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Clinics in Dermatology 2004The involvement of microorganisms in the development of acne has a long and checkered history. Just over 100 years ago, Propionibacterium acnes (then known as Bacillus... (Review)
Review
The involvement of microorganisms in the development of acne has a long and checkered history. Just over 100 years ago, Propionibacterium acnes (then known as Bacillus acnes) was isolated from acne lesions, and it was suggested that P. acnes was involved in the pathology of the disease. The 1960s saw the use of antibiotics to treat acne, and the consequent clinical success combined with reductions in P. acnes gave new impetus to the debate. Over the past two decades, the inevitable emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of P. acnes as a consequence of acne therapy not only has reopened the debate as to the role of P. acnes in acne, but also has created some serious health care implications.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 15556721
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.005 -
Medecine Et Maladies Infectieuses Jun 2014Propionibacterium acnes colonizes the lipid-rich sebaceous glands of the skin. This preferential anaerobic bacterium is easily identified if cultures are prolonged. It... (Review)
Review
Propionibacterium acnes colonizes the lipid-rich sebaceous glands of the skin. This preferential anaerobic bacterium is easily identified if cultures are prolonged. It is involved in the inflammation process of acne, but until recently, it was neglected in other clinical presentations. Despite a reported low virulence, the new genomic, transcriptomic, and phylogenetic studies have allowed better understanding of this pathogen's importance that causes many chronic and recurrent infections, including orthopedic and cardiac prosthetic, and breast or eye implant-infections. These infections, facilitated by the ability of P. acnes to produce a biofilm, require using anti-biofilm active antibiotics such as rifampicin. The antibiogram of P. acnes is not systematically performed in microbiology laboratories because of its susceptibility to a wide range of antibiotics. However, in the last 10 years, the rate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has increased, especially for macrolides and tetracyclines. Recently, rpoB gene mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin have been also reported. Thus in case of a biofilm growth mode, the therapeutic strategy should be discussed, according to the resistance phylotype and phenotype so as to optimize the treatment of these severe infections.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Biofilms; Breast Implants; Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Endophthalmitis; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Lenses, Intraocular; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Propionibacterium acnes; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Virulence
PubMed: 24656842
DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2014.02.004 -
Respiratory Investigation Jun 2013Propionibacterium acnes is the only microorganism isolated from sarcoid lesions by bacterial culture. Numerous P. acnes genomes are found in lymph node samples from... (Review)
Review
Propionibacterium acnes is the only microorganism isolated from sarcoid lesions by bacterial culture. Numerous P. acnes genomes are found in lymph node samples from Japanese and European patients with sarcoidosis, whereas a few genomes are found in some non-sarcoid samples. The high frequency and specificity of detecting P. acnes within sarcoid granulomas suggests that this indigenous bacterium causes granuloma formation in many patients with sarcoidosis. P. acnes is the most common commensal bacterium in the lungs and lymph nodes. Occasional detection of P. acnes in non-granulomatous areas of these organs from non-sarcoid patients suggests that host factors are more critical than agent factors in the etiology of sarcoidosis. A particular protein, i.e., trigger factor, from P. acnes causes a cellular immune response only in sarcoid patients. The P. acnes trigger-factor protein induces pulmonary granulomas in mice sensitized with the protein and adjuvant, but only in those with latent P. acnes infection in their lungs. Eradication of P. acnes by antibiotics prevents the development of granulomas in this experimental model. P. acnes can cause latent infection in the lung and lymph nodes and persists in a cell wall-deficient form. The dormant form is endogenously activated under certain conditions and proliferates at the site of latent infection. In patients with P. acnes hypersensitivity, granulomatous inflammation is triggered by intracellular proliferation of the bacterium. Proliferating bacteria may escape granulomatous isolation, spreading to other organs. Latent P. acnes infection in systemic organs can be reactivated by another triggering event, leading to systemic sarcoidosis.
Topics: Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Sarcoidosis
PubMed: 23790733
DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2013.01.001 -
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science... 2020Mammalian cell lines constitute an important part in the manufacture of therapeutic proteins. A contamination-free operation of a mammalian cell bioreactor demands... (Review)
Review
Mammalian cell lines constitute an important part in the manufacture of therapeutic proteins. A contamination-free operation of a mammalian cell bioreactor demands constant attention to details. , a slow-growing bacterium, is a common skin flora and is often associated with mammalian cell bioreactor contaminations. This paper reviews the literature published about such contaminations and presents three hypothetical contamination scenarios based on the author's experience in the hope of fostering early detection of contamination events. Bioreactor process parameters such as unusual fluctuation in dissolved oxygen, high levels of ammonia, and microscopic examination have been identified as useful tools to detect slow-growing bacteria contamination.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Bioreactors; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Line; Equipment Contamination; Humans; Kinetics; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 31843987
DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2019.010710 -
Future Oncology (London, England) Apr 2006Incidental foci of prostate cancer are found at autopsy in 30% of men in their third decade, and by their eighth decade more than 75% have histological evidence of... (Review)
Review
Incidental foci of prostate cancer are found at autopsy in 30% of men in their third decade, and by their eighth decade more than 75% have histological evidence of cancer. This unprecedented cancer prevalence points to a ubiquitous causative agent or perhaps an interaction between multiple common carcinogenic cofactors. We propose that one of these carcinogens is Propionibacterium acnes. Several characteristics of prostate cancer suggest the involvement of an infectious agent and we provide evidence that P. acnes is an excellent candidate. We have cultured P. acnes from a substantial proportion of prostate glands containing cancer and shown a significant positive association with prostatic inflammation. P. acnes is well suited to cause persistent, low-grade infection involving a marked inflammatory response and the P. acnes subtypes most frequently associated with prostate cancer become highly prevalent in the urinary tract of males following puberty.
Topics: Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Propionibacterium acnes; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 16563091
DOI: 10.2217/14796694.2.2.225 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2017The human commensal bacterium Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) resides in the pilosebaceous duct of the skin. It has been long implicated in the pathogenesis of acne,...
The human commensal bacterium Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) resides in the pilosebaceous duct of the skin. It has been long implicated in the pathogenesis of acne, although its exact role in the development of inflammatory acne lesions and in the formation of the microcomedo in the early stages of acne remains controversial. The worldwide prevalence of antibiotic-resistant P. acnes is increasing, with rates varying in different parts of the world. The reason for the difference in the antibiotic resistance patterns of P. acnes among different countries is not clear, although it may be attributed to different antibiotic prescribing habits, concomitant use of topical agents (retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, or other antibiotics), varying methods of bacterial sampling, or even different P. acnes populations. Although the relative abundances of P. acnes may be similar among patients with acne and individuals without acne, P. acnes populations and the presence of P. acnes biofilms differ, with different potential virulence properties and antimicrobial resistance patterns. Implications of the use of antibiotics and of antimicrobial resistance in patients with acne include the decreased efficacy of antibiotic treatments for acne, and the possible emergence of other resistant bacterial species via selective pressure by antibiotic use.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 28274353
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.10.008 -
Anaerobe Oct 2012A connection between acne vulgaris and Propionibacterium acnes has long been suggested. Over the years, several human skin microbiota sampling methods have been evolved... (Review)
Review
A connection between acne vulgaris and Propionibacterium acnes has long been suggested. Over the years, several human skin microbiota sampling methods have been evolved and applied, e.g. swab, scrape, extraction techniques including cyanoacrylate gel sampling as well as punch biopsy. Collected samples have been processed following various methodologies ranging from culture studies to probe labelling and molecular analysis. Direct visualization techniques have recently shown the existence of anatomically distinct skin P. acnes populations: epidermal and follicular. P. acnes biofilms appear to be a common phenomenon. Current sampling approaches target different skin populations of P. acnes and the presence of microbial biofilms can influence the retrieval of P. acnes. The anatomical considerations must be taken into account while interpreting microbiological data.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Biofilms; Humans; Microbiological Techniques; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin
PubMed: 22877737
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.07.001 -
Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2003Antibiotic therapy directed against Propionibacterium acnes has been a mainstay of treatment for more than 40 years. Despite years of widespread use of systemic... (Review)
Review
Antibiotic therapy directed against Propionibacterium acnes has been a mainstay of treatment for more than 40 years. Despite years of widespread use of systemic tetracyclines and erythromycin, change in P. acnes sensitivity to antibiotics was not seen until the early 1980s. The first clinically relevant changes in P. acnes antibiotic sensitivity were found in the USA shortly after the introduction of topical formulations of erythromycin and clindamycin. By the late 1980s, P. acnes strains with very high MIC levels for erythromycin and elevated MICs for tetracycline were increasingly found in the UK and the USA. Mutations in the genes encoding the 23S and 16S subunits of ribosomal RNA were first identified in the UK and also seen in a recent survey from clinics in Europe, Japan, Australia and the USA. In addition, strains were found in which these known mutations could not be identified, indicating that as yet unidentified resistance mechanisms have evolved. These findings indicate the need to develop strategies to minimize the use of antibiotics in acne therapy.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Global Health; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Tetracycline
PubMed: 12566805
DOI: 10.1159/000067822 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Acne vulgaris is the most common dermatological disorder worldwide affecting more than 80% of adolescents and young adults with a global prevalence of 231 million cases...
Acne vulgaris is the most common dermatological disorder worldwide affecting more than 80% of adolescents and young adults with a global prevalence of 231 million cases in 2019. The involvement of the skin microbiome disbalance in the pathophysiology of acne is recognized, especially regarding the relative abundance and diversity of a well-known dominant human skin commensal. Biofilms, where bacteria are embedded into a protective polymeric extracellular matrix, are the most prevalent life style for microorganisms. and its biofilm-forming ability is believed to be a contributing factor in the development of acne vulgaris, the persistence of the opportunistic pathogen and antibiotic therapy failures. Degradation of the extracellular matrix is one of the strategies used by bacteria to disperse the biofilm of competitors. In this study, we report the identification of an endogenous extracellular nuclease, BmdE, secreted by able to degrade biofilm both and . This, to our knowledge, may represent a novel competitive mechanism between two closely related species in the skin. Antibiotics targeting have been the mainstay in acne treatment. Extensive and long-term use of antibiotics has led to the selection and spread of resistant bacteria. The extracellular DNase BmdE may represent a new bio-therapeutical strategy to combat biofilm in acne vulgaris.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Biofilms; Deoxyribonucleases; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 35155271
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.809792 -
Anaerobe Aug 2016The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of combined culture of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus on biofilm formation under different oxygen...
The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of combined culture of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus on biofilm formation under different oxygen concentrations. We measured planktonic growth and biofilm formation of P. acnes and S. aureus alone and together under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Both P. acnes and S. aureus grew under anaerobic conditions. When grown under anaerobic conditions, P. acnes with or without S. aureus formed a denser biomass biofilm than did S. aureus alone. Viable S. aureus was recovered from a16-day old combined P. acnes and S. aureus biofilm, but not a monomicrobial S. aureus biofilm.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Anaerobiosis; Biofilms; Coculture Techniques; Microbial Viability; Oxygen; Plankton; Propionibacterium acnes; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 27241780
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.05.014