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The Journal of Nutrition Apr 1995The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of dietary fats differing in fatty acid composition on diet-induced thermogenesis, sympathetic activity... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of dietary fats differing in fatty acid composition on diet-induced thermogenesis, sympathetic activity in brown adipose tissue and body fat accumulation in rats. Rats were meal-fed for 12 wk an isoenergetic diet based on lard, high oleic acid safflower oil, safflower oil or linseed oil, and norepinephrine turnover rates in brown adipose tissue were then estimated. Whole-body oxygen consumption after the meal indicated that diet-induced thermogenesis was significantly lower in rats fed the lard diet than in those fed the other diets. The norepinephrine turnover rate in the interscapular brown adipose tissue was also significantly lower in the lard diet group than in the other diet groups. The carcass fat content was significantly higher in the lard diet group than in the other diet groups, whereas the abdominal adipose tissue weights were the same in all diet groups. These results suggest that the intake of animal fats rich in saturated fatty acids, compared with the intake of vegetable oils rich in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids, decreases diet-induced thermogenesis by a decline of sympathetic activity in brown adipose tissue, resulting in the promotion of body fat accumulation.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, Brown; Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Linseed Oil; Male; Norepinephrine; Oleic Acids; Oxygen Consumption; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Safflower Oil
PubMed: 7722695
DOI: 10.1093/jn/125.4.920 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Sep 2015Fat is an important macronutrient in the human diet. For patients with intestinal failure who are unable to absorb nutrients via the enteral route, intravenous lipid... (Review)
Review
Fat is an important macronutrient in the human diet. For patients with intestinal failure who are unable to absorb nutrients via the enteral route, intravenous lipid emulsions play a critical role in providing an energy-dense source of calories and supplying the essential fatty acids that cannot be endogenously synthesized. Over the last 50 y, lipid emulsions have been an important component of parenteral nutrition (PN), and over the last 10-15 y many new lipid emulsions have been manufactured with the goal of improving safety and efficacy profiles and achieving physiologically optimal formulations. The purpose of this review is to provide a background on the components of lipid emulsions, their role in PN, and to discuss the lipid emulsions available for intravenous use. Finally, the role of parenteral fat emulsions in the pathogenesis and management of PN-associated liver disease in PN-dependent pediatric patients is reviewed.
Topics: Coconut Oil; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fish Oils; Humans; Liver Diseases; Olive Oil; Parenteral Nutrition Solutions; Plant Oils; Safflower Oil; Soybean Oil
PubMed: 26374182
DOI: 10.3945/an.115.009084 -
Journal of Food Science May 2015The objective of this research was to evaluate the physical properties of different types of wax/oil systems. Olive (OO), corn (CO), soybean (SBO), sunflower (SFO),...
The objective of this research was to evaluate the physical properties of different types of wax/oil systems. Olive (OO), corn (CO), soybean (SBO), sunflower (SFO), safflower (SAFO), and canola (CAO) oils were mixed with sunflower oil wax (SFOW), paraffin wax (PW), and beeswax (BW) at different concentrations (1% to 10%). Results from this study show that the physical properties of wax/oil systems is affected not only by the concentration and type of wax used, but also by the type of oil used. In general, wax/oil systems formulated with SFOW generated crystalline networks with high enthalpies (1 to 22 J/g) and high G' values (2 to 6 × 10(6) Pa) compared with the values obtained for BW and PW. SFOW crystalline networks were characterized by needle-like crystals independently of the wax concentrations and type of oil used. BW crystalline networks, however, were characterized by different crystal morphologies (needle-like or spherulites) depending on the wax concentration and type of oil used. PW samples were characterized by a crystalline network formed by needle- and platelet-like crystals. Enthalpy values of BW and PW samples were similar (0.3 to 20 J/g), but BW samples resulted in significantly higher (P < 0.05) G' values in the 5% and 10% samples with values of 3.9 × 10(6) and 6.1 × 10(5) Pa for 10% BW and PW, respectively.
Topics: Brassica; Carthamus; Crystallization; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Helianthus; Humans; Paraffin; Plant Oils; Rapeseed Oil; Safflower Oil; Soybean Oil; Glycine max; Sunflower Oil; Thermodynamics; Waxes
PubMed: 25850679
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12853 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Sep 1987Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) is observed in patients with massive bowel resection who are placed on home parenteral nutrition (HPN). We investigated the use of...
Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) is observed in patients with massive bowel resection who are placed on home parenteral nutrition (HPN). We investigated the use of cutaneously applied safflower oil to prevent EFAD. Five subjects on HPN supplemented with intravenous (IV) fat emulsions underwent a three-phase study: 1) no IV fat emulsions for 4 wk; 2) cutaneous safflower oil for 4-6 wk; 3) oral safflower oil for 4 wk. Fatty acid profiles (FAP) of plasma were obtained during each phase. Significant decreases in linoleic and arachidonic acid occurred by the end of phase 1 and the triene:tetraene ratio rose from a baseline value of 0.1 to 0.5. This ratio returned to 0.2 by the end of phase 2 and significant increases in linoleic and arachidonic acid occurred. Only one of five subjects completed the oral phase (3). Cutaneous safflower oil may improve plasma FAP but adequacy of tissue stores remains unanswered. Liver function tests need to be monitored if this treatment modality is utilized.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Fatty Acids, Essential; Female; Home Care Services; Humans; Liver Function Tests; Monitoring, Physiologic; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Plant Oils; Safflower Oil
PubMed: 3115080
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/46.3.419 -
The Journal of Nutrition May 1995To examine interactive effects of dietary fatty acid composition and energy restriction on tissue fatty acid accretion, mature rats consumed diets containing beef...
To examine interactive effects of dietary fatty acid composition and energy restriction on tissue fatty acid accretion, mature rats consumed diets containing beef tallow, fish oil, olive oil or safflower oil with free access or at 85% or 68% of free access energy intakes. Restriction was accomplished by adjustment of dietary carbohydrate level. After 10 wk, animals were killed, and the fatty acid compositions of liver, heart and adipose tissues were examined. Compared with animals given free access to diets, body weight gains were reduced at wk 10 in fish oil- and olive oil-fed groups consuming 85% (P < 0.01) and in all groups consuming 68% (P < 0.005) of free access energy intake. Liver and heart weights were also lower (P < 0.05) in all groups restricted to 68% of free access energy intake. The type of dietary fat and the level of energy restriction influenced fatty acid composition in all three tissues at wk 10. In liver tissue, graded energy restriction increased (P < 0.02) proportions of stearic acid and decreased (P < 0.03) those of palmitic acid. In heart tissue, palmitic acid levels decreased (P < 0.01) with energy restriction. In adipose tissue, significant energy restriction-related changes in fatty acid composition varied with type of fat consumed. These results emphasize the importance of whole-body energy balance in addition to dietary fatty acid supply in utilization of dietary fatty acids for tissue deposition vs. oxidation.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Dietary Fats; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Fats; Fatty Acids; Fish Oils; Food, Formulated; Heart; Liver; Male; Myocardium; Olive Oil; Organ Size; Plant Oils; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Safflower Oil; Weight Gain
PubMed: 7738677
DOI: 10.1093/jn/125.5.1175 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jul 2014Candida boidinii was selected as a γ-dodecelactone producer because of the highest production of γ-dodecelactone from 10-hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid among the 11...
γ-Dodecelactone production from safflower oil via 10-hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid intermediate by whole cells of Candida boidinii and Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens.
Candida boidinii was selected as a γ-dodecelactone producer because of the highest production of γ-dodecelactone from 10-hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid among the 11 yeast strains tested. Under the reaction conditions of pH 5.5 and 25 °C with 5 g/L 10-hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid and 30 g/L cells, whole C. boidinii cells produced 2.1 g/L γ-dodecelactone from 5 g/L 10-hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid after 6 h, with a conversion yield of 64% (mol/mol) and a volumetric productivity of 350 mg/L/h. The production of γ-dodecelactone from safflower oil was performed by lipase hydrolysis reaction and two-step whole-cell biotransformation using Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens and C. boidinii. γ-Dodecelactone at 1.88 g/L was produced from 7.5 g/L safflower oil via 5 g/L 10-hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid intermediate by these reactions after 8 h of reaction time, with a volumetric productivity of 235 mg/L/h and a conversion yield of 25% (w/w). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the highest volumetric productivity and conversion yield reported to date for the production of γ-lactone from natural oils.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Candida; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lipase; Oleic Acids; Safflower Oil; Stenotrophomonas; Temperature
PubMed: 24967938
DOI: 10.1021/jf501081z -
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and... Jan 2002Walnut oil (WO) is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid. We compared the effects of WO and high-linoleic safflower oil (HLSO) on the serum lipid level and...
Walnut oil (WO) is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid. We compared the effects of WO and high-linoleic safflower oil (HLSO) on the serum lipid level and atherosclerosis development in male and female apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice. The WO diet resulted in a higher level of serum cholesterol than with HLSO. Female mice fed on the WO diet had a greater lesion area in the aortic root than did those on the HLSO diet. There was no diet-dependent difference in the level of cholesterol and its oxidation products in the abdominal and thoracic aorta. These results suggest that the unpleasant effects of the WO diet on apo E-deficient mice may be attributable to alpha-linolenic acid.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Apolipoproteins E; Arteriosclerosis; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acids; Female; Growth; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Oxidation-Reduction; Plant Oils; Safflower Oil
PubMed: 11866096
DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.141 -
Journal of the American College of... Oct 1997The acute effects of olive oil, milk fat and safflower oil on postprandial lipemia and remnant lipoprotein metabolism were investigated. (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
The acute effects of olive oil, milk fat and safflower oil on postprandial lipemia and remnant lipoprotein metabolism were investigated.
METHODS
Eight Healthy male volunteers randomly underwent three types of oral fat-vitamin A loading tests. The test drink was a mixture of retinyl palmitate (RP)(50,000 IU of aqueous vitamin A/m2 body surface area) and one of the three types of oils (40 g of fat/m2 body surface area): olive oil (70.7% oleic acid of total fatty acids); milk fat (69.3% saturated fatty acid); safflower oil (74.2% linoleic acid).
RESULTS
Olive oil significantly increased plasma triacylglycerol and RP concentrations 4 hours after fat loading, as compared to other fats. Increases of remnant like particle concentrations were higher after olive oil than after the other two fats.
CONCLUSION
These results show that olive oil increases the magnitude of postprandial chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants compared to milk fat and safflower oil.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Chylomicrons; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Food; Humans; Kinetics; Lipids; Male; Milk; Olive Oil; Plant Oils; Safflower Oil; Triglycerides
PubMed: 9322191
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1997.10718709 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Feb 1984To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the plasma triacylglycerol-lowering effects of certain fish oils, livers from male rats fed either a standard commercial diet...
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the plasma triacylglycerol-lowering effects of certain fish oils, livers from male rats fed either a standard commercial diet (controls) or diets supplemented with 15% (w/w) fish or safflower oils were perfused with undiluted rat blood. Rates of hepatic lipogenesis, measured by the incorporation of 3H2O into fatty acids, followed the order: control greater than safflower oil greater than fish oil. Secretion of newly synthesized fatty acids in very-low-density lipoproteins was also inhibited by the feeding of both oil-supplemented diets with the greater suppression being seen in livers from animals fed fish oil. The hepatic release of very-low-density lipoprotein triacylglycerol mass was also significantly depressed in animals fed the fish oil-supplemented diet but not in those fed safflower oil. Ketogenesis did not differ between livers from rats fed the control and safflower oil diets but was significantly raised in the fish oil group. Increased ketogenesis with fish oil was paralleled by a decrease in the sensitivity of carnitine palmitoyl transferase of isolated mitochondria to inhibition by malonyl-CoA. The inhibitory effect of malonyl-CoA in the safflower oil group was intermediate between that in the fish oil and control groups. Activities of glycerophosphate acyltransferase with either palmitoyl-CoA or oleyl-CoA were increased by feeding oil-supplemented diets. Activity with palmitoyl-CoA that was suppressible by N-ethylmaleimide was also considerably diminished in both groups. The results indicate that the lowering of plasma triacylglycerols by fish oil reflects: (a) diminished lipogenesis; (b) increased fatty acid oxidation possibly in peroxisomes; and (c) diminished secretion of triacylglycerols by the liver.
Topics: Animals; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Fishes; Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase; Ketone Bodies; Kinetics; Lipid Metabolism; Lipoproteins; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Liver; Male; Oils; Perfusion; Rats; Safflower Oil; Triglycerides
PubMed: 6696922
DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(84)90209-1 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2006Biodiesel fuel is gaining more and more importance because of the depletion and uncontrollable prices of fossil fuel resources. The use of vegetable oil and their...
Biodiesel fuel is gaining more and more importance because of the depletion and uncontrollable prices of fossil fuel resources. The use of vegetable oil and their derivatives as alternatives for diesel fuel is the best answer and as old as Diesel Engine. Chemically biodiesel fuel is the mono alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from renewable feed stocks like vegetable oils and animal fats. Safflower oil contains 75-80% of linoleic acid; the presence of this unsaturated fatty acid is useful in alleviating low temperature properties like pour point, cloud point and cold filter plugging point. In this paper we studied the effect of various parameters such as temperature, molar ratio (oil to alcohol), and concentration of catalyst on synthesis of biodiesel fuel from safflower oil. The better suitable conditions of 1:6 molar ratio (oil to alcohol), 60 degrees C temperature and catalyst concentration of 2% (by wt. of oil) were determined. The finally obtained biodiesel fuel was analyzed for fatty acid composition by GLC and some other properties such as flash point, specific gravity and acid value were also determined. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel was with in the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel with 96.8% yield.
Topics: Biotechnology; Catalysis; Energy-Generating Resources; Fuel Oils; Gasoline; Safflower Oil; Temperature
PubMed: 17693692
DOI: 10.5650/jos.56.9