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Diabetes Care May 2003
Review
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Postprandial Period; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 12716828
DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.5.1615 -
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Apr 2016To examine the effect of postprandial gum chewing on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
OBJECTIVE
To examine the effect of postprandial gum chewing on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT).
METHODS
Twelve healthy normal-weight males completed four trials on four different days. They chewed a 621-kcal test meal for as long as possible and as many times as possible in the slow-eating trials, while they consumed the same meal as rapidly as possible in the rapid-eating trials. In the gum-chewing trials, they chewed a 3-kcal gum for 15 min after the meal. In the non-gum-chewing trials, they consumed 3 kcal of sugar with the test meal instead of chewing the gum. DIT was calculated based on the oxygen uptake, body mass, and postprandial increments in energy expenditure above the baseline as measured before each trial.
RESULTS
DIT was significantly greater in the gum-chewing trials than in the non-gum-chewing trials for both rapid-eating and slow-eating trials. The difference in DIT between rapid-eating and slow-eating trials was greater than that between non-gum-chewing and gum-chewing trials.
CONCLUSIONS
Postprandial gum chewing enhanced DIT, but the effect of gum chewing on DIT did not exceed that of slow eating when consuming a meal.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Chewing Gum; Diet; Energy Metabolism; Feeding Behavior; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Meals; Oxygen Consumption; Postprandial Period; Thermogenesis; Time Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 26887536
DOI: 10.1002/oby.21421 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Aug 2022We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) as compared to moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) and a control... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) as compared to moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) and a control condition (CON) on postprandial glucose (PPG) and insulin (PPI) responses. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were comprehensively searched to identify relevant studies until October 2021. Separate analyses were conducted for HIIE versus MIE and HIIE versus CON. A total of 30 studies comprising 36 intervention arms and involving 467 participants (350 adults) were included in the meta-analysis. HIIE reduced PPG and PPI when compared with CON. Based on subgroup analyses, reductions in PPG and PPI were significant for both children and adult participants, as well as for healthy participants and participants with metabolic disorders, with larger effects in those with metabolic disorders. There were no significant differences between HIIE and MIE for PPG or PPI. However, when comparing studies matched for total work performed, HIIE was more effective for decreasing PPG as compared with MIE. HIIE is effective for reducing PPG and PPI in both children and adult participants, particularly in those with metabolic disorders. In addition, HIIE has superior effects for reducing PPG as compared with MIE, when equivalent work was performed at both intensity levels.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Child; Exercise; Glucose; High-Intensity Interval Training; Humans; Insulin; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 35535401
DOI: 10.1111/obr.13459 -
International Journal of Clinical... Sep 2001There is increasing evidence that the postprandial state is an important contributing factor to the development of atherosclerosis. In diabetes, the postprandial phase... (Review)
Review
There is increasing evidence that the postprandial state is an important contributing factor to the development of atherosclerosis. In diabetes, the postprandial phase is characterised by a rapid and large increase in blood glucose levels and the possibility that the postprandial hyperglycaemic peaks may be relevant to the pathophysiology of late diabetic complications has recently received much attention. The oral glucose tolerance test, although highly non-physiological, has commonly been used as the model of the postprandial state. Epidemiological studies have shown that, when impaired, oral glucose tolerance is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, with the glycaemia two hours after the glucose challenge a direct and independent risk factor. Moreover, the possibility that postprandial hyperglycaemia is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients has been reported. Most of the cardiovascular risk factors are modified in the postprandial phase in patients with diabetes and are directly affected by an acute increase in glycaemia. The mechanisms through which acute hyperglycaemia exerts its effects may be identified as labile non-enzymatic glycation and production of free radicals. It is likely that the two mechanisms co-operate in causing the disorders induced by acute hyperglycaemia. Correcting the postprandial hyperglycaemia can form part of the strategy for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in diabetes.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Angiopathies; Free Radicals; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Oxidative Stress; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 11594300
DOI: No ID Found -
Nutrition, Metabolism, and... Feb 2022Almost all of the energy in noodle dishes is derived from carbohydrates, particularly starch. Recently, we invented a pasta with reduced starch content to about 50% and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Almost all of the energy in noodle dishes is derived from carbohydrates, particularly starch. Recently, we invented a pasta with reduced starch content to about 50% and increased dietary fiber content, designated low-starch high-fiber pasta (LSHFP). In this study, we investigated the ingestion of LSHFP on the postprandial glucose response as a breakfast meal.
METHODS AND RESULT
This was a randomized, single-blinded, crossover study. The postprandial glucose area under the curve for 4 h (4h-gluAUC), as the primary outcome, and the extent of postprandial glucose elevation (maxΔBG) were evaluated using a continuous glucose monitoring system in healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) after intake of LSHFP, standard pasta (SP), and rice. The amount of total carbohydrate was matched between LSHFP and SP. Ten individuals with T2DM and 10 individuals who did not have T2DM and were otherwise healthy were enrolled in this crossover study. The 4h-gluAUC for LSHFP (137.6 ± 42.2 mg/dL・h) was significantly smaller than the 4h-gluAUC for rice (201.7 ± 38.7 mg/dL・h) (p = 0.001) and SP (178.5 ± 59.2 mg/dL・h) (p = 0.020). The maxΔBG for rice (118.6 ± 24.2 mg/dL) was significantly higher than those for SP (87.5 ± 19.9 mg/dL) (p < 0.001) and LSHFP (72.7 ± 26.2 mg/dL) (p = 0.001), while the maxΔBG for LSHFP (p = 0.047) was significantly lower than that for SP, in T2DM patients as well as in healthy participants.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated that LSHFP can reduce postprandial glucose elevation compared with SP in both healthy participants and patients with T2DM.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Humans; Insulin; Postprandial Period; Starch
PubMed: 34893415
DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.10.019 -
Journal of Comparative Physiology. B,... Jan 2009For more than 200 years, the metabolic response that accompanies meal digestion has been characterized, theorized, and experimentally studied. Historically labeled... (Review)
Review
For more than 200 years, the metabolic response that accompanies meal digestion has been characterized, theorized, and experimentally studied. Historically labeled "specific dynamic action" or "SDA", this physiological phenomenon represents the energy expended on all activities of the body incidental to the ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of a meal. Specific dynamic action or a component of postprandial metabolism has been quantified for more than 250 invertebrate and vertebrate species. Characteristic among all of these species is a rapid postprandial increase in metabolic rate that upon peaking returns more slowly to prefeeding levels. The average maximum increase in metabolic rate stemming from digestion ranges from a modest 25% for humans to 136% for fishes, and to an impressive 687% for snakes. The type, size, composition, and temperature of the meal, as well as body size, body composition, and several environmental factors (e.g., ambient temperature and gas concentration) can each significantly impact the magnitude and duration of the SDA response. Meals that are large, intact or possess a tough exoskeleton require more digestive effort and thus generate a larger SDA than small, fragmented, or soft-bodied meals. Differences in the individual effort of preabsorptive (e.g., swallowing, gastric breakdown, and intestinal transport) and postabsorptive (e.g., catabolism and synthesis) events underlie much of the variation in SDA. Specific dynamic action is an integral part of an organism's energy budget, exemplified by accounting for 19-43% of the daily energy expenditure of free-ranging snakes. There are innumerable opportunities for research in SDA including coverage of unexplored taxa, investigating the underlying sources, determinants, and the central control of postprandial metabolism, and examining the integration of SDA across other physiological systems.
Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Digestion; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; Energy Metabolism; France; Germany; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Physiology; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 18597096
DOI: 10.1007/s00360-008-0283-7 -
Journal of Smooth Muscle Research =... 2021Exposure to unpleasant tastes leads to disturbances of interdigestive gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA) and may affect sympathetic/parasympathetic balance (SPB). We...
Exposure to unpleasant tastes leads to disturbances of interdigestive gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA) and may affect sympathetic/parasympathetic balance (SPB). We made a careful study to determine whether taste stimulation modulates the postprandial GMA, SPB, and gastric emptying (GE) of a solid meal. Eighteen healthy volunteers (9F/9M) entered the study. On six separate days, we recorded a four-channel electrogastrogram from each volunteer during a 35-min fasting period, then for 90 min after ingestion of a solid test meal of 300 kcal. GE was measured using a C-octanoic acid breath test. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis was simultaneously performed. At the start of the 21st min after the test meal, subjects received an agar cube delivering either a sweet, salty, sour, or bitter taste, which they kept in the mouth for 35 min. Control procedures involved sessions performed with a tasteless agar cube, and without any stimulation. There was no effect of the experimental intervention upon the relative power share of particular GMA rhythms. Stimulation with the salty and the bitter taste evoked a statistically significant increase in the dominant frequency, whereas the sweet and sour taste did not affect it. Taste stimulation did not interfere with the meal-induced rise in the dominant power, nor affect slow wave coupling. The kinetics of the solid GE remained unchanged by the intervention. None of the taste stimulations affected the postprandial SPB. Taste stimulation elicited after ingestion of a meal, in contrast to that during a fast, did not adversely modify the postprandial pattern of either the GMA or SPB, nor affect the GE of solids.
Topics: Agar; Autonomic Nervous System; Dysgeusia; Gastric Emptying; Humans; Postprandial Period; Stomach; Taste
PubMed: 34980820
DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.57.68 -
The Journal of Nutrition Aug 2022
Topics: Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Fats; Energy Metabolism; Meals; Nutrients; Oxidation-Reduction; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 35849709
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac138 -
VASA. Zeitschrift Fur Gefasskrankheiten Jan 2015
Topics: Aging; Female; Humans; Male; Plethysmography; Postprandial Period; Vascular Resistance; Vasodilation
PubMed: 25537053
DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000411 -
Research in Sports Medicine (Print) 2013To examine metabolic interaction between meal and exercise, 10 men and 10 women completed three trials: (1) exercise (E), (2) consumption of a meal (M), and (3)...
To examine metabolic interaction between meal and exercise, 10 men and 10 women completed three trials: (1) exercise (E), (2) consumption of a meal (M), and (3) consumption of a meal followed by exercise (M+E). All trials commenced after an overnight fast and were preceded by a rest period in which resting metabolic rate (RMR) was determined. The meal contained 721 kilocalories composed of 41%, 36%, and 23% of carbohydrate, lipids, and protein, respectively. Exercise protocol consisted of three continuous 10-minute cycling at 50%, 60%, and 70% VO2peak. Measurement began 60 min after the start of the meal and included VO2 that was used to determine meal-induced thermogenesis (MIT). VO2 was greater (p < .05) in M+E than in E at 50% and 60% VO2peak. MIT was higher (p < .05) during exercise at 50% VO2peak than at rest. It appears that postprandial exercise of mild intensities can potentiate MIT, thereby provoking a greater increase in energy expenditure.
Topics: Adult; Basal Metabolism; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Meals; Oxygen Consumption; Postprandial Period; Time Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 23777379
DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2013.792088