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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021Pyometra is a life-threatening infectious disease that frequently affects bitches and queens. Although histopathological patterns of pyometra have been extensively...
Pyometra is a life-threatening infectious disease that frequently affects bitches and queens. Although histopathological patterns of pyometra have been extensively explored, the microbiological aspects, such as bacteria pathogenicity, have not been correlated to microscopy endometrial lesions so far. In this study, these two pathological aspects of pyometra were analysed and correlated. Uterus fragments and intrauterine content samples were collected from pets diagnosed with pyometra (30) and submitted to histopathology analysis and bacterial culture, respectively. The degree of endometrial histopathological lesions in pyometra cases were classified as mild, moderate and severe. Thirty different bacteria isolates were identified from intrauterine content culture. () was pure isolated in 57.7% and highly related to severe endometrial lesions. Immunohistochemistry assay revealed the adhesion and invasion of this bacteria agent to the injured endometrium. Virulence aspects of these strains were explored, demonstrating biofilm formation ability and a set of virulence genes in most isolates. These results support the adaptive genetic and phenotypic advantages of for uterus infection, and justify the high frequency of this agent involved in pyometra cases.
PubMed: 34357983
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070833 -
Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 2022Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal bacterium residing on the mucosae and skin surfaces of dogs. Under favorable conditions, the organism may cause serious...
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal bacterium residing on the mucosae and skin surfaces of dogs. Under favorable conditions, the organism may cause serious infections, primarily involving the skin, but it is also isolated in eye and ear infections. This report describes pathologic findings of pyometra associated with S pseudintermedius in two bitches. One bitch was a 6-year-old Pomeranian bitch who died after three days of diarrhea, vomiting, and depression. During necropsy, the uterus of the bitch was diffusely enlarged and filled with 30 mL of thick, yellow, creamy pus. Histology revealed acute to subacute, diffuse, severe, purulent endometritis with intralesional Gram-positive round cocci revealed as S pseudintermedius. The cause of death was pyometra with subsequent septic shock. The other bitch was a 2-year-old West Highland White Terrier who underwent diagnostic laparotomy due to suppurative peritonitis of unknown cause. During the procedure, about 100 mL of yellow, opaque exudate from the abdominal cavity was removed. The distended uterine horns noted during the procedure were removed and submitted for histopathology which revealed necrosis of endometrium with the accumulation of pus and numerous, intralesional S pseudintermedius in the uterine lumen. Focally, uterine wall necrosis was evident, with a spread of bacteria and purulent inflammation into the adjacent mesometrium causing purulent peritonitis. Although S pseudintermedius presents a common cause of skin and mucosal infection, it should be considered a possible etiological agent of canine pyometra.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Necrosis; Peritonitis; Pyometra; Staphylococcus; Suppuration
PubMed: 35259494
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100650 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Nov 2023The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression profile of sex steroid receptors and redox mediators in the uterus of domestic cats with pyometra.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression profile of sex steroid receptors and redox mediators in the uterus of domestic cats with pyometra.
METHODS
Twelve cats were used and divided into groups: (1) non-gestational healthy diestrus (n = 7) and (2) pyometra (n = 5). The plasma profiles of estradiol and progesterone (P) as well as uterine expression levels of estradiol alpha (ERα), progesterone (PR) and androgen (AR) receptors, of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), and of the oxidative damage marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were evaluated.
RESULTS
Cats with pyometra showed higher plasma P levels and increased uterine messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of ERα and PR, mainly in the glandular epithelium for ERα and in stromal and myometrial cells for PR. In addition, there was an increase in 8-OHdG immunostaining and GPX1 mRNA and protein expression in cats with pyometra compared with those in non-gestational diestrus, while catalase showed a reduction in endometrial immunostaining in cats with pyometra. There were no differences in uterine AR and SOD1 expression between the groups.
CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE
The findings of this study showed that pyometra is associated with oxidative stress in the uterus of domestic cats and alterations of the profile of sex steroid receptors, especially ERα and PR, and of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting that changes in these mediators may play a role with the etiopathogenesis of this disease.
Topics: Female; Cats; Animals; Receptors, Progesterone; Pyometra; Progesterone; Catalase; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Antioxidants; Superoxide Dismutase-1; Uterus; Estrogens; Estradiol; Oxidation-Reduction; RNA, Messenger; Cat Diseases
PubMed: 38018511
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X231170159 -
International Urogynecology Journal Sep 2021
Topics: Diverticulitis; Female; Fistula; Humans; Pyometra
PubMed: 33095275
DOI: 10.1007/s00192-020-04573-1 -
Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and... 2006Pyometra is the accumulation of purulent material in the uterine cavity. Its reported incidence is 0.01-0.5% in gynecologic patients; however, as far as elderly patients... (Review)
Review
Pyometra is the accumulation of purulent material in the uterine cavity. Its reported incidence is 0.01-0.5% in gynecologic patients; however, as far as elderly patients are concerned, its incidence is 13.6% [3]. The most common cause of pyometra is malignant diseases of genital tract and the consequences of their treatment (radiotherapy). Other causes are benign tumors like leiomyoma, endometrial polyps, senile cervicitis, cervical occlusion after surgery, puerperal infections, and congenital cervical anomalies. Spontaneous rupture of the uterus is an extremely rare complication of pyometra. To our knowledge, only 21 cases of spontaneous perforation of pyometra have been reported in English literature since 1980. This paper reports an additional case of spontaneous uterine rupture.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Rupture, Spontaneous; Suppuration; Uterine Diseases; Uterine Rupture
PubMed: 17093350
DOI: 10.1155/IDOG/2006/26786 -
The Journal of Small Animal Practice Sep 2023Pyometra is common in non-spayed adult female dogs requiring early diagnosis and treatment to increase the survival rate. The diagnosis of pyometra is mainly based on... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
Pyometra is common in non-spayed adult female dogs requiring early diagnosis and treatment to increase the survival rate. The diagnosis of pyometra is mainly based on clinical examination and anamnesis. Radiography, ultrasonography and laboratory analyses are recommended to support a diagnosis. The aim of this study was to assess blood parameters associated with pyometra by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A search of three databases (PubMed, Google Scholar and CAB abstracts) was performed in July 2022. Studies providing information about laboratory parameters for both the pyometra group and healthy control group dogs were eligible for inclusion. Data extraction included the first author's name, publication year, country, number of participants in both groups, mean values of selected studies, standard deviation values, and blood parameters. The risk of bias for each study was evaluated, and a random-effects meta-analysis was performed.
RESULTS
We included 44 studies which investigated 12 blood parameters. High heterogeneity was detected in all parameters in these meta-analyses. The following blood parameters were increased in dogs with pyometra: white blood cell (mean=27.75×10 L , mean difference (MD)=17.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 14.85 to 19.47), monocytes (mean=2.06×10 /L, MD=1.37, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.74), blood urea nitrogen (mean=41.42 mg/dL MD=18.06, 95% CI 12.26 to 23.85), alkaline phosphatase (mean=212.78 IU/L, MD=137.51, 95% CI 81.81 to 88.62), and aspartate aminotransferase (mean=48.31 IU/L, MD=16.96, 95% CI 10.61 to 23.30). The following parameters were reduced: red blood cell (mean=5.42 10 /L, MD=-1.37, 95% CI -1.68 to -1.05), haemoglobin (mean=121.20 g/L, MD=-30.57, 95% CI -39.70 to 21.45), albumin (mean=23.71 g/L, MD = -8.16, 95% CI -11.46 to -4.86). Lymphocyte, creatinine, urea, and alanine transaminase parameters were increased in some studies and decreased in others.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
In canine pyometra, some blood parameters are consistently increased, some consistently decreased, and some increased or decreased depending on the study.
Topics: Female; Dogs; Animals; Pyometra; Erythrocytes; Databases, Factual; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37691297
DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13641 -
The American Journal of Emergency... Jul 2022This case is significant to the practice of emergency medicine and describes a unique post-operative infection that to my knowledge has not been described in this age...
This case is significant to the practice of emergency medicine and describes a unique post-operative infection that to my knowledge has not been described in this age group or under this set of circumstances before. Pyometra is a rare disease that is classically seen in an older cohort, and not commonly on the differential for pediatric patients presenting to the ED with vaginal discharge and fever. While post operative complications such as abscesses may be common following a surgery, intrauterine infections in this context are rare and the treatment is unique. It is important for emergency physicians to have knowledge of pyometra to keep on their differential for abdominal pain and fever after surgery, as well as be familiar with its management and which consultants may need to get involved.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Appendicitis; Child; Female; Fever; Humans; Pyometra
PubMed: 35459562
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.03.064 -
Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... Dec 2012Pyometra is a common disease of female dogs. In Sweden, where approximately 90% of the dog population is intact (not neutered), nearly 25% of all female dogs are... (Review)
Review
Pyometra is a common disease of female dogs. In Sweden, where approximately 90% of the dog population is intact (not neutered), nearly 25% of all female dogs are diagnosed with the disease before 10 years of age. In certain high-risk breeds, this risk of developing pyometra exceeds 50%. Various clinical signs associated with the genital tract as well as with systemic disease are present in dogs with pyometra. A frequent and serious consequence of the uterine infection is endotoxaemia and progression into the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), or sepsis, and the disease is then regarded as a medical emergency. Acute phase proteins and inflammatory markers associated with SIRS and with the outcome as measured by length of hospitalization have been identified in blood samples. Recently, the inflammatory response in infected uterine tissue during pyometra has been more closely explored. The expression of many genes associated with chemokines, cytokines, inflammatory cell extravasation, anti-bacterial action, the complement system and innate immune responses and also a large panel of proteases are upregulated in the uterine tissue in pyometra. Products of certain upregulated genes may be detected systemically and used for diagnostic or prognostic purposes provided that tests are developed in the future. More knowledge of the complex local and systemic inflammatory response in pyometra may allow identification of novel disease biomarkers or future targets for treatment. In this article, clinical as well as molecular characteristics of the disease are reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Pyometra
PubMed: 23279529
DOI: 10.1111/rda.12031 -
BMJ Case Reports Dec 2023Postpartum pyometra is rare; however, it may lead to sepsis. The main initial symptoms are fever, lower abdominal pain and foul-smelling lochia. The treatment includes...
Postpartum pyometra is rare; however, it may lead to sepsis. The main initial symptoms are fever, lower abdominal pain and foul-smelling lochia. The treatment includes antibiotic administration and surgical drainage. This is a report of postpartum pyometra following a caesarean section that was successfully treated with manual vacuum aspiration, a simple and minimally invasive option. Other treatment options include pyometra reduction using placenta forceps and the placement of an intrauterine drainage catheter.
Topics: Humans; Pregnancy; Female; Pyometra; Vacuum Curettage; Cesarean Section; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Postpartum Period
PubMed: 38050392
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-258048 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jan 2023To describe a complication associated with the long-term use of tamoxifen for the treatment of sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a dog.
OBJECTIVE
To describe a complication associated with the long-term use of tamoxifen for the treatment of sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a dog.
CASE SUMMARY
A 2-year-old female spayed poodle cross was evaluated for a stump pyometra. The dog was diagnosed with sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis a year prior and was treated with tamoxifen, an oestrogen receptor antagonist, for treatment of the disease. The dog developed a swollen vulva with vulvar discharge and a stump pyometra was diagnosed on ultrasound. Hormonal testing was submitted to evaluate for an ovarian remnant and the dog underwent an exploratory laparotomy, where the uterine stump was removed. No ovarian remnant tissue was identified intra-operatively, and hormonal testing (anti-Müllerian hormone, progesterone, oestradiol) and histopathology were consistent with the absence of ovarian tissue. The tamoxifen was discontinued. The dog recovered uneventfully after surgery.
NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED
This report describes a complication of treatment of a rarely described clinical disease. While most cases of stump pyometra involve ovarian remnant syndrome, this case report describes a stump pyometra in a dog without remnant tissue that was undergoing treatment with tamoxifen. Tamoxifen has been reported to cause pyometra in intact female dogs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report to describe a stump pyometra in a spayed female dog, secondary to the use of tamoxifen.
Topics: Dogs; Female; Animals; Pyometra; Tamoxifen; Uterus; Hysterectomy; Peritonitis; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 36571806
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1041