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Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Dec 2013Enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica cause significant morbidity and mortality. S. enterica serovars are a diverse group of pathogens that have evolved to... (Review)
Review
Enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica cause significant morbidity and mortality. S. enterica serovars are a diverse group of pathogens that have evolved to survive in a wide range of environments and across multiple hosts. S. enterica serovars such as S. Typhi, S. Dublin, and S. Gallinarum have a restricted host range, in which they are typically associated with one or a few host species, while S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium have broad host ranges. This review examines how S. enterica has evolved through adaptation to different host environments, especially as related to the chicken host, and continues to be an important human pathogen. Several factors impact host range, and these include the acquisition of genes via horizontal gene transfer with plasmids, transposons, and phages, which can potentially expand host range, and the loss of genes or their function, which would reduce the range of hosts that the organism can infect. S. Gallinarum, with a limited host range, has a large number of pseudogenes in its genome compared to broader-host-range serovars. S. enterica serovars such as S. Kentucky and S. Heidelberg also often have plasmids that may help them colonize poultry more efficiently. The ability to colonize different hosts also involves interactions with the host's immune system and commensal organisms that are present. Thus, the factors that impact the ability of Salmonella to colonize a particular host species, such as chickens, are complex and multifactorial, involving the host, the pathogen, and extrinsic pressures. It is the interplay of these factors which leads to the differences in host ranges that we observe today.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Virulence
PubMed: 24296573
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00015-13 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Apr 2017Sixty years on from Smith's seminal work on Fowl Typhoid vaccines, there is renewed interest in experimental avian salmonellosis and in particular the use of Salmonella... (Review)
Review
Sixty years on from Smith's seminal work on Fowl Typhoid vaccines, there is renewed interest in experimental avian salmonellosis and in particular the use of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum as a tool to understand key features of bacterial evolution and host adaptation. In this short review we outline some of the recent advances in avian salmonellosis research that have coupled both the power of whole genome analysis and new tools to understand the host response to existing experimental infection models. These approaches are underpinning a fundamental understanding of Salmonella biology relevant to both the chicken and other avian and mammalian species.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriology; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines
PubMed: 27791403
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1240866 -
Veterinary Research Sep 2021Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars Enteritidis (SE) and Gallinarum (SG) cause different diseases in chickens. However, both are able to reach the blood stream...
Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars Enteritidis (SE) and Gallinarum (SG) cause different diseases in chickens. However, both are able to reach the blood stream where heterophils and monocytes are potentially able to phagocytose and kill the pathogens. Using an ex vivo chicken whole blood infection model, we compared the complex interactions of the differentially host-adapted SE and SG with immune cells in blood samples of two White Leghorn chicken lines showing different laying performance (WLA: high producer; R11: low producer). In order to examine the dynamic interaction between peripheral blood leucocytes and the Salmonella serovars, we performed flow cytometric analyses and survival assays measuring (i) leucocyte numbers, (ii) pathogen association with immune cells, (iii) Salmonella viability and (iv) immune gene transcription in infected whole blood over a four-hour co-culture period. Inoculation of blood from the two chicken lines with Salmonella led primarily to an interaction of the bacteria with monocytes, followed by heterophils and thrombocytes. We found higher proportions of monocytes associated with SE than with SG. In blood samples of high producing chickens, a decrease in the numbers of both heterophils and Salmonella was observed. The Salmonella challenge induced transcription of interleukin-8 (IL-8) which was more pronounced in SG- than SE-inoculated blood of R11. In conclusion, the stronger interaction of monocytes with SE than SG and the better survivability of Salmonella in blood of low-producer chickens shows that the host-pathogen interaction and the strength of the immune defence depend on both the Salmonella serovar and the chicken line.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Female; Leukocytes; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enteritidis
PubMed: 34563266
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00994-y -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Feb 2023
Topics: Animals; Serogroup; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Poultry Diseases; Chickens
PubMed: 36753431
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001653 -
Scientific Data Aug 2022Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are among the most significant poultry diseases worldwide. However, the global burden of these diseases remains unknown. Most... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are among the most significant poultry diseases worldwide. However, the global burden of these diseases remains unknown. Most importantly, the parameters contributing to the prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum variants are not well documented. Therefore, in this study, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum during 1945-2021. In total, 201 studies were identified for qualitative analysis (>900 million samples). The meta-analysis was subjected to over 183 screened studies. The global prevalence of S. Gallinarum (percentage of positive samples in total samples) was 8.54% (95% CI: 8.43-8.65) and showed a V-shaped recovery over time. Pullorum disease is most common in Asia, particularly in eastern China. Further investigations on chicken origin samples revealed significant differences in S. Gallinarum prevalence by gender, breed, raising mode, economic use, and growth stage, indicating a critical role of vertical transmission. Together, this study offered an updated, evidence-based dataset and knowledge regarding S. Gallinarum epidemics, which might significantly impact decision-making policy with targeted interventions.
Topics: Animals; Datasets as Topic; Prevalence; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 35963862
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01605-x -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2019Gallinarum only infects avian species, where it causes a severe systemic infection in birds of all ages. It is generally accepted that interaction with phagocytic cells...
Gallinarum only infects avian species, where it causes a severe systemic infection in birds of all ages. It is generally accepted that interaction with phagocytic cells plays an important role in the development of systemic, host-specific infections. The current study detailed the interaction of . Gallinarum with macrophages derived from chicken (HD11) and cattle (Bomac) compared to interaction of the broad host range serovar, Typhimurium and the cattle adapted serovar Dublin. Results showed a weaker invading ability of . Gallinarum in both kinds of macrophages, regardless whether the bacteria were opsonized or not before infections. However, opsonization of . Gallinarum by chicken serum increased its intracellular survival rate in chicken macrophages. No significant induction of nitrogen oxide was observed in the infected HD11 cells within the first 6 h, and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were similar among the three serovars. . Gallinarum infection was associated with low cell deaths in both chicken and cattle macrophages, whereas . Dublin only induced a comparable high level of cell death in chicken macrophages, but not in macrophages of its preferred host species (Bomac) compared to host generalist . Typhimurium. . Gallinarum-infected HD11 macrophages exhibited low induction of pro-inflammation genes [interleukin (IL)1β, CXCLi1, and CXCLi2] compared to the two other serovars, and contrary to the other serovars, it did not induce significant downregulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and TLR5. In infection of 1-week-old chicken, a significant upregulation of the TLR4 and TLR5 genes in the spleen was observed in . Gallinarum-infected chickens, but not in . Typhimurium-infected chicken at 5 days post-infections. Taken together, results show that . Gallinarum infection of macrophages was characterized by low uptake and low cytotoxicity, possibly allowing long-term persistence in the intracellular environment, and it caused a low induction of pro-inflammatory responses.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chickens; Cytokines; Host Specificity; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Interleukin-1beta; Macrophages; Nitric Oxide; Poultry Diseases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Serogroup; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 31998655
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00420 -
British Poultry Science Apr 20181. The aim of the present study was to determine if the 9R-strain of the Salmonella Gallinarum live vaccine was responsible for having fowl typhoid outbreaks in chicken...
1. The aim of the present study was to determine if the 9R-strain of the Salmonella Gallinarum live vaccine was responsible for having fowl typhoid outbreaks in chicken flocks from both chicken and turkey breeders as well as to verify the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates from the outbreaks. 2. The triplex polymerase chain reaction, standard antimicrobial test, beta-lactamase genes identification and Ion Torrent PMG whole-genome sequence were used in the field isolates and in the vaccine strain of S. Gallinarum. 3. The 60 tested isolates were not from vaccine origin and manifested high resistance to drugs from macrolide and quinolone groups. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis on selected isolates for core genes from Salmonella enterica confirmed the wild origin of these isolates and showed two possible sources of S. Gallinarum in the studied outbreaks. 4. S. Gallinarum isolated from fowl typhoid outbreaks in the studied period were not caused by the use of the SG9R live vaccine. The source of strains sequenced was diverse.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella Vaccines; Salmonella enterica; Sequence Alignment; Turkeys; Vaccines, Attenuated; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 29140103
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1406062 -
Poultry Science Nov 2020Salmonella spp. are important zoonotic pathogens that are responsible for severe diseases in both animals and humans. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar...
Salmonella spp. are important zoonotic pathogens that are responsible for severe diseases in both animals and humans. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) and biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) are typical infectious pathogens detected in the chicken industry that have caused great economic losses. To facilitate their detection and prevent contamination, we developed a rapid multiple PCR method, which can simultaneously detect Salmonella spp. and further identify the biovars S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. This PCR detection method is based on the cigR gene, which is conserved among Salmonella spp. but has a 42-bp deletion in S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. The specificity and sensitivity of the PCR assay was evaluated with 41 different strains: 34 Salmonella strains, including 5 S. Pullorum/Gallinarum strains, and 7 non-Salmonella strains. The lower limit of detection was 8.15 pg of S. Pullorum (S06004) genomic DNA and 20 cfu in PCR, which shows a great sensitivity. In addition, this method was applied to detect or identify Salmonella from processing chicken liver and egg samples, and the results corresponded to those obtained from serotype analysis using the conventional slide agglutination test. Overall, the new cigR-based PCR assay is efficient and practical for Salmonella detection and S. Pullorum/Gallinarum identification and will greatly reduce the workload of epidemiologic investigation.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Genes, Bacterial; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 33142517
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.026 -
Journal of Microbiological Methods May 2023The poultry industry in developing countries is still combating mortality and economic loss due to Salmonella contamination. Salmonella Gallinarum is a common pathogen...
The poultry industry in developing countries is still combating mortality and economic loss due to Salmonella contamination. Salmonella Gallinarum is a common pathogen of poultry birds, being the etiologic agent of fowl typhoid, which specifically infects adult birds via the oral-fecal route. Timely detection of S. Gallinarum in poultry flocks can allow early treatment intervention leading to a decrease in economic losses. Detection of S. Gallinarum is challenging, while its PCR-based detection is a promising strategy, however, due to its high genomic similarity with other commonly existing Salmonella spp., identification of S. Gallinarum from poultry samples with high specificity is still a challenge. The current study was conducted to isolate S. Gallinarum from different districts of Pakistan, assess their antibiotic susceptibility profile, and develop a method for its early detection. A total of 20 strains were isolated using buffer peptone water, selenite cysteine broth, and Xylose Lysine Tergitol-4 (XLT-4) agar supplemented with tergitol and characterized by biochemical procedures. The antibiotic sensitivity profile highlighted the highest resistance of isolates towards novobiocin and nalidixic acid, commonly used antibiotics in Pakistan Poultry production. The primers designed to amplify a unique genomic region of S. Gallinarum, showed successful detection of twenty S. Gallinarum strains, while no amplification with genomic DNA from other common Salmonella spp. The reported method can be utilized to detect S. Gallinarum from tissue samples of infected birds in a short time leading to early diagnosis and timely treatment intervention.
Topics: Animals; Poultry; Pakistan; Poloxalene; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Birds; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Early Diagnosis; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Chickens
PubMed: 37015313
DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106709 -
Poultry Science Aug 2023Significant differences in pathogenicity between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum exist despite the fact that S. Gallinarum is a direct descendant of S....
Significant differences in pathogenicity between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum exist despite the fact that S. Gallinarum is a direct descendant of S. Enteritidis. It was hypothesized that such various properties may be in part the result of differences in structure and functions of type 1 fimbriae (T1Fs). In S. Enteritidis, T1Fs bind to oligomannosidic structures carried by host cell glycoproteins and are called mannose-sensitive T1Fs (MST1F). In S. Gallinarum, T1Fs lost ability to bind such carbohydrate chains, and were named mannose-resistant MRT1Fs (MRT1F). Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of MST1Fs and MRT1Fs in the adhesion, invasion, intracellular survival and cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum toward chicken intestinal CHIC8-E11cells and macrophage-like HD11 cells. Using mutant strains: S. Enteritidis fimH::kan and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan devoid of T1Fs and in vitro assays the following observations were made. MST1Fs have a significant impact on the chicken cell invasion by S. Enteritidis as MST1F-mediated adhesion facilitates direct and stable contact of bacteria with host cells, in contrast to MRT1Fs expressed by S. Gallinarum. MST1Fs as well as MRT1Fs did not affected intracellular viability of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum. However, absolute numbers of intracellular viable wild-type S. Enteritidis were significantly higher than S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant and wild-type S. Gallinarum and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan mutant. These differences, reflecting the numbers of adherent and invading bacteria, underline the importance of MST1Fs in the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis infections. The cytotoxicity of wild-type S. Enteritidis and its mutant devoid of MST1Fs to HD11 cells was essentially the same, despite the fact that the number of viable intracellular bacteria was significantly lower in the mutated strain. Using HD11 cells with similar number of intracellular wild-type S. Enteritidis and S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant, it was found that the lack of MST1Fs did not affect directly the cytotoxicity, suggesting that the increase in cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis devoid of MST1Fs may be associated with crosstalk between T1Fs and other virulence factors.
Topics: Animals; Salmonella enteritidis; Mannose; Chickens; Glycoproteins; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 37356296
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102833