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Development (Cambridge, England) Aug 2021During early development, the hindbrain is sub-divided into rhombomeres that underlie the organisation of neurons and adjacent craniofacial tissues. A gene regulatory... (Review)
Review
During early development, the hindbrain is sub-divided into rhombomeres that underlie the organisation of neurons and adjacent craniofacial tissues. A gene regulatory network of signals and transcription factors establish and pattern segments with a distinct anteroposterior identity. Initially, the borders of segmental gene expression are imprecise, but then become sharply defined, and specialised boundary cells form. In this Review, we summarise key aspects of the conserved regulatory cascade that underlies the formation of hindbrain segments. We describe how the pattern is sharpened and stabilised through the dynamic regulation of cell identity, acting in parallel with cell segregation. Finally, we discuss evidence that boundary cells have roles in local patterning, and act as a site of neurogenesis within the hindbrain.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Rhombencephalon; Vertebrates
PubMed: 34323269
DOI: 10.1242/dev.186460 -
RoFo : Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der... Jul 2013
Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Alopecia; Brain; Cerebellum; Child; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Growth Disorders; Humans; Neurocutaneous Syndromes; Rhombencephalon
PubMed: 23494500
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1335027 -
Cell Dec 2022To track and control self-location, animals integrate their movements through space. Representations of self-location are observed in the mammalian hippocampal...
To track and control self-location, animals integrate their movements through space. Representations of self-location are observed in the mammalian hippocampal formation, but it is unknown if positional representations exist in more ancient brain regions, how they arise from integrated self-motion, and by what pathways they control locomotion. Here, in a head-fixed, fictive-swimming, virtual-reality preparation, we exposed larval zebrafish to a variety of involuntary displacements. They tracked these displacements and, many seconds later, moved toward their earlier location through corrective swimming ("positional homeostasis"). Whole-brain functional imaging revealed a network in the medulla that stores a memory of location and induces an error signal in the inferior olive to drive future corrective swimming. Optogenetically manipulating medullary integrator cells evoked displacement-memory behavior. Ablating them, or downstream olivary neurons, abolished displacement corrections. These results reveal a multiregional hindbrain circuit in vertebrates that integrates self-motion and stores self-location to control locomotor behavior.
Topics: Animals; Zebrafish; Neurons; Rhombencephalon; Brain; Swimming; Homeostasis; Mammals
PubMed: 36563666
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.022 -
Interventional Neuroradiology : Journal... Dec 2022The basic pattern of arterial vascularization is highly conserved across vertebrates and develops under neuromeric rules. The hindbrain has an angioarchitecture that is... (Review)
Review
The basic pattern of arterial vascularization is highly conserved across vertebrates and develops under neuromeric rules. The hindbrain has an angioarchitecture that is homologous to that of the spinal cord, and the hindbrain vascular system can be analyzed at the longitudinal and axial structures. During development, there are two main longitudinal arteries: the longitudinal neural artery and primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis. This review discusses the basic pattern of the blood supply of the hindbrain, the development of vascularization, and the anatomical variations, with a special reference to the embryological point of view of two main longitudinal anastomoses (longitudinal neural artery and primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis). The formation of commonly observed variations, such as fenestration and duplication of the vertebrobasilar artery, or primitive trigeminal artery variant, can be explained by the partial persistence of the primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis. Understanding the pattern and the development of the blood supply of the hindbrain provides useful information of the various anomalies of the vertebrobasilar junction and cerebellar arteries.
Topics: Humans; Basilar Artery; Vertebral Artery; Rhombencephalon; Cerebral Arteries; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 34935534
DOI: 10.1177/15910199211063011 -
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... Feb 2014
Review
Topics: Cephalometry; Cerebellum; Cisterna Magna; Cranial Fossa, Posterior; Dandy-Walker Syndrome; Gestational Age; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neural Tube; Rhombencephalon
PubMed: 24497418
DOI: 10.1002/uog.13296 -
Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) Jan 2017The vertebrate hindbrain includes neural circuits that govern essential functions including breathing, blood pressure and heart rate. Hindbrain circuits also participate... (Review)
Review
The vertebrate hindbrain includes neural circuits that govern essential functions including breathing, blood pressure and heart rate. Hindbrain circuits also participate in generating rhythmic motor patterns for vocalization. In most tetrapods, sound production is powered by expiration and the circuitry underlying vocalization and respiration must be linked. Perception and arousal are also linked; acoustic features of social communication sounds-for example, a baby's cry-can drive autonomic responses. The close links between autonomic functions that are essential for life and vocal expression have been a major in vivo experimental challenge. Xenopus provides an opportunity to address this challenge using an ex vivo preparation: an isolated brain that generates vocal and breathing patterns. The isolated brain allows identification and manipulation of hindbrain vocal circuits as well as their activation by forebrain circuits that receive sensory input, initiate motor patterns and control arousal. Advances in imaging technologies, coupled to the production of Xenopus lines expressing genetically encoded calcium sensors, provide powerful tools for imaging neuronal patterns in the entire fictively behaving brain, a goal of the BRAIN Initiative. Comparisons of neural circuit activity across species (comparative neuromics) with distinctive vocal patterns can identify conserved features, and thereby reveal essential functional components.
Topics: Animals; Exhalation; Organ Culture Techniques; Prosencephalon; Rhombencephalon; Vocalization, Animal; Xenopus laevis
PubMed: 28095617
DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22999 -
F1000Research 2018Studies of the vertebrate hindbrain have revealed parallel mechanisms that establish sharp segments with a distinct and homogeneous regional identity. Recent work has... (Review)
Review
Studies of the vertebrate hindbrain have revealed parallel mechanisms that establish sharp segments with a distinct and homogeneous regional identity. Recent work has revealed roles of cell identity regulation and its relationships with cell segregation. At early stages, there is overlapping expression at segment borders of the Egr2 and Hoxb1 transcription factors that specify distinct identities, which is resolved by reciprocal repression. Computer simulations show that this dynamic regulation of cell identity synergises with cell segregation to generate sharp borders. Some intermingling between segments occurs at early stages, and ectopic egr2-expressing cells switch identity to match their new neighbours. This switching is mediated by coupling between egr2 expression and the level of retinoic acid signalling, which acts in a community effect to maintain homogeneous segmental identity. These findings reveal an interplay between cell segregation and the dynamic regulation of cell identity in the formation of sharp patterns in the hindbrain and raise the question of whether similar mechanisms occur in other tissues.
Topics: Animals; Cell Separation; Humans; Rhombencephalon
PubMed: 30135723
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15391.1 -
American Journal of Medical Genetics.... Dec 2018Rhombencephalosynapsis (RES) is a unique cerebellar malformation characterized by fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres with partial or complete absence of a recognizable... (Review)
Review
Rhombencephalosynapsis (RES) is a unique cerebellar malformation characterized by fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres with partial or complete absence of a recognizable cerebellar vermis. Subsets of patients also have other brain malformations such as midbrain fusion with aqueductal stenosis, characteristic craniofacial features (prominent forehead, flat midface, hypertelorism, ear abnormalities), and somatic malformations (heart, kidney, spine, and limb defects). Similar to known genetic brain malformations, the RES cerebellar malformation is highly stereotyped, yet no genetic causes have been identified. Here, we outline our current understanding of the genetic basis for RES, discuss limitations, and outline future approaches to identifying the causes of this fascinating brain malformation.
Topics: Cerebellar Diseases; Cerebellum; Growth Disorders; Humans; Rhombencephalon
PubMed: 30580482
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31666 -
Physiology & Behavior May 2019Hindbrain astrocytes are emerging as critical components in the regulation of homeostatic functions by either modulating synaptic activity or serving as primary... (Review)
Review
Hindbrain astrocytes are emerging as critical components in the regulation of homeostatic functions by either modulating synaptic activity or serving as primary detectors of physiological parameters. Recent studies have suggested that the glucose counter-regulation response (CRR), a critical defense against hypoglycemic emergencies, is dependent on glucoprivation-sensitive astrocytes in the hindbrain. This subpopulation of astrocytes produces a robust calcium signal in response to glucopenic stimuli. Both ex vivo and in vivo evidence suggest that low-glucose sensitive astrocytes utilize purinergic gliotransmission to activate catecholamine neurons in the hindbrain that are critical to the generation of the integrated CRR. Lastly, reports in the clinical literature suggest that an uncontrolled activation of CRR may as part of the pathology of severe traumatic injury. Work in our laboratory also suggests that this pathological hyperglycemia resulting from traumatic injury may be caused by the action of thrombin (generated by tissue trauma or bleeding) on hindbrain astrocytes. Similar to their glucopenia-sensitive neighbors, these hindbrain astrocytes may trigger hyperglycemic responses by their interactions with catecholaminergic neurons.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Glucose; Homeostasis; Humans; Metabolism; Rhombencephalon
PubMed: 30797812
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.025 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... May 2013The developing central nervous system (CNS) is vascularized via ingression of blood vessels from the outside as the neural tissue expands. This angiogenic process occurs... (Review)
Review
The developing central nervous system (CNS) is vascularized via ingression of blood vessels from the outside as the neural tissue expands. This angiogenic process occurs without perturbing CNS architecture due to exquisite cross-talk between the neural compartment and invading blood vessels. Subsequently, this intimate relationship also promotes the formation of the neurovascular unit that underlies the blood-brain barrier and regulates blood flow to match brain activity. This review provides a historical perspective on research into CNS blood vessel growth and patterning, discusses current models used to study CNS angiogenesis, and provides an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that promote blood vessel growth and maturation. Finally, we highlight the significance of these mechanisms for two different types of neurovascular CNS disease.
Topics: Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System; Humans; Neoplasms; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Neuropilins; Retina; Rhombencephalon; Semaphorins; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 23475065
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1277-5