... (Review)
Review
Simian Virus 40 (SV40) and Mouse Polyoma Virus (PY) are small DNA tumor viruses that have been used extensively to study cellular transformation. The SV40 early region encodes three tumor antigens, large T (LT), small T (ST) and 17KT that contribute to cellular transformation. While PY also encodes LT and ST, the unique middle T (MT) generates most of the transforming activity. SV40 LT mediated transformation requires binding to the tumor suppressor proteins Rb and p53 in the nucleus and ST binding to the protein phosphatase PP2A in the cytoplasm. SV40 LT also binds to several additional cellular proteins including p300, CBP, Cul7, IRS1, Bub1, Nbs1 and Fbxw7 that contribute to viral transformation. PY MT transformation is dependent on binding to PP2A and the Src family protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) and assembly of a signaling complex on cell membranes that leads to transformation in a manner similar to Her2/neu. Phosphorylation of MT tyrosine residues activates key signaling molecules including Shc/Grb2, PI3K and PLCgamma1. The unique contributions of SV40 LT and ST and PY MT to cellular transformation have provided significant insights into our understanding of tumor suppressors, oncogenes and the process of oncogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral, Tumor; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Humans; Mice; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Simian virus 40; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 19505649
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.03.002 -
Virology Feb 2009Polyoma- (PY) and Papillomavirus (PV) virions have remarkable structural equivalence although no discernable sequence similarities among the capsid proteins can be... (Review)
Review
Polyoma- (PY) and Papillomavirus (PV) virions have remarkable structural equivalence although no discernable sequence similarities among the capsid proteins can be detected. Their similarities include the overall surface organization, the presence of 72 capsomeres composed of five molecules of the major capsid proteins, VP1 and L1, respectively, the structure of the core segment of capsomeres with classical antiparallel "jelly roll" beta strands as the major feature, and the linkage of neighboring capsomeres by invading C-terminal arms. Differences include the size of surface exposed loops that contain the dominant neutralizing epitopes, the details of the intercapsomeric interactions, and the presence of 2 or 1 minor capsid proteins, respectively. These differences may affect the dramatic differences observed in receptor binding and internalization pathways utilized by these viruses, but as detailed later even structural differences cannot completely explain receptor and pathway usage. In recent years, technical advances aiding the study of entry processes have allowed the identification of novel endocytic compartments and an appreciation of the links between endocytic pathways that were previously thought to be completely separable. This review is intended to highlight recent advances in our understanding of virus receptor interactions and their consequences for endocytosis and intracellular trafficking.
Topics: Capsid Proteins; Endocytosis; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Receptors, Virus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 19157477
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.12.022 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Jun 2009Not only is gene regulation in polyoma interesting, but it has also proven to be highly informative and illustrative of a number of novel concepts in gene regulation. Of... (Review)
Review
Not only is gene regulation in polyoma interesting, but it has also proven to be highly informative and illustrative of a number of novel concepts in gene regulation. Of special interest and importance are the mechanisms by which this virus switches from the expression of early gene products to late gene products after the onset of viral DNA replication. This switch is mediated at least in part by changes in transcription elongation and polyadenylation in the late region, and by the formation and editing of dsRNA in the nucleus. In this review we will summarize the regulation of RNA synthesis and processing during polyoma infection, and will point out in particular those aspects that have been most novel.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; DNA, Viral; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genome, Viral; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Polyomavirus; Promoter Regions, Genetic; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; RNA Splicing; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 19482599
DOI: 10.2741/3581 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Aug 2022Read the full article for the answer.
Read the full article for the answer.
Topics: Brain; Humans; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
PubMed: 35975991
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00082-22 -
Virology Journal Mar 2020Squirrels (family Sciuridae) are globally distributed members of the order Rodentia with wildlife occurrence in indigenous and non-indigenous regions (as invasive...
BACKGROUND
Squirrels (family Sciuridae) are globally distributed members of the order Rodentia with wildlife occurrence in indigenous and non-indigenous regions (as invasive species) and frequent presence in zoological gardens and other holdings. Multiple species introductions, strong inter-species competition as well as the recent discovery of a novel zoonotic bornavirus resulted in increased research interest on squirrel pathogens. Therefore we aimed to test a variety of squirrel species for representatives of three virus families.
METHODS
Several species of the squirrel subfamilies Sciurinae, Callosciurinae and Xerinae were tested for the presence of polyomaviruses (PyVs; family Polyomaviridae) and herpesviruses (HVs; family Herpesviridae), using generic nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specificity for the PyV VP1 gene and the HV DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene, respectively. Selected animals were tested for the presence of bornaviruses (family Bornaviridae), using both a broad-range orthobornavirus- and a variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1)-specific reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).
RESULTS
In addition to previously detected bornavirus RNA-positive squirrels no more animals tested positive in this study, but four novel PyVs, four novel betaherpesviruses (BHVs) and six novel gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) were identified. For three PyVs, complete genomes could be amplified with long-distance PCR (LD-PCR). Splice sites of the PyV genomes were predicted in silico for large T antigen, small T antigen, and VP2 coding sequences, and experimentally confirmed in Vero and NIH/3T3 cells. Attempts to extend the HV DPOL sequences in upstream direction resulted in contiguous sequences of around 3.3 kilobase pairs for one BHV and two GHVs. Phylogenetic analysis allocated the novel squirrel PyVs to the genera Alpha- and Betapolyomavirus, the BHVs to the genus Muromegalovirus, and the GHVs to the genera Rhadinovirus and Macavirus.
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first report on molecular identification and sequence characterization of PyVs and HVs and the detection of bornavirus coinfections with PyVs or HVs in two squirrel species. Multiple detection of PyVs and HVs in certain squirrel species exclusively indicate their potential host association to a single squirrel species. The novel PyVs and HVs might serve for a better understanding of virus evolution in invading host species in the future.
Topics: Animals; Bornaviridae; Genome, Viral; Herpesviridae; Phylogeny; Polyomavirus; Sciuridae; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 32220234
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01310-4