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Saudi Medical Journal Mar 2021This review summarizes the beginning of radiotherapy, techniques of modern radiation therapy with different types, toxicities induced by radiotherapy and their... (Review)
Review
This review summarizes the beginning of radiotherapy, techniques of modern radiation therapy with different types, toxicities induced by radiotherapy and their management. Head and neck radiation therapy is still improving for the better management and control of the cancer and induced radiotherapy toxicities.
Topics: Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Exanthema; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Hyperbaric Oxygenation; Osteoradionecrosis; Radiation Injuries; Radiotherapy; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 33632902
DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.42.3.20210660 -
International Journal of Medical... 2012In recent years remarkable progress has been made towards the understanding of proposed hallmarks of cancer development and treatment. However with its increasing... (Review)
Review
In recent years remarkable progress has been made towards the understanding of proposed hallmarks of cancer development and treatment. However with its increasing incidence, the clinical management of cancer continues to be a challenge for the 21st century. Treatment modalities comprise of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy. Radiation therapy remains an important component of cancer treatment with approximately 50% of all cancer patients receiving radiation therapy during their course of illness; it contributes towards 40% of curative treatment for cancer. The main goal of radiation therapy is to deprive cancer cells of their multiplication (cell division) potential. Celebrating a century of advances since Marie Curie won her second Nobel Prize for her research into radium, 2011 has been designated the Year of Radiation therapy in the UK. Over the last 100 years, ongoing advances in the techniques of radiation treatment and progress made in understanding the biology of cancer cell responses to radiation will endeavor to increase the survival and reduce treatment side effects for cancer patients. In this review, principles, application and advances in radiation therapy with their biological end points are discussed.
Topics: Apoptosis; Autophagy; DNA Damage; Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Humans; Neoplasms; Photons; Radiosurgery; Radiotherapy, Conformal; Radiotherapy, Image-Guided; Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated
PubMed: 22408567
DOI: 10.7150/ijms.3635 -
Seminars in Oncology Aug 2020The role of radiation therapy in the management of breast cancer continues to evolve. For patients with early stage breast cancer, hypofractionated whole breast... (Review)
Review
The role of radiation therapy in the management of breast cancer continues to evolve. For patients with early stage breast cancer, hypofractionated whole breast irradiation following breast conserving surgery now represents the standard of care based on randomized data with long-term efficacy and toxicity outcomes. Partial breast irradiation has been found, in several randomized trials, to be effective and appropriate in selected patients with the potential to reduce toxicities as compared to whole breast irradiation. The study of tumor biology and genetics and its role in radiation therapy decision making continues to grow and the advances may help identify patients where radiation therapy can be safely omitted, with future studies looking at de-intensification approaches. Recent randomized data has demonstrated a growing role for regional nodal irradiation in patients with more advanced disease, with future studies looking to identify whether nodal radiation is indicated following neoadjuvant chemotherapy or with certain favorable tumor biologies. While postmastectomy radiation therapy represents a standard approach for patients with locally advanced breast cancer, new data supports the role of hypofractionated regimens as well as its use in patients previously considered lower risk with unfavorable tumor biology. Oligometastatic disease represents a new area of study in breast cancer with prospective trials underway and current data supporting consideration of techniques such as stereotactic body radiation therapy in appropriately selected patients.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Female; Humans; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
PubMed: 32513420
DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.05.003 -
Cancer Treatment and Research 2016Radiation therapy (RT) is an integral part of treating all stages of lung cancer. Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) has emerged as a standard treatment... (Review)
Review
Radiation therapy (RT) is an integral part of treating all stages of lung cancer. Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) has emerged as a standard treatment option for stage I-II patients with medically inoperable disease. Stage IIIA-IIIB disease is typically managed with definitive concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CRT). Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has enabled delivery of more potent RT dose while greatly limiting dose to surrounding normal organs, including lung, esophagus, and heart. SABR may have an expanding role in the treatment of stage IV patients, with new clinical trials exploring its combination with systemic immuotherapies.
Topics: Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Radiotherapy
PubMed: 27535391
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40389-2_5 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jan 1997Since the infancy of radiology and radiation therapy, reactions to radiation have been noted and followed, and attempts have been made to minimize these reactions. We... (Review)
Review
Since the infancy of radiology and radiation therapy, reactions to radiation have been noted and followed, and attempts have been made to minimize these reactions. We have turned to radiobiologists to explain these reactions and to radiation oncologists to prevent or decrease the normal tissue effects of radiation therapy. Radiation toxicities are divided into early (acute) and late (chronic) reactions; however, it is important to note that severe toxicities are rare and occur typically in less than 5% of veterinary radiation therapy patients.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Cat Diseases; Cats; Central Nervous System; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Neoplasms; Radiation Effects; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Oncology; Radiotherapy; Skin
PubMed: 9002165
DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(97)50004-0 -
Surgical Oncology Clinics of North... Jan 2021Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) commonly is used for small liver metastases. Modern conformal radiotherapy techniques, including 3-dimensional conformal... (Review)
Review
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) commonly is used for small liver metastases. Modern conformal radiotherapy techniques, including 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy, enable the safe delivery of SABR to small liver volumes. For larger tumors, the safe delivery of SABR can be challenging due to a more limited volume of healthy normal liver parenchyma and the proximity of the tumor to radiosensitive organs, such as the stomach, duodenum, and large intestine. Controlling respiratory motion, the use of image guidance, and increasing the number of radiation fractions sometimes are necessary for the safe delivery of SABR in these situations.
Topics: Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Radiosurgery; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; Radiotherapy, Conformal; Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated
PubMed: 33220803
DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2020.08.006 -
PET Clinics Jul 2023Computed tomography (CT), MR imaging, and PET with fluorodeoxyglucose F18/CT are commonly used for radiation therapy planning; however, issues including precise nodal... (Review)
Review
Computed tomography (CT), MR imaging, and PET with fluorodeoxyglucose F18/CT are commonly used for radiation therapy planning; however, issues including precise nodal staging on CT or false positive results on PET/CT limit their usability. Clinical trials using fibroblast activation protein ligands for additional imaging have provided promising results regarding staging and target volume delineation-particularly suitable for sarcoma, some gastrointestinal tumors, head and neck tumors, and lung and pancreatic cancer. Although further prospective trials are necessary to identify clinical settings for its application in radiation oncology, fibroblast activation protein inhibitor PET/CT indisputably represents an excellent opportunity for assisting radiotherapy planning.
Topics: Radiotherapy; Protease Inhibitors; Neoplasms; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Humans
PubMed: 37117122
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.03.003 -
Current Opinion in Ophthalmology May 2021Radiation therapy has become the standard of care for the treatment of uveal melanoma. We intend to outline the current radiation therapy methods that are employed to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Radiation therapy has become the standard of care for the treatment of uveal melanoma. We intend to outline the current radiation therapy methods that are employed to treat uveal melanoma. We will outline their relative benefits over one another. We will also provide some background about radiation therapy in general to accustom the ophthalmologists likely reading this review.
RECENT FINDINGS
Four main options exist for radiation therapy of uveal melanoma. Because the eye is a small space, and because melanomas are relatively radioresistant, oncologists treating uveal melanoma must deliver highly focused doses in high amounts to a small space. Therapies incorporating external beams include proton beam therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery. Stereotactic radiosurgery comes in two forms, gamma knife therapy and cyberknife therapy. Radiation may also be placed directly on the eye surgically via plaque brachytherapy. All methods have been used effectively to treat uveal melanoma.
SUMMARY
Each particular radiotherapy technique employed to treat uveal melanoma has its own set of benefits and drawbacks. The ocular oncologist can choose amongst these therapies based upon his or her clinical judgment of the relative risks and benefits. Availability of the therapy and cost to the patient remain significant factors in the ocular oncologist's choice.
Topics: Brachytherapy; Humans; Melanoma; Proton Therapy; Radiosurgery; Uveal Neoplasms
PubMed: 33770014
DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000761 -
The Surgical Clinics of North America Oct 2016Although there is no consensus regarding the optimal sequencing of external beam radiotherapy and surgery for extremity soft tissue sarcoma, radiation therapy delivered... (Review)
Review
Although there is no consensus regarding the optimal sequencing of external beam radiotherapy and surgery for extremity soft tissue sarcoma, radiation therapy delivered before or after limb-sparing surgery significantly improves local control, particularly for high-grade tumors. Large database analyses suggest that improved local control may translate into an overall survival benefit. Best practices require ample communication between the radiation and surgical teams to ensure appropriate tissues are targeted, unnecessary radiation is avoided, and patients are afforded the best opportunity for cure while maintaining function. Modern experiences with intensity-modulated radiotherapy/image-guided radiation therapy suggest toxicity is reduced through field size reduction and precise targeting, improving the therapeutic ratio.
Topics: Disease Management; Humans; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; Sarcoma
PubMed: 27542646
DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2016.05.003 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Aug 2021Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in India, and adjuvant radiotherapy is an integral part of curative treatment in most patients. The recent decades... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in India, and adjuvant radiotherapy is an integral part of curative treatment in most patients. The recent decades have witnessed several advances in radiation therapy delivery. Several advances in radiation oncology have been identified which include technological advances, change in fractionation used, use of cardiac-sparing radiotherapy as well as efforts to personalize radiotherapy using accelerated partial breast irradiation or avoidance of radiotherapy in certain subpopulations. Indian data are available in most areas which have been summarized. However, increasing emphasis on research in these areas is needed so that effectiveness and safety in our setting can be established. Advances in breast cancer radiotherapy have resulted in improved outcomes. Data published from India suggest that these improved outcomes can be replicated in patients when appropriate treatment protocols are followed.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Breath Holding; Female; Humans; Radiotherapy Dosage; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated
PubMed: 35295008
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_565_20