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Dermatologic Clinics Oct 2023The retirement process is an individualized endeavor. Both financial and social aspects are important to consider when making plans for retirement. In this article, we... (Review)
Review
The retirement process is an individualized endeavor. Both financial and social aspects are important to consider when making plans for retirement. In this article, we discuss details of retirement planning, including the need to save, how much and when to start saving, and types of retirement plans. We also review key considerations for deciding when to retire as well as aspects of retirement outside of financial planning, such as redefining one's purpose and finding meaningful activities to fill the void of work.
Topics: Humans; Retirement
PubMed: 37718018
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2023.05.006 -
The Journals of Gerontology. Series B,... Apr 2022A growing literature examines the effect of retirement on cognitive function, but pays little attention to how this relationship may depend upon the nature of...
OBJECTIVES
A growing literature examines the effect of retirement on cognitive function, but pays little attention to how this relationship may depend upon the nature of retirement. Of particular importance is the growing prevalence of gradual retirement characterized by continued employment-either with a new employer or with the same employer-after retiring from a career job.
METHODS
We use data from men and women aged 50 or older in the Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement to examine the effects of full retirement, partial retirement with the same employer, and partial retirement with a new employer on cognitive function. Our analyses consider the moderating role of career job complexity and exploit distinctive features of the Japanese public pension and mandatory retirement systems to estimate the causal effect of retirement type on cognition.
RESULTS
Results indicate that partial retirement with the same employer has a significant and adverse effect on cognitive function (relative to those not yet retired). In contrast, those who experienced either full retirement or partial retirement with a new employer were, on average, no different from those still in their career job. Partial retirement with a new employer has a beneficial effect on cognition among those who had a high-complexity career job.
DISCUSSION
Results are consistent with the idea that novel work exposures and experiences have a beneficial effect on cognition. They also suggest that ongoing policy efforts to promote partial retirement with the same employer may have unexpected adverse implications for cognitive health.
Topics: Cognition; Employment; Female; Humans; Japan; Male; Pensions; Retirement
PubMed: 34626107
DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab187 -
Journal of Women & Aging 1999A feminist analysis of retirement is presented by questioning the applicability of traditional definitions and theories of retirement to retired women. The effects of... (Review)
Review
A feminist analysis of retirement is presented by questioning the applicability of traditional definitions and theories of retirement to retired women. The effects of marriage, caregiving and other family obligations on women's retirement are examined within the context of salient social, psychological and economic factors. An empowerment-oriented perspective that considers interactions and connections between family and work roles, public and private and personal and political levels are recommended to alleviate the high poverty rates among older women, to promote parity among men and women during retirement and to emancipate women from substantial involvement in unpaid work, specifically, caregiving and home labor.
Topics: Aged; Female; Feminism; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Life Change Events; Male; Marriage; Middle Aged; Retirement; Social Values; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Women's Rights
PubMed: 10568096
DOI: 10.1300/J074v11n02_05 -
Inquiry : a Journal of Medical Care... 2023The association between retirement and functioning remains still poorly known. This scoping review examines physical, social, cognitive, and mental functioning after... (Review)
Review
The association between retirement and functioning remains still poorly known. This scoping review examines physical, social, cognitive, and mental functioning after retirement, describes the changes in them, determines the different aspects that affect functioning, and documents the main characteristics of the phenomenon. We systematically scoped the relevant studies on functioning after retirement using CINAHL, MEDLINE, Medic, and PubMed databases. This scoping review included both qualitative and quantitative studies. The studies were analysed with inductive content analysis. After retirement, functioning was found to decline but also improve, and additionally, inequalities in functioning emerged. Functioning after retirement changed in ways which were: declining functioning, improving functioning, and inequalities in functioning. Only a few qualitative studies were found. This scoping review shows that functioning after retirement changes in varying ways. The results show that more qualitative research is needed to help us gain a more profound understanding on, for example, individuals' motives to improve leisure, physical, and social activities after retirement, which are likely to contribute to changes in functioning. Additionally, further longitudinal studies would offer knowledge about the long-term effects of retirement on the different dimensions of functioning.
Topics: Humans; Retirement; Longitudinal Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 36604784
DOI: 10.1177/00469580221142477 -
Thoracic Surgery Clinics Feb 2024Retiring from any occupation is difficult, especially one that you love. The majority of cardiothoracic surgeons love what they do every day. It has been said that if... (Review)
Review
Retiring from any occupation is difficult, especially one that you love. The majority of cardiothoracic surgeons love what they do every day. It has been said that if you choose a job you love, you never have to work another day in your life. Once a date is determined, preparation, particularly financial, is paramount for a successful outcome. Thoughtful decisions need to be made regarding health benefits and retirement plans [401(k)/403(b)]. Transitions to retirement programs have been instituted in several schools of medicine. Establishing an academy for retired faculty can be an enriching experience for the members and a resource for the institution.
Topics: Humans; Retirement; Surgeons; Cardiology
PubMed: 37953047
DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2023.08.008 -
Education For Health (Abingdon, England) 2023The academic clinician-educator (CE) often has a career spanning 40 or more years. Retirement represents the last stage of one's professional identity. Planning for... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The academic clinician-educator (CE) often has a career spanning 40 or more years. Retirement represents the last stage of one's professional identity. Planning for retirement can be both exciting and challenging. Although it would seem reasonable that there would be research addressing the transition to retirement that incorporates guidance on important decisions or pathways to retirement with outcomes related to satisfaction, adjustment, or fulfillment in retirement, in fact, there is minimal such research. As CEs, the recently retired authors have drawn on our experiences in pediatrics as the foundation for our inquiry. The authors suggest that retirement decisions and needs differ in academic health center (AHC) faculty from those in health-care private practice. As an example, we suggest that CEs in all specialties, and likely other senior faculty in the health sciences, may have unique opportunities in retirement to enrich their institutions and their specialty organizations. The gaps we have encountered and our experiences in the retirement process have resulted in this paper, in which we encourage research that will inform more substantial, timely, and practical advice going forward.
METHODS
Our exploration of retirement from AHC careers includes two foci: (1) A review of relevant literature on retirement issues the CE, AHC, and national educator organizations might consider important in this transition process; and (2) the description of a theoretical framework known as Conservation of Resources Theory simply to help organize perspectives on the losses, gains, or conservation of tangible and intangible resources to weigh in the planning and transition process.
RESULTS
Several considerations relevant to retirement planning, both specific to academic faculty retirement in the health sciences and to retirement planning more broadly, emerged from our literature exploration. However, there were virtually no studies addressing these considerations, both personal and professional, accompanied by tracking their impact on satisfaction or well-being once in retirement.
DISCUSSION
Emerging from our examination of literature and our experiences in transitioning to retirement are a number of questions deserving of further study, likely in longitudinal, comparative or more broadly in global inquiries, in the effort to develop models to guide the retiring academic CE. Over the next decade, there will be so many faculty members considering or negotiating retirement that there is an urgent need to develop and study models that both inform this process and monitor outcomes in terms of satisfaction with the retirement years.
Topics: Humans; Child; Retirement; Faculty; Delivery of Health Care; Health Occupations; Faculty, Medical
PubMed: 38047344
DOI: 10.4103/efh.efh_192_22 -
BMC Geriatrics Jul 2017Knowledge on factors affecting the rate of cognitive decline and how to maintain cognitive functioning in old age becomes increasingly relevant. The purpose of the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Knowledge on factors affecting the rate of cognitive decline and how to maintain cognitive functioning in old age becomes increasingly relevant. The purpose of the current study was to systematically review the evidence for the impact of retirement on cognitive functioning and on age related cognitive decline.
METHOD
We conducted a systematic literature review, following the principles of the PRISMA statement, of longitudinal studies on the association between retirement and cognition.
RESULTS
Only seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We found weak evidence that retirement accelerates the rate of cognitive decline in crystallised abilities, but only for individuals retiring from jobs high in complexity with people. The evidence of the impact of retirement on the rate of decline in fluid cognitive abilities is conflicting.
CONCLUSION
The review revealed a major knowledge gap in regards to the impact of retirement on cognitive decline. More knowledge on the association between retirement and age related cognitive decline as well as knowledge on the mechanisms behind these associations is needed.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Observational Studies as Topic; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Retirement
PubMed: 28732489
DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0556-7 -
Human Resources For Health Nov 2016Physician retirement planning and timing have important implications for patients, hospitals, and healthcare systems. Unplanned early or late physician retirement can... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Physician retirement planning and timing have important implications for patients, hospitals, and healthcare systems. Unplanned early or late physician retirement can have dire consequences in terms of both patient safety and human resource allocations. This systematic review examined existing evidence on the timing and process of retirement of physicians. Four questions were addressed: (1) When do physicians retire? (2) Why do some physicians retire early? (3) Why do some physicians delay their retirement? (4) What strategies facilitate physician retention and/or retirement planning?
METHODS
English-language studies were searched in electronic databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, AgeLine, Embase, HealthSTAR, ASSA, and PsycINFO, from inception up to and including March 2016. Included studies were peer-reviewed primary journal articles with quantitative and/or qualitative analyses of physicians' plans for, and opinions about, retirement. Three reviewers independently assessed each study for methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for quantitative studies and Critical Appraisal Tool for qualitative studies, and a fourth reviewer resolved inconsistencies.
RESULTS
In all, 65 studies were included and analyzed, of which the majority were cross-sectional in design. Qualitative studies were found to be methodologically strong, with credible results deemed relevant to practice. The majority of quantitative studies had adequate sample representativeness, had justified and satisfactory sample size, used appropriate statistical tests, and collected primary data by self-reported survey methods. Physicians commonly reported retiring between 60 and 69 years of age. Excessive workload and burnout were frequently cited reasons for early retirement. Ongoing financial obligations delayed retirement, while strategies to mitigate career dissatisfaction, workplace frustration, and workload pressure supported continuing practice.
CONCLUSIONS
Knowledge of when physicians plan to retire and how they can transition out of practice has been shown to aid succession planning. Healthcare organizations might consider promoting retirement mentorship programs, resource toolkits, education sessions, and guidance around financial planning for physicians throughout their careers, as well as creating post-retirement opportunities that maintain institutional ties through teaching, mentoring, and peer support.
Topics: Age Factors; Burnout, Professional; Humans; Job Satisfaction; Motivation; Personnel Turnover; Physicians; Retirement; Workload
PubMed: 27846852
DOI: 10.1186/s12960-016-0166-z -
Social Science & Medicine (1982) Jan 2020Poor health after retirement may have an important economic and societal impact and may be affected by macro-level factors. Our aim was to examine whether macro-level... (Review)
Review
Poor health after retirement may have an important economic and societal impact and may be affected by macro-level factors. Our aim was to examine whether macro-level factors are associated with health and educational differences in health in recent retirees. We used data covering 18 European countries from the Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) on 8867 respondents who had been retired less than 5 years. We performed multi-level linear regression analyses to examine whether social expenditure in nine policy areas, minimum pension replacement rates, and unemployment replacement rates explained cross-country differences in post-retirement self-rated health (SRH) and educational inequalities in SRH. In both men and women, a higher total expenditure as well as higher expenditures on health, old age, housing, and 'other social policy areas' (non-categorical cash benefits to low-income households and other social services) were associated with better SRH. Cross-level interactions showed that in the presence of a higher old age expenditure, a higher unemployment expenditure, and a higher total expenditure, the absolute educational inequalities in post-retirement SRH were smaller than with lower expenditures in these areas, in both men and women. We found the same effect in women only for a higher expenditure on health as well as a higher minimum pension replacement rate. A higher expenditure on survivors pensions, a lower expenditure on family, and a higher unemployment replacement rate had this effect in men only. This study showed that social expenditure and replacement rates were associated with post-retirement health and health inequalities.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Europe; Female; Health Status; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Multilevel Analysis; Retirement; Socioeconomic Factors; Unemployment
PubMed: 31739142
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112669 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Oct 2021Retirement has been associated with changes in dietary intake. We evaluated dietary intake and compliance to dietary guidelines after retirement in a population-based...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Retirement has been associated with changes in dietary intake. We evaluated dietary intake and compliance to dietary guidelines after retirement in a population-based survey.
METHODS
Data from a prospective study conducted in Lausanne, Switzerland. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire in 2009-2012 (first survey) and 2014-2017 (second survey). Total energy intake (TEI), macro and micronutrients, foods, dietary scores and compliance to dietary guidelines were assessed. Three approaches were used comparing changes in dietary intake: 1) before and after retiring (paired analysis); 2) in participants who retired with gender- and age-matched participants who did not retire (two-group comparison), and 3) in participants who retired, who did not retire or who were retired at both surveys (analysis of variance).
RESULTS
Using the first approach, newly retired participants (n = 215) increased their intake of total (median and [interquartile range]: 15.2 [13.7-17.5] vs. 14.9 [13.3-17.1] % of TEI) and animal (11.1 [9.1-13.0] vs. 10.0 [8.5-12.6] %TEI) protein; total (35.8 [32.1-40.7] vs. 34.6 [30.0-39.1] %TEI), saturated and monounsaturated fat; alcohol; cholesterol; vitamin D and fish, and decreased their intake of vegetable protein; total carbohydrates and monosaccharides, and of the Mediterranean diet score. Those findings were confirmed for total and saturated fat, alcohol, total carbohydrates and monosaccharides; vitamin D and fish intake, and of the Mediterranean diet score in the other two approaches.
CONCLUSION
Retirement was associated with an unhealthier dietary intake.
Topics: Animals; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Intake; Humans; Prospective Studies; Retirement
PubMed: 34620319
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.08.026