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Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Aug 2022It is inconclusive which factors influence inter-individual variations of postprandial glucose response (PPGR). This study investigates whether the habitual diet is...
SCOPE
It is inconclusive which factors influence inter-individual variations of postprandial glucose response (PPGR). This study investigates whether the habitual diet is associated with PPGR.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Data from healthy adults (young adults with 18-25 years, middle-aged adults with 40-65 years, and older adults with 75-85 years) is collected at baseline and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) collected. Habitual diet is assessed by a food frequency questionnaire and two 24-h food lists. Associations between habitual diet and glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC ) are examined by regression models. The intake of cereals and cereal products is negatively associated with glucose iAUC (p = 0.002) in the total cohort (N = 459, 50% women, 55 ± 21 years, BMI 26 ± 5 kg m ). Up to 9% of the variance in the glycemic response is explained by the respective dietary parameters identified in the models of the specific age groups.
CONCLUSION
There are age-specific diet-related effects on PPGR. The usual intake of cereals and cereal products seems to play a greater role in PPGR in more than one age group. Further research is needed, to establish how diet can be optimized based on age and PPGR.
Topics: Aged; Blood Glucose; Diet; Edible Grain; Female; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Male; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period; Young Adult
PubMed: 35713029
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200110 -
Nutrients Oct 2021Postprandial hyperglycaemia is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies highlight the role of the gut microbiome in influencing...
Postprandial hyperglycaemia is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies highlight the role of the gut microbiome in influencing postprandial glycaemic (PPG) and lipidaemic (PPL) responses. The authors of this review sought to address the question: "To what extent does individual gut microbiome diversity and composition contribute to PPG and PPL responses?". CINAHL Plus, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases were searched from January 2010 to June 2020. Following screening, 22 studies were eligible to be included in the current review. All trials reported analysis of gut microbiome diversity and composition and PPG and/or PPL. Results were reported according to the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis' (PRISMA) statement. Individual microbiota structure was found to play a key role in determining postprandial metabolic responses in adults and is attributed to a complex interplay of diet, microbiota composition, and metagenomic activity, which may be predicted by metagenomic analysis. Alterations of gut microbiota, namely relative abundance of bacterial phylum Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, along with Enterobacteriaceae, were associated with individual variation in postprandial glycaemic response in adults. The findings of the current review present new evidence to support a personalised approach to nutritional recommendations and guidance for optimal health, management, and treatment of common metabolic disorders. In conclusion, personalised nutrition approaches based on individual microbial composition may improve postprandial regulation of glucose and lipids, providing a potential strategy to ameliorate cardiometabolic health outcomes.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hyperlipidemias; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 34836140
DOI: 10.3390/nu13113887 -
Medicine and Science in Sports and... Jul 2021We systematically investigated the effects of different exercise strategies on postprandial glycemia. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
We systematically investigated the effects of different exercise strategies on postprandial glycemia.
METHODS
Six randomized repeated-measures crossover studies were performed. Study 1 compared the effects of 60 min of brisk walking started at 30, 60, or 90 min after breakfast on postbreakfast and postlunch glycemic responses. Study 2 investigated the effects of 30 min of different exercise types (aerobic vs resistance vs combined). Study 3 compared the effects of 30 min of different aerobic exercise types (walking vs cycling vs elliptical). Study 4 evaluated the effects of 30 min of brisk walking performed 45 min before or 15 and 30 min after breakfast. Study 5 compared 30 with 45 min of postprandial brisk walking. Study 6 compared the effects of a total of 30 min brisk walking exercise fragmented in bouts of 15, 5, or 2.5 min performed every 15 min.
RESULTS
Postprandial but not preprandial exercise improved glycemic response (studies 1 and 4). The glycemic peak was attenuated only when exercise started 15 min after the meal (study 4). A similar reduction of the postprandial glycemic response was observed with different exercise types (studies 2 and 3). Thirty and 45 min of brisk walking provided a similar reduction of the postprandial glucose response (study 5). When performing activity breaks, 10 and 20 min of cumulative exercise were sufficient to attenuate postprandial glycemia in the first hour postmeal (study 6).
CONCLUSION
Our findings provide insight into how to choose timing, type, duration, and modality for postprandial exercise prescription in healthy individuals.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Exercise; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Postprandial Period; Time Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 33481486
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002607 -
Neurogastroenterology and Motility Jan 2024Food intake is regulated by homeostatic and hedonic systems that interact in a complex neuro-hormonal network. Dysregulation in energy intake can lead to obesity (OB) or...
BACKGROUND
Food intake is regulated by homeostatic and hedonic systems that interact in a complex neuro-hormonal network. Dysregulation in energy intake can lead to obesity (OB) or anorexia nervosa (AN). However, little is known about the neurohormonal response patterns to food intake in normal weight (NW), OB, and AN.
MATERIAL & METHODS
During an ad libitum nutrient drink (Ensure®) test (NDT), participants underwent three pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) MRI scans. The first scan was performed before starting the NDT after a > 12 h overnight fast (Hunger), the second after reaching maximal fullness (Satiation), and the third 30-min after satiation (postprandial fullness). We measured blood levels of ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) with every pCASL-MRI scan. Semiquantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps in mL/100 gr brain/min were calculated and normalized (nCBF) with the CBF in the frontoparietal white matter. The hypothalamus (HT), nucleus accumbens [NAc] and dorsal striatum [DS] were selected as regions of interest (ROIs).
RESULTS
A total of 53 participants, 7 with AN, 17 with NW (body-mass index [BMI] 18.5-24.9 kg/m ), and 29 with OB (BMI ≥30 kg/m ) completed the study. The NW group had a progressive decrease in all five ROIs during the three stages of food intake (hunger, satiation, and post-prandial fullness). In contrast, participants with OB showed a minimal change from hunger to postprandial fullness in all five ROIs. The AN group had a sustained nCBF in the HT and DS, from hunger to satiation, with a subsequent decrease in nCBF from satiation to postprandial fullness. All three groups had similar hormonal response patterns with a decrease in ghrelin, an increase in GLP-1 and PYY, and no change in CCK.
CONCLUSION
Conditions of regulated (NW) and dysregulated (OB and AN) energy intake are associated with distinctive neurohormonal activity patterns in response to hunger, satiation, and postprandial fullness.
Topics: Humans; Hunger; Ghrelin; Anorexia Nervosa; Satiation; Obesity; Peptide YY; Cholecystokinin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 37926943
DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14695 -
Current Atherosclerosis Reports May 2009Although hypertriglyceridemia has repeatedly been implicated as an atherogenic condition, there are conflicting reports concerning the atherogenicity of products... (Review)
Review
Although hypertriglyceridemia has repeatedly been implicated as an atherogenic condition, there are conflicting reports concerning the atherogenicity of products released from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase. The hydrolysis of triglyceride is a normal process by which chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins are metabolized and cleared from the circulation, which would suggest a beneficial role for lipoprotein lipase in reducing circulating levels of triglyceride and, therefore, reducing atherosclerotic burden. However, many in vitro studies have shown that lipolysis products such as fatty acids induce vascular cell inflammation, which can initiate or exacerbate atherosclerosis. This review summarizes the results and implications of recent studies on the effects of lipoprotein lipase on vascular inflammation, expanding upon existing controversy among human postprandial studies, animal models, and in vitro experimental models.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Humans; Inflammation; Lipoprotein Lipase; Postprandial Period; Triglycerides
PubMed: 19361351
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-009-0031-9 -
Atherosclerosis Dec 1998Trained people exhibit low plasma concentrations of triacylglcyeride (TAG) in both fasted and postprandial states. This mainly reflects enhanced uptake of TAG into... (Review)
Review
Trained people exhibit low plasma concentrations of triacylglcyeride (TAG) in both fasted and postprandial states. This mainly reflects enhanced uptake of TAG into skeletal muscle, via enhanced activity of lipoprotein lipase, the rate-limiting step in TAG removal. Endurance athletes possess a large, well-vascularised muscle mass and this may contribute through the increased availability of endothelial binding sites for LPL. However, each session of exercise stimulates a delayed increase in LPL activity so that prior exercise enhances uptake into muscle. Intramuscular TAG is one source of energy for muscular contraction so this may serve to replenish muscle nutrient stores which have been diminished by exercise. Regular, frequent aerobic exercise may oppose the atherogenic disturbances to lipoprotein metabolism evident during the postprandial period. It may also, by favouring the disposition of dietary fatty acids in muscle, improve the matching of fat oxidation to fat intake and hence help with maintenance of a desirable level of body fatness.
Topics: Exercise; Humans; Postprandial Period; Triglycerides
PubMed: 9888650
DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00225-1 -
Connecticut Medicine Oct 2014A 2013 review concludes that postmeal exercise is better than premeal exercise for managing hyperglycemia. The ideal scenario for diabetes patients is to use up the... (Review)
Review
A 2013 review concludes that postmeal exercise is better than premeal exercise for managing hyperglycemia. The ideal scenario for diabetes patients is to use up the glucose from the meal as fuel for exercise rather than bring additional endogenous glucose into the blood. This is readily done by timing the exercise tactically: let a physical activity of moderate intensity coincide with the build-up of glucose in the blood from the meal. At this time insulin-to-glucagon ratio is high and hepatic glucose production is inhibited. Data scattered over several studies, when considered together, show that about 30 minutes postmeal is the time to start a moderate-intensity exercise for optimal efficacy. Exercising at other times--before breakfast, right after a meal, or late in the postprandial period--leads to exertion-related glucose elevation and the patients miss a unique opportunity to blunt the meal-related glucose peak.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Breakfast; Diabetes Mellitus; Exercise; Humans; Liver; Postprandial Period; Time Factors
PubMed: 25675589
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Atherosclerosis Reports Nov 2004A mild pro-oxidative state accompanies meal ingestion, which results in an increase in biomarkers of inflammation, adhesion, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which... (Review)
Review
A mild pro-oxidative state accompanies meal ingestion, which results in an increase in biomarkers of inflammation, adhesion, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which are factors in the development of cardiovascular disease. Both fat and carbohydrate can cause the effect, which is additive and exacerbated by diabetes. The presence of lipid, glucose, and cholesterol oxidation products of dietary or endogenous origin may contribute to postprandial oxidative stress. However, the generation of excess superoxide due to abundant energy substrate after the meal may be a predominate factor resulting in oxidative stress and a decrease in nitric oxide, which is important to endothelial function. Remediation of postprandial oxidative stress through direct reduction of superoxide generation and simultaneous consumption of antioxidants with each meal should be a focus of future research.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Inflammation; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidative Stress; Postprandial Period; Risk Factors
PubMed: 15485594
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-004-0089-3 -
Clinics in Sports Medicine Apr 2005For some performance variables, and some individuals, there is a dip in performance during the midafternoon hours (referred to as the post-lunch dip) that is linked to... (Review)
Review
For some performance variables, and some individuals, there is a dip in performance during the midafternoon hours (referred to as the post-lunch dip) that is linked to an increase in sleep propensity at that time of day. The post-lunch dip is a real phenomenon that can occur even when the individual has had no lunch and is unaware of the time of day. This dip has its roots in human biology, and may be linked to the size of the 12-hour harmonic in the circadian system. It is certainly exacerbated by a high-carbohydrate lunch, and may be more likely to occur in extreme morning-type individuals.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Temperature; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period; Psychomotor Performance; Sleep; Time Factors
PubMed: 15892914
DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2004.12.002 -
Diabetes Care Aug 2010
Topics: Blood Glucose; Humans; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 20668159
DOI: 10.2337/dc10-0712