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Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Jul 2009In this study, we have identified the possible genetic factors responsible for fowl-adaptation of Salmonella entericaserovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum). By comparing the...
In this study, we have identified the possible genetic factors responsible for fowl-adaptation of Salmonella entericaserovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum). By comparing the genes related to Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI) of S. Gallinarum with those of Salmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) we have identified twenty-four positively selected genes. Our results suggest that the genes encoding the structural components of SPI-2 encoded type three secretion apparatus (TTSS) and the effector proteins that are secreted via SPI-1 encoded TTSS have evolved under positive selection pressure in these serovars. We propose that these positively selected genes play important roles in conferring different host-specificities to S. Gallinarum and S. Enteritidis.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bird Diseases; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Bacterial; Genomic Islands; Genomics; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Membrane Proteins; Models, Genetic; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enteritidis; Selection, Genetic; Species Specificity
PubMed: 19454277
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.01.004 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2022Paratyphoid avian salmonellosis is considered one of the leading causes of poultry death, resulting in significant economic losses to poultry industries worldwide. In...
Genome-Based Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Potential of Isolates of Non-Pullorum/Gallinarum Salmonella Serovars Recovered from Dead Poultry in China.
Paratyphoid avian salmonellosis is considered one of the leading causes of poultry death, resulting in significant economic losses to poultry industries worldwide. In China, especially in Shandong province, the leading producer of poultry products, several recurrent outbreaks of avian salmonellosis have been reported during the last decade where the precise causal agent remains unknown. Moreover, the establishment of earlier and more accurate recognition of pathogens is a key factor to prevent the further dissemination of resistant and/or hypervirulent clones. Here, we aim to use whole-genome sequencing combined with toolkits to provide the genomic features of the antimicrobial resistance and virulence potential of 105 regionally representative non-Pullorum/Gallinarum Salmonella isolates recovered from dead poultry between 2008 and 2019 in Shandong, China. Additionally, phenotypic susceptibility to a panel of 15 antibiotics representing 11 classes was assessed by the broth microdilution method. In this study, we identified eight serovars and nine multilocus sequence typing (MLST) types, with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis sequence type 11 (ST11) being the most prevalent (84/105; 80%). Based on their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance, 77.14% of the isolates were defined as multidrug resistant (≥3 antimicrobial classes), with the detection of one S. Enteritidis isolate that was resistant to the 11 classes. The highest rates of resistance were observed against nalidixic acid (97.14%) and ciprofloxacin (91.43%), followed by ampicillin (71.43%), streptomycin (64.77%), and tetracycline (60%). Genomic characterization revealed the presence of 41 resistance genes, with an alarmingly high prevalence of (60%), in addition to genomic mutations affecting the DNA gyrase () and DNA topoisomerase IV () genes, conferring resistance to quinolones. The prediction of plasmid replicons detected 14 types, with a dominance of IncFIB(S)_1 and IncFII(S)_1 (87.62% for both), while the IncX1 plasmid type was considered the key carrier of antimicrobial resistance determinants. Moreover, we report the detection of critical virulence genes, including , , , , and , in addition to the typical determinants for Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2. Furthermore, phylogenomic analysis revealed the detection of three intra-farm and five inter-farm transmission events. Overall, the detection of Salmonella isolates presenting high antimicrobial resistance and harboring different critical virulence genes is of major concern, which requires the urgent implementation of effective strategies to mitigate non-Pullorum/Gallinarum avian salmonellosis. Avian salmonellosis is one of the leading global causes of poultry death, resulting in substantial economic losses in China (constituting 9% of overall financial losses). In Shandong province, a top poultry producer (30% of the overall production in China, with 15% being exported to the world), extensive outbreaks of avian salmonellosis have been reported in the past decade where the causal agents or exact types remain rarely addressed. From approximately 2008 to 2019, over 2,000 Salmonella strains were isolated and identified from dead poultry during routine surveillance of 95 poultry farms covering all 17 cities in Shandong. Approximately 1,500 isolates were confirmed to be of non-Pullorum/Gallinarum Salmonella serovars. There is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms behind the implication of zoonotic Salmonella serovars in systemic infections of poultry. Here, we analyzed populations of clinically relevant isolates of non-Pullorum/Gallinarum Salmonella causing chicken death in China by a whole-genome sequencing approach and determined that antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis remained the major cause in the past decades.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enteritidis; Serogroup; Virulence
PubMed: 35727054
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00965-22 -
Virology Journal Sep 2021The host-unrestricted, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and the serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) are major causative agents...
BACKGROUND
The host-unrestricted, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and the serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) are major causative agents of food-borne gastroenteritis, and the host-restricted Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) is responsible for fowl typhoid. Increasing drug resistance in Salmonella contributes to the reduction of effective therapeutic and/or preventive options. Bacteriophages appear to be promising antibacterial tools, able to combat infectious diseases caused by a wide range of Salmonella strains belonging to both host-unrestricted and host-restricted Salmonella serovars.
METHODS
In this study, five novel lytic Salmonella phages, named UPWr_S1-5, were isolated and characterized, including host range determination by plaque formation, morphology visualization with transmission electron microscopy, and establishment of physiological parameters. Moreover, phage genomes were sequenced, annotated and analyzed, and their genomes were compared with reference Salmonella phages by use of average nucleotide identity, phylogeny, dot plot, single nucleotide variation and protein function analysis.
RESULTS
It was found that UPWr_S1-5 phages belong to the genus Jerseyvirus within the Siphoviridae family. All UPWr_S phages were found to efficiently infect various Salmonella serovars. Host range determination revealed differences in host infection profiles and exhibited ability to infect Salmonella enterica serovars such as Enteritidis, Gallinarum, Senftenberg, Stanley and Chester. The lytic life cycle of UPWr_S phages was confirmed using the mitomycin C test assay. Genomic analysis revealed that genomes of UPWr_S phages are composed of 51 core and 19 accessory genes, with 33 of all predicted genes having assigned functions. UPWr_S genome organization comparison revealed 3 kinds of genomes and mosaic structure. UPWr_S phages showed very high sequence similarity to each other, with more than 95% average nucleotide identity.
CONCLUSIONS
Five novel UPWr_S1-5 bacteriophages were isolated and characterized. They exhibit host lysis range within 5 different serovars and are efficient in lysis of both host-unrestricted and host-restricted Salmonella serovars. Therefore, because of their ability to infect various Salmonella serovars and lytic life cycle, UPWr_S1-5 phages can be considered as useful tools in biological control of salmonellosis.
Topics: Genome, Viral; Genomics; Salmonella Phages; Salmonella enteritidis; Siphoviridae
PubMed: 34496915
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01655-4 -
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease Apr 2016Salmonella spp. pose a threat to both human and animal health, with more than 2600 serovars having been reported to date. Salmonella serovars are usually identified by...
Salmonella spp. pose a threat to both human and animal health, with more than 2600 serovars having been reported to date. Salmonella serovars are usually identified by slide agglutination tests, which are labor intensive and time consuming. In an attempt to develop a more rapid screening method for the major poultry Salmonella serovars, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, which directly detected the sefA gene, a fimbrial operon gene existing in several specific serovars of Salmonella enterica including the major poultry serovars, namely Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) and Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (Salmonella Gallinarum). With the 177 bacterial strains we tested, positive reactions were only observed with 85 strains of serovar Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum. The detection limit of the LAMP assay was 4 CFU/reaction with genomic DNAs of Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 13076) from pure culture and 400 CFU/ reaction with DNA extracted from spiked chicken feces. The LAMP assay was more sensitive than conventional culture, especially without enrichment, in detecting Salmonella Enteritidis (CMCC 50041) in the spiked fecal samples. The results show the sefA LAMP method is a rapid, sensitive, specific, and practical method for directly detection of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum in chickens. The sefA LAMP assay can potentially serve as new on-site diagnostics in the poultry industry.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; China; Colony Count, Microbial; DNA Primers; DNA, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; Feces; Fimbriae Proteins; Humans; Limit of Detection; Molecular Typing; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enteritidis; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors
PubMed: 26840841
DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2082 -
BMC Veterinary Research Aug 2020Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen, and chickens are one of its main hosts. Every year, Salmonella infections pose a serious threat to the poultry industry in...
BACKGROUND
Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen, and chickens are one of its main hosts. Every year, Salmonella infections pose a serious threat to the poultry industry in developing countries, especially China. In this study, a total of 84 Salmonella isolates recovered from sick and healthy-looking chickens in central China were characterized by serotyping, MLST-based strain typing, presence of potential virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance profiles.
RESULT
Data showed that the main serotypes of Salmonella isolates in central China were Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum, Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and among them, S. Pullorum was the dominant type in both sick and healthy-looking chickens, accounting for 43.9 and 46.5%, respectively, while S. Enteritidis was only found in healthy-looking chickens. All isolates exhibited higher resistance rates to ampicillin (97.6%), tetracycline (58.3%) and colistin (51.2%), and among these isolates, 49.5% were resistant to more than three drugs in different combinations. S. Enteritidis was the most severe multidrug-resistant serotype, which showed higher resistance rates to colistin, meropenem and ciprofloxacin. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that S. Gallinarum and S. Enteritidis isolates were clustered in clade 1, which belonged to two and one STs, respectively. All S. Typhimurium isolates were clustered in clade 3, and belonged to three STs. However, S. Pullorum were distributed in three clades, which belonged to 7 STs. Twenty-seven virulence-associated genes were detected, and expected cdtB, which was absent in all the isolates, the other 26 genes were conserved in the closely related Salmonella serogroup D (S. Enteritidis, S. Pullorum, and S. Gallinarum).
CONCLUSION
Salmonella serogroup D was the major subgroup, and S. Pullorum was the most common type in sick and healthy-looking chickens in central China. Drug resistance assays showed serious multiple antimicrobial resistances, and S. Enteritidis was the most severe drug-resistant serotype. MLST showed that there was correlation between serotypes and genotypes in most Salmonella isolates, except S. Pullorum, which showed complicated genetic diversity firstly. These results provide important epidemiological information for us to control Salmonella in chickens.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; China; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Serogroup; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 32819384
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02513-1 -
Avian Diseases Dec 2019serovar Gallinarum is a nonmotile host-adapted that causes fowl typhoid (FT), and an outbreak of FT is characterized by anorexia, greenish-yellow diarrhea, paleness,...
serovar Gallinarum is a nonmotile host-adapted that causes fowl typhoid (FT), and an outbreak of FT is characterized by anorexia, greenish-yellow diarrhea, paleness, and sudden death with high mortality in poultry. To control and treat FT in commercial chickens, fluoroquinolones are widely used in Korea. This study aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of fluoroquinolone-resistant Gallinarum isolates from 2014-18 from chicken in Korea. A total of 35 ciprofloxacin (CIP)-resistant Gallinarum was tested, and 22 (62.9%) isolates were observed to have multidrug resistance. All isolates had a mutation at the Ser83 or Asp87 codon in the A gene, whereas three isolates had only double mutations at Ser83 → Phe and Asp87 → Asn or Ser83 → Phe and Asp87 → Gly. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of isolates with double mutations were relatively higher (≥8 mg/L for CIP and ≥16 mg/L for enrofloxacin) than those of other isolates with a single mutation in . Among 35 CIP-resistant Gallinarum, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were detected in six (17.1%) isolates, and and were detected in four and two isolates, respectively. In the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes in 35 CIP-resistant Gallinarum, (″) (54.3%) was the most prevalent gene, followed by TEM-1 (14.3%), (11.4%), and A (5.7%). Fifteen (42.9%) of the 35 CIP-resistant Gallinarum also carried class 1 integrons, which showed five types of resistance gene cassettes: A2 (7 isolates), A2 + A12 (5 isolates), and A1 + A2 (3 isolates). Among plasmid replicons, 23 isolates (65.7%) carried five different plasmid replicons: Frep (9 isolates), FIB (7 isolates), FIIA (6 isolates), B/O (4 isolates), and I1 (3 isolates). These results suggest that continued monitoring of fluoroquinolone resistance is necessary to preserve the effectiveness of fluoroquinolones in poultry and to surveil the transmission to humans through the food chain.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Fluoroquinolones; Poultry Diseases; Republic of Korea; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 31865672
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-19-00095 -
Genes Mar 2023Gallinarum (SG) is the causative agent of fowl typhoid (FT), a disease that is harmful to the poultry industry. Despite sanitation and prophylactic measures, this...
Gallinarum (SG) is the causative agent of fowl typhoid (FT), a disease that is harmful to the poultry industry. Despite sanitation and prophylactic measures, this pathogen is associated with frequent disease outbreaks in developing countries, causing high morbidity and mortality. We characterized the complete genome sequence of Colombian SG strains and then performed a comparative genome analysis with other SG strains found in different regions worldwide. Eight field strains of SG plus a 9R-derived vaccine were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis, and the results were used for subsequent molecular typing; virulome, resistome, and mobilome characterization; and a comparative genome study. We identified 26 chromosome-located resistance genes that mostly encode efflux pumps, and point mutations were found in gyrase genes ( and ), with the mutation S464T frequently found in the Colombian strains. Moreover, we detected 135 virulence genes, mainly in 15 different pathogenicity islands (SPIs). We generated an SPI profile for SG, including C63PI, CS54, ssaD, SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-4, SPI-5, SPI-6, SPI-9, SPI-10, SPI-11, SPI-12, SPI-13, and SPI-14. Regarding mobile genetic elements, we found the plasmids Col(pHAD28) and IncFII(S) in most of the strains and 13 different prophage sequences, indicating a frequently obtained profile that included the complete phage Gifsy_2 and incomplete phage sequences resembling Escher_500465_2, Shigel_SfIV, Entero_mEp237, and Salmon_SJ46. This study presents, for the first time, the genomic content of Colombian SG strains and a profile of the genetic elements frequently found in SG, which can be further studied to clarify the pathogenicity and evolutionary characteristics of this serotype.
Topics: Animals; Colombia; Typhoid Fever; Genetic Profile; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella; Genomics
PubMed: 37107581
DOI: 10.3390/genes14040823 -
Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B,... Jun 2005In our studies on FimH adhesins expressed by different Salmonella serovars, we cloned and sequenced the fimH genes from Salmonella enterica ssp. Enterica ser. Gallinarum...
In our studies on FimH adhesins expressed by different Salmonella serovars, we cloned and sequenced the fimH genes from Salmonella enterica ssp. Enterica ser. Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum and S. enterica ssp. Enterica ser. Gallinarum biovar Pullorum. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences revealed the presence of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 544 bp from the A of the start codon of the fimH open reading frame (ORF). Further analysis of the restriction enzyme sites in fimH gene showed that the SNP at this position is responsible for a sequence specifically recognized by SacI in S. Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum only, making it possible to differentiate both biovars with the use of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Digestion of PCR amplicons of the fimH gene from S. Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum strains with SacI gave two DNA fragments of 554 and 472 bp and only one fragment of 1026 bp for S. Gallinarum biovar Pullorum. This allows a clear differentiation between these two biovars.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; DNA Primers; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Poland; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 16115094
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00846.x -
Poultry Science Apr 1993The chemotactic and chemotropic responses of the plasmodial stage of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum were used to distinguish Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella...
The chemotactic and chemotropic responses of the plasmodial stage of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum were used to distinguish Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum from 10 Salmonella serovars that are commonly isolated from domestic poultry. Utilizing an in vitro plasmodium agar plate assay method, P. polycephalum was attracted to S. gallinarum and S. pullorum, but the organism was repelled by Salmonella derby, Salmonella dublin, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella heidelberg, Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella montevideo, Salmonella newington, Salmonella newport, Salmonella reading, and Salmonella typhimurium.
Topics: Animals; Chemotaxis; Chickens; Microbiological Techniques; Phenotype; Physarum polycephalum; Salmonella
PubMed: 8479960
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0720752 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022The development of novel therapeutics to treat multidrug-resistant pathogenic infections like is the need of the hour. infection causes typhoid fever, jaundice, and...
The development of novel therapeutics to treat multidrug-resistant pathogenic infections like is the need of the hour. infection causes typhoid fever, jaundice, and hepatitis resulting in severe liver injury. Natural compounds have been proved beneficial for the treatment of these bacterial infections. The beneficial roles of cinnamaldehyde due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties have been determined by many researchers. However, alleviation of liver damage caused by infection to young chicks by cinnamaldehyde remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study was performed to identify the effects of cinnamaldehyde on ameliorating liver damage in young chicks. Young chicks were intraperitoneally infected with and treated with cinnamaldehyde orally. Liver and serum parameters were investigated by qRT-PCR, ELISA kits, biochemistry kits, flow cytometry, JC-1 dye experiment, and transcriptome analysis. We found that ROS, cytochrome c, mitochondrial membrane potential (m), caspase-3 activity, ATP production, hepatic CFU, ALT, and AST, which were initially increased by infection, significantly ( < 0.05) decreased by cinnamaldehyde treatment at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection (DPI). In addition, infection significantly increased proinflammatory gene expression (, , , , , and ) and decreased the expression of anti-inflammatory genes (, , and ); however, cinnamaldehyde reverted these effects at 1, 3, and 5 DPI. Transcriptome analysis showed that modulates certain genes of the AMPK-mTOR pathway for its survival and replication, and these pathway modulations were reversed by cinnamaldehyde treatment. We concluded that cinnamaldehyde ameliorates inflammation and apoptosis by suppressing NF-K/caspase-3 pathway and reverts the metabolic changes caused by infection via modulating the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic properties against challenged young chicks and can be a candidate novel drug to treat salmonellosis in poultry production.
Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Acrolein; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Apoptosis; Caspase 3; Chickens; Hepatocytes; Oxidative Stress; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 35847587
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2459212