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Nutrition Reviews Mar 2018Foods rich in flavan 3-ols are known to prevent cardiovascular diseases by reducing metabolic syndrome risks, such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia.... (Review)
Review
Foods rich in flavan 3-ols are known to prevent cardiovascular diseases by reducing metabolic syndrome risks, such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. However, the mechanisms involved in this reduction are unclear, particularly because of the poor bioavailability of flavan 3-ols. Recent metabolome analyses of feces produced after repeated ingestion of foods rich in flavan 3-ols may provide insight into the chronic physiological changes associated with the intake of flavan 3-ols. Substantial postprandial changes have been reported after flavan 3-ol ingestion, including hemodynamic and metabolic changes as well as autonomic and central nervous alterations. Taken together, the evidence suggests that flavan 3-ols have both postprandial and chronic effects, which could involve different or common mechanisms. In general, the accumulation of acute functional changes induces chronic physiological alteration. Therefore, this review highlights the postprandial action of flavan 3-ols in order to address the yet unknown mechanism(s) for their physiological function.
Topics: Biological Availability; Eating; Feces; Flavonoids; Humans; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 29315425
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux070 -
Pediatric Exercise Science May 2014Exaggerated postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations (TAG) independently predict future cardiovascular events. Acute exercise and diet interventions attenuate... (Review)
Review
Exaggerated postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations (TAG) independently predict future cardiovascular events. Acute exercise and diet interventions attenuate postprandial TAG in adults. This paper aims to examine the exercise postprandial lipemia studies published to date in young people. Nine studies satisfied the inclusion criteria adopted for this summary. The majority of studies are in boys (22% girls) and have shown a single ~60-min session of moderate-intensity exercise, performed 12-18 hours before a standardized meal, reduces postprandial TAG. Manipulations of exercise duration and intensity suggest an exercise energy expenditure dose-dependent response is not supported directly in healthy young people. Studies investigating alternative exercise bouts have reported lower postprandial TAG after simulated intermittent games activity, high-intensity interval running and cumulative 10-min blocks over several hours, which may appeal to the spontaneous physical activity habits of young people. Although extension of these initial findings is warranted, exercise may be an effective strategy to promote regular benefits in TAG metabolism in children and adolescents; this may contribute to an improved cardiovascular disease risk profile early in life.
Topics: Adolescent; Biomarkers; Child; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Humans; Postprandial Period; Triglycerides
PubMed: 24225063
DOI: 10.1123/pes.2013-0126 -
Biological Chemistry 2002Consumption of a meal containing oxidized and oxidizable lipids gives rise to an increased plasma concentration of lipid hydroperoxides, detectable by a sensitive... (Review)
Review
Consumption of a meal containing oxidized and oxidizable lipids gives rise to an increased plasma concentration of lipid hydroperoxides, detectable by a sensitive chemiluminescence procedure. This is associated with increased susceptibility of LDL to oxidation, apparently due a structural perturbation at the particle surface brought about by lipid oxidation products. The postprandial modification of LDL is at least partially accounted for by an increase of LDL-, a subfraction containing lipid oxidation products where apoprotein-B-100 (apoB-100) is denatured. Consuming the meal with a suitable source of antioxidants, such as those found in red wine, minimizes this postprandial oxidative stress. The inhibition of peroxidation of lipids present in the meal during digestion is a possible mechanism for the observed protection of LDL. The in vivo oxidatively modified LDL- has numerous features that correspond to the atherogenic minimally modified LDL produced in vitro. These modified particles could account for a relevant link between nutrition and early biological processes that foster the development of atherosclerosis.
Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Humans; Lipoproteins; Oxidative Stress; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 12033449
DOI: 10.1515/BC.2002.062 -
Research in Veterinary Science May 2021Oxidative stress (OS) has been strongly associated with postprandial lipemia (PPL) in humans, and still requires further investigation in dogs. However, since lipemia...
Oxidative stress (OS) has been strongly associated with postprandial lipemia (PPL) in humans, and still requires further investigation in dogs. However, since lipemia interferes with spectrophotometric determinations such as those used to assess OS, the present study investigated the effect of PPL on OS parameters of healthy dogs. Twenty dogs had lipemic postprandial samples compared to the average of two non-lipemic moments. Subsequently, PPL was simulated in vitro using a commercial lipid emulsion and twelve pools of non-lipemic serum of these dogs were used to simulate the minimum, median and maximum concentrations of triglycerides obtained during the lipemic state. Serum OS parameters were assessed using the antioxidants uric acid, albumin and total bilirubin; total antioxidant capacity (TAC); total oxidant capacity (TOC); and lipid peroxidation. In vivo PPL caused an increase in albumin, TAC-CUPRAC, TAC-FRAP, uric acid (p < 0.0001), TOC (p = 0.0012) and total bilirubin (p = 0.0245); reduction of TAC-ABTS (p = 0.0008); and did not alter the lipid peroxidation (p = 0.8983). In vitro, levels of albumin increased at the three lipemic concentrations (p < 0.0001), uric acid increased in the median and maximum levels (p < 0.0001), and total bilirubin concentration increased only at the maximum lipemic level (p = 0.0012). All lipemic levels tested increased TAC-ABTS (p = 0.0011) and TAC-FRAP (p < 0.0001). TAC-CUPRAC (p = 0.5002), TOC (p = 0.5938) and lipid peroxidation (p = 0.4235) were not affected by in vitro lipemia. In conclusion, both the in vivo postprandial state and in vitro simulated lipemia affect oxidative stress markers in dogs depending on the oxidative stress marker, and thus the postprandial state and/or lipemic samples should be avoided.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hyperlipidemias; Male; Oxidative Stress; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 33725655
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.03.008 -
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County,... Sep 2014Attenuating blood glucose excursions in the postprandial state have the capacity to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and mortality, even in... (Review)
Review
Attenuating blood glucose excursions in the postprandial state have the capacity to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and mortality, even in apparently healthy populations. Nearly a century ago, it was reported that oral glucose tolerance is improved by prior glucose consumption. This was termed the second-meal phenomenon and is also seen with consumption of mixed-macronutrient-containing meals. In this context, a number of mechanisms probably contribute to the attenuation of glycemia, including gastric emptying, early-phase insulin secretion, hepatic glucose output, and muscle glucose uptake. More recently, a paradoxical second-meal phenomenon has been observed in the immediate postexercise period whereby prior meal consumption deteriorated glucose tolerance. The mechanisms regulating the postexercise second-meal phenomenon are less clear, but are likely to involve an increase in intestinal absorption, greater hepatic glucose output, and under circumstances of muscle damage, reductions in muscle glucose uptake. Further work is required to confirm these mediating factors and to characterize the time course of this paradox, which is likely to only exist within the first 4 h following exercise. Critically, this acute postexercise phenomenon should be maintained in the perspective of the benefits of chronic exercise training, which for the majority of individuals improves glycemic control and reduces many health risks including those associated with exaggerated postprandial glycemia.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Meals; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 24986552
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.12.001 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Jul 2015
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Meals; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 26177973
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00351.2015 -
European Journal of Clinical... Jun 1999Disturbances of postprandial glucose metabolism are now thought to contribute to cardiovascular disease. Postprandial glucose excursions can be affected by a number of... (Review)
Review
Disturbances of postprandial glucose metabolism are now thought to contribute to cardiovascular disease. Postprandial glucose excursions can be affected by a number of factors, such as the types of carbohydrates ingested and the way they are metabolized. In Type 2 diabetes, factors that contribute to excessive postprandial glucose excursions include disruption of insulin secretion, insufficient inhibition of hepatic glucose production and defective glucose storage in muscle. A number of measures may attenuate excessive postprandial blood glucose excursions. These include a diet high in 'low glycaemic index' foods and treatment with drugs that improve or restore the hormonal response (e.g. the sulphonylureas and the newer beta-cell mediated insulinotropic drugs such as repaglinide), that improve insulin sensitivity or that delay gastric emptying.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose; Humans; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 10383603
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00003.x -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Nov 2006
Review
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Oxidative Stress; Postprandial Period; Risk Factors
PubMed: 17221045
DOI: 10.1590/s0066-782x2006001800018 -
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A,... Dec 2001
Review
Topics: Blood Pressure; Dietary Carbohydrates; Gastric Emptying; Humans; Hypotension; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 11723146
DOI: 10.1093/gerona/56.12.m741 -
Current Pharmaceutical Design 2014Digestive tract motility patterns are closely related to the pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal diseases (FGID), and these patterns differ markedly between... (Review)
Review
Digestive tract motility patterns are closely related to the pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal diseases (FGID), and these patterns differ markedly between the interdigestive period and the postprandial period. The characteristic motility pattern in the interdigestive period is so-called interdigestive migrating contraction (IMC). IMCs have a housekeeping role in the intestinal tract, and could also be related to FGID. IMCs arising from the stomach are called gastrointestinal IMCs (GI-IMC), while IMCs arising from the duodenum without associated gastric contractions are called intestinal IMCs (I-IMC). It is thought that I-IMCs are abnormal in FGID. Transport of food residue to the duodenum via gastric emptying is one of the most important postprandial functions of the stomach. In patients with functional dyspepsia (FD), abnormal gastric emptying is a possible mechanism of gastric dysfunction. Accordingly, delayed gastric emptying has attracted attention, with prokinetic agents and herbal medicines often being administered in Japan to accelerate gastric emptying in patients who have anorexia associated with dyspepsia. Recently, we found that addition of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) to a high-calorie liquid diet rich in casein promoted gastric emptying in healthy men. Therefore, another potential method of improving delayed gastric emptying could be activation of chemosensors that stimulate the autonomic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting a role for MSG in the management of delayed gastric emptying in patients with FD.
Topics: Animals; Gastric Emptying; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Postprandial Period; Sodium Glutamate
PubMed: 23886379
DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990572