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Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology Nov 2004
Review
Topics: Animals; Humans; Inhalation; Pons; Respiration; Rhombencephalon
PubMed: 15519547
DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.06.007 -
Radiology Mar 1988Using ultrasound (US), the authors examined 25 embryos that were 8-10 menstrual weeks old for gestational age and the presence of a small cystic structure (3-4 mm) in...
Using ultrasound (US), the authors examined 25 embryos that were 8-10 menstrual weeks old for gestational age and the presence of a small cystic structure (3-4 mm) in the posterior aspect of the cranium. This structure was seen in all embryos. The US images of an in vitro embryo at 8 weeks menstrual age were also evaluated for anatomic correlation. Analysis of these US images determined that the cystic structure was the open rhombencephalon or hindbrain. Follow-up US studies or postpartum clinical examinations of the 25 in utero embryos demonstrated no abnormal posterior cranial cystic structures or neurologic deficits. This first-trimester structure should be considered a normal finding, since it develops into the normally proportioned fourth ventricle after the 11th menstrual week.
Topics: Female; Fetus; Humans; Pregnancy; Rhombencephalon; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 3277241
DOI: 10.1148/radiology.166.3.3277241 -
Acta Neuropathologica Mar 2002
Topics: Adult; Cerebellum; Female; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Rhombencephalon; Synapses
PubMed: 11907813
DOI: 10.1007/s00401-001-0506-4 -
American Journal of Medical Genetics.... Dec 2018Rhombencephalosynapsis (RES) is a unique cerebellar malformation characterized by fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres with partial or complete absence of a recognizable... (Review)
Review
Rhombencephalosynapsis (RES) is a unique cerebellar malformation characterized by fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres with partial or complete absence of a recognizable cerebellar vermis. Subsets of patients also have other brain malformations such as midbrain fusion with aqueductal stenosis, characteristic craniofacial features (prominent forehead, flat midface, hypertelorism, ear abnormalities), and somatic malformations (heart, kidney, spine, and limb defects). Similar to known genetic brain malformations, the RES cerebellar malformation is highly stereotyped, yet no genetic causes have been identified. Here, we outline our current understanding of the genetic basis for RES, discuss limitations, and outline future approaches to identifying the causes of this fascinating brain malformation.
Topics: Cerebellar Diseases; Cerebellum; Growth Disorders; Humans; Rhombencephalon
PubMed: 30580482
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31666 -
Physiology & Behavior May 2019Hindbrain astrocytes are emerging as critical components in the regulation of homeostatic functions by either modulating synaptic activity or serving as primary... (Review)
Review
Hindbrain astrocytes are emerging as critical components in the regulation of homeostatic functions by either modulating synaptic activity or serving as primary detectors of physiological parameters. Recent studies have suggested that the glucose counter-regulation response (CRR), a critical defense against hypoglycemic emergencies, is dependent on glucoprivation-sensitive astrocytes in the hindbrain. This subpopulation of astrocytes produces a robust calcium signal in response to glucopenic stimuli. Both ex vivo and in vivo evidence suggest that low-glucose sensitive astrocytes utilize purinergic gliotransmission to activate catecholamine neurons in the hindbrain that are critical to the generation of the integrated CRR. Lastly, reports in the clinical literature suggest that an uncontrolled activation of CRR may as part of the pathology of severe traumatic injury. Work in our laboratory also suggests that this pathological hyperglycemia resulting from traumatic injury may be caused by the action of thrombin (generated by tissue trauma or bleeding) on hindbrain astrocytes. Similar to their glucopenia-sensitive neighbors, these hindbrain astrocytes may trigger hyperglycemic responses by their interactions with catecholaminergic neurons.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Glucose; Homeostasis; Humans; Metabolism; Rhombencephalon
PubMed: 30797812
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.025 -
Neuropediatrics Dec 2015
Topics: Cerebellum; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nervous System Malformations; Rhombencephalon
PubMed: 26535873
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1566754 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Aug 2021During early development, the hindbrain is sub-divided into rhombomeres that underlie the organisation of neurons and adjacent craniofacial tissues. A gene regulatory... (Review)
Review
During early development, the hindbrain is sub-divided into rhombomeres that underlie the organisation of neurons and adjacent craniofacial tissues. A gene regulatory network of signals and transcription factors establish and pattern segments with a distinct anteroposterior identity. Initially, the borders of segmental gene expression are imprecise, but then become sharply defined, and specialised boundary cells form. In this Review, we summarise key aspects of the conserved regulatory cascade that underlies the formation of hindbrain segments. We describe how the pattern is sharpened and stabilised through the dynamic regulation of cell identity, acting in parallel with cell segregation. Finally, we discuss evidence that boundary cells have roles in local patterning, and act as a site of neurogenesis within the hindbrain.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Rhombencephalon; Vertebrates
PubMed: 34323269
DOI: 10.1242/dev.186460 -
Practical Neurology Apr 2012
Topics: Encephalitis; Food Microbiology; Humans; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Male; Middle Aged; Rhombencephalon
PubMed: 22450462
DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2011-000085 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2008
Topics: Animals; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Developmental Disabilities; History, 20th Century; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Male; Rhombencephalon
PubMed: 18809018
DOI: 10.1016/S0072-9752(07)87004-7 -
The American Journal of Anatomy Oct 1990The human rhombencephalon at 8 postovulatory weeks (stage 23) is described and illustrated for the first time with the aid of silver-impregnated sections and graphic...
The human rhombencephalon at 8 postovulatory weeks (stage 23) is described and illustrated for the first time with the aid of silver-impregnated sections and graphic reconstructions. The motor and sensory trigeminal nuclei were among those studied, and the latter was found to be almost contiguous to the dentate nucleus. Fibers to the principal sensory nucleus join the mesencephalic trigeminal tract, which also seems to be connected with the motor fibers. Fine fibers from the sensory root join the tractus solitarius, which appears to receive connections from the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagal nerves. Main and accessory abducent nuclei are evident. A part (the Kappenkern des Facialisknies) of the nucleus funiculi teretis is particularly prominent. The presence of the pyramidal decussation during the embryonic period is noted for the first time. The arrangement of nuclei and tracts at 8 weeks is shown to be closely similar to that present in the newborn, and it is likely that the rapid growth of the rhombencephalon during the embryonic period proper is associated with correspondingly early functional activity.
Topics: Cell Movement; Cranial Nerves; Humans; Rhombencephalon; Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal
PubMed: 2244584
DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001890204