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Nutrients Nov 2021Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Inter-individual variation in the dietary response to a meal is known to be influenced...
Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Inter-individual variation in the dietary response to a meal is known to be influenced by genetic factors, yet genes that dictate variation in postprandial lipids are not completely characterized. Genetic studies of the plasma lipidome can help to better understand postprandial metabolism by isolating lipid molecular species which are more closely related to the genome. We measured the plasma lipidome at fasting and 6 h after a standardized high-fat meal in 668 participants from the Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network study (GOLDN) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to (quadrupole) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A total of 413 unique lipids were identified. Heritable and responsive lipid species were examined for association with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped on the Affymetrix 6.0 array. The most statistically significant SNP findings were replicated in the Amish Heredity and Phenotype Intervention (HAPI) Heart Study. We further followed up findings from GOLDN with a regional analysis of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpGs) sites measured on the Illumina HumanMethylation450 array. A total of 132 lipids were both responsive to the meal challenge and heritable in the GOLDN study. After correction for multiple testing of 132 lipids (α = 5 × 10/132 = 4 × 10), no SNP was statistically significantly associated with any lipid response. Four SNPs in the region of a known lipid locus (fatty acid desaturase 1 and 2/ and ) on chromosome 11 had < 8.0 × 10 for arachidonic acid FA(20:4). Those SNPs replicated in HAPI Heart with < 3.3 × 10. CpGs around the region were associated with arachidonic acid and the relationship of one SNP was partially mediated by a CpG ( = 0.005). Both SNPs and CpGs from the fatty acid desaturase region on chromosome 11 contribute jointly and independently to the diet response to a high-fat meal.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Female; Genome-Wide Association Study; Genomics; Genotype; Humans; Hypolipidemic Agents; Lipidomics; Lipids; Male; Meals; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Plasma; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 34836252
DOI: 10.3390/nu13114000 -
Medicine and Science in Sports and... Jul 2021The purpose of this study was to assess the acute effects of exercise mode and intensity on postprandial macronutrient metabolism. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to assess the acute effects of exercise mode and intensity on postprandial macronutrient metabolism.
METHODS
Ten healthy men age 39 ± 10 yr with chronic paraplegia (13.2 ± 8.8 yr, ASIA A-C) completed three isocaloric bouts of upper-body exercise and a resting control. After an overnight fast, participants completed circuit resistance exercise (CRE) first and the following conditions in a randomized order, separated by >48 h: i) control (CON), ~45-min seated rest; ii) moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), ~40-min arm cranking at a resistance equivalent to ~30% peak power output (PPO); and iii) high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), ~30 min arm cranking with resistance alternating every 2 min between 10% PPO and 70% PPO. After each condition, participants completed a mixed-meal tolerance test consisting of a 2510-kJ liquid meal (35% fat, 50% carbohydrate, 15% protein). Blood and expired gas samples were collected at baseline and regular intervals for 150 min after a meal.
RESULTS
An interaction (P < 0.001) was observed, with rates of lipid oxidation elevated above CON in HIIE until 60 min after a meal and in CRE at all postprandial time points up to 150 min after a meal. Postprandial blood glycerol was greater in MICE (P = 0.020) and CRE (P = 0.001) compared with CON. Furthermore, nonesterified fatty acid area under the curve had a moderate-to-strong effect in CRE versus MICE and HIIE (Cohen's d = -0.76 and -0.50, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
In persons with paraplegia, high-intensity exercise increased postprandial energy expenditure independent of the energy cost of exercise. Furthermore, exercise combining resistance and endurance modes (CRE) showed the greater effect on postprandial lipid oxidation.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Paraplegia; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 33433151
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002593 -
Metabolomics : Official Journal of the... May 2024Analysis of time-resolved postprandial metabolomics data can improve our understanding of the human metabolism by revealing similarities and differences in postprandial...
INTRODUCTION
Analysis of time-resolved postprandial metabolomics data can improve our understanding of the human metabolism by revealing similarities and differences in postprandial responses of individuals. Traditional data analysis methods often rely on data summaries or univariate approaches focusing on one metabolite at a time.
OBJECTIVES
Our goal is to provide a comprehensive picture in terms of the changes in the human metabolism in response to a meal challenge test, by revealing static and dynamic markers of phenotypes, i.e., subject stratifications, related clusters of metabolites, and their temporal profiles.
METHODS
We analyze Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy measurements of plasma samples collected during a meal challenge test from 299 individuals from the COPSAC cohort using a Nightingale NMR panel at the fasting and postprandial states (15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 240 min). We investigate the postprandial dynamics of the metabolism as reflected in the dynamic behaviour of the measured metabolites. The data is arranged as a three-way array: subjects by metabolites by time. We analyze the fasting state data to reveal static patterns of subject group differences using principal component analysis (PCA), and fasting state-corrected postprandial data using the CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) tensor factorization to reveal dynamic markers of group differences.
RESULTS
Our analysis reveals dynamic markers consisting of certain metabolite groups and their temporal profiles showing differences among males according to their body mass index (BMI) in response to the meal challenge. We also show that certain lipoproteins relate to the group difference differently in the fasting vs. dynamic state. Furthermore, while similar dynamic patterns are observed in males and females, the BMI-related group difference is observed only in males in the dynamic state.
CONCLUSION
The CP model is an effective approach to analyze time-resolved postprandial metabolomics data, and provides a compact but a comprehensive summary of the postprandial data revealing replicable and interpretable dynamic markers crucial to advance our understanding of changes in the metabolism in response to a meal challenge.
Topics: Humans; Postprandial Period; Male; Female; Metabolomics; Adult; Fasting; Principal Component Analysis; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Middle Aged; Data Analysis; Metabolome
PubMed: 38722393
DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02109-y -
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and... Oct 2020The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize and evaluate current literature examining the effects of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation, as well as to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize and evaluate current literature examining the effects of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation, as well as to provide future direction. A quantitative review was performed using meta-analytic methods. A moderator analysis was performed to investigate potential variables that could influence the effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. Fifty-six effects from 26 studies were retrieved. There was a moderate effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation (Cohen's = 0.58 (95% CI, 0.39 to 0.78)). Moderator analysis revealed that sex, age, weight status, training status, exercise type, exercise intensity, timing of exercise, and composition of the meal challenge significantly affected the impact of prior exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. The moderator analysis also indicated that most previous studies have investigated the impact of prior moderate-intensity endurance exercise on postprandial fat oxidation in young, healthy, lean men. Suggested priorities for future research in this area include () an examination of sex differences in and/or female-specific aspects of postprandial metabolism; () a comprehensive evaluation of exercise modalities, intensities, and durations; and () a wider variety of test meal compositions, especially those with higher fat content. A systematic review of the impact of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation was performed using meta-analytic methods. Analysis revealed a moderate effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. The presented data support a need for future studies to investigate sex differences and to include comprehensive evaluations of exercise modalities, intensities, and duration.
Topics: Dietary Fats; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Humans; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 32208104
DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0917 -
Clinics in Geriatric Medicine Nov 2007Changes in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract with aging are less obvious than are seen in other organs, such as the brain. Nevertheless, physiologic changes... (Review)
Review
Changes in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract with aging are less obvious than are seen in other organs, such as the brain. Nevertheless, physiologic changes play a role in the anorexia of aging, postprandial hypotension, aspiration pneumonia, increased Clostridium difficile infections, fecal incontinence, gallstones, and altered drug metabolism.
Topics: Aging; Anorexia; Blood Pressure; Gastrointestinal Motility; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 17923336
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2007.06.002 -
International Journal of Sport... Nov 2022The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the results from current literature examining the effects of prior exercise on the postprandial triglyceride (TG)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the results from current literature examining the effects of prior exercise on the postprandial triglyceride (TG) response to evaluate current literature and provide future direction. A quantitative review was performed using meta-analytic methods to quantify individual effect sizes. A moderator analysis was performed to investigate potential variables that could influence the effect of prior exercise on postprandial TG response. Two hundred and seventy-nine effects were retrieved from 165 studies for the total TG response and 142 effects from 87 studies for the incremental area under the curve TG response. There was a moderate effect of exercise on the total TG response (Cohen's d = -0.47; p < .0001). Moderator analysis revealed exercise energy expenditure significantly moderated the effect of prior exercise on the total TG response (p < .0001). Exercise modality (e.g., cardiovascular, resistance, combination of both cardiovascular and resistance, or standing), cardiovascular exercise type (e.g., continuous, interval, concurrent, or combined), and timing of exercise prior to meal administration significantly affected the total TG response (p < .001). Additionally, exercise had a moderate effect on the incremental area under the curve TG response (Cohen's d = -0.40; p < .0001). The current analysis reveals a more homogeneous data set than previously reported. The attenuation of postprandial TG appears largely dependent on exercise energy expenditure (∼2 MJ) and the timing of exercise. The effect of prior exercise on the postprandial TG response appears to be transient; therefore, exercise should be frequent to elicit an adaptation.
Topics: Humans; Postprandial Period; Hyperlipidemias; Triglycerides; Energy Metabolism; Exercise
PubMed: 36028221
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0043 -
Nature Medicine Jun 2020
Topics: Food; Humans; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 32528152
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0909-1 -
Nutrients Jun 2010There has been much interest in the mechanisms by which calcium may attenuate weight gain or accelerate body fat loss. This review focuses on postprandial energy... (Review)
Review
There has been much interest in the mechanisms by which calcium may attenuate weight gain or accelerate body fat loss. This review focuses on postprandial energy metabolism and indicates that dietary calcium increases whole body fat oxidation after single and multiple meals. There is, as yet, no conclusive evidence for a greater diet induced thermogenesis, an increased lipolysis or suppression of key lipogenic enzyme systems. There is however convincing evidence that higher calcium intakes promote a modest energy loss through increased fecal fat excretion. Overall, there is a role for dietary calcium in human energy metabolism. Future studies need to define threshold intakes for metabolic and gastrointestinal outcomes.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Calcium, Dietary; Energy Metabolism; Feces; Female; Humans; Lipogenesis; Lipolysis; Male; Postprandial Period; Thermogenesis
PubMed: 22254043
DOI: 10.3390/nu2060586 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Oct 2018Insulin and nutrients have profound effects on proteome homeostasis. Currently no reliable methods are available to measure postprandial protein turnover. A...
Insulin and nutrients have profound effects on proteome homeostasis. Currently no reliable methods are available to measure postprandial protein turnover. A triple-tracer method was developed using phenylalanine stable isotope tracers to estimate appearance rates of ingested (R) and endogenous phenylalanine and the rate of phenylalanine disposal (R). This was compared with the "traditional" dual-tracer method, using one (1-CM)- and two (2-CM)-compartment models. For both methods, [C]phenylalanine was given orally, and [N]phenylalanine was constantly infused; the triple-tracer method added [H]phenylalanine, infused at rates to mimic meal [C]phenylalanine appearance. Additionally, incorporation of meal-derived phenylalanine into specific proteins was measured after purification by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The triple-tracer approach reduced modeling errors, allowing improved reconstruction of R with a tracer-to-tracee ratio that was more constant and better estimated R. The 2-CM better described phenylalanine kinetics and R than 1-CM. Thus, the triple-tracer approach using 2-CM is superior for measuring non-steady-state postprandial protein turnover. This novel approach also allows measurement of postprandial synthesis rates of specific plasma proteins. We offer a valid non-steady-state model to measure postprandial protein turnover and synthesis of plasma proteins that can safely be applied in adults, children, and pregnant women.
Topics: Carbon Isotopes; Deuterium; Fasting; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Nitrogen Isotopes; Phenylalanine; Postprandial Period; Proteins; Proteostasis; Young Adult
PubMed: 29870679
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00012.2018 -
Journal of Investigative Medicine : the... Sep 2004Glycemia in type 2 diabetes is characterized by a nonsteady but stable diurnal cycle. This leads to morning fasting hyperglycemia. It arises from an underlying circadian... (Review)
Review
Glycemia in type 2 diabetes is characterized by a nonsteady but stable diurnal cycle. This leads to morning fasting hyperglycemia. It arises from an underlying circadian pattern in endogenous glucose production because the metabolic clearance rate of glucose is decreased but constant. Therefore, it is important to use appropriate nonsteady tracer methods to measure this rate even under basal conditions. Postprandially, in diabetes, the endogenous glucose production continues to decrease, with only minor deviations from the slope of the basal curve. This suggests a decoupling of endogenous glucose production from the regulatory factors (insulin, glucose) that prevail under normal circumstances. As the duration of diabetes increases, metabolic clearance of glucose continues to deteriorate. This may be partially compensated by a decrease in glucose production. This rate remains, however, inappropriate because its impact on glycemia does not decline.
Topics: Circadian Rhythm; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose; Humans; Liver; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Postprandial Period; Radioactive Tracers
PubMed: 15612451
DOI: 10.1136/jim-52-06-32