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Journal of Food Protection Feb 2017Our previous studies demonstrated that a bioprocessed polysaccharide (BPP) isolated from Lentinus edodes mushroom mycelia cultures supplemented with black rice bran can...
Our previous studies demonstrated that a bioprocessed polysaccharide (BPP) isolated from Lentinus edodes mushroom mycelia cultures supplemented with black rice bran can protect mice against Salmonella lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia and reduce the mortality from Salmonella Typhimurium infection through upregulated T-helper 1 immunity. Here, we report that a BPP from L. edodes mushroom mycelia liquid cultures supplemented with turmeric (referred to as BPP-turmeric) alters chicken macrophage responses against avian-adapted Salmonella Gallinarum and protects chicks against a lethal challenge from Salmonella Gallinarum. In vitro analyses revealed that the water extract of BPP-turmeric (i) changed the protein expression or secretion profile of Salmonella Gallinarum, although it was not bactericidal, (ii) reduced the phagocytic activity of the chicken-derived macrophage cell line HD-11 when infected with Salmonella Gallinarum, and (iii) significantly activated the transcription expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in response to various Salmonella infections, whereas it repressed that of IL-4, IL-6, interferon-β, and interferon-γ. We also found that BPP-turmeric (0.1 g/kg of feed) as a feed additive provided significant protection to 1-day-old chicks infected with a lethal dose of Salmonella Gallinarum. Collectively, these results imply that BPP-turmeric contains biologically active component(s) that protect chicks against Salmonella Gallinarum infection, possibly by regulating macrophage immune responses. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential efficacy of BPP-turmeric as a livestock feed additive for the preharvest control of fowl typhoid or foodborne salmonellosis.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Curcuma; Mice; Polysaccharides; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Shiitake Mushrooms
PubMed: 28221973
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-306 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Mar 2015Salmonella Gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a severe septicaemic disease that affects birds of all ages, whereas S. Pullorum causes pullorum disease, a...
Salmonella Gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a severe septicaemic disease that affects birds of all ages, whereas S. Pullorum causes pullorum disease, a systemic disorder affecting primarily young birds. A proportion of birds with pullorum disease become carriers and are thereby able to transmit S. Pullorum vertically. Although these two pathogens cause distinct diseases, they are otherwise phenotypically and genetically similar. Therefore, the small variations that lead to the differences in virulence must have a genetic basis which currently is unknown. In the present study, we compared the genome sequences of S. Gallinarum (strains: SG287/91 and SG9) and S. Pullorum (strains: SP_CDC, SP_RKS, SP_FCAV, SP_S06) and identified 223 regions of difference (RODs), characterized by indels which were detected by using the software Artemis Comparison Tool. Some of the RODs led to pseudogenes frequently formed by frameshifts and premature stop codons in genes primarily involved in virulence and metabolism. We further verified the presence of some conserved RODs by PCR in 26 isolates of S. Gallinarum and 17 of S. Pullorum in order to extrapolate data analyses from genome comparison to field strains. The variations observed in virulence-related genes of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum appear not to be sufficient to explain the differences between the distinct biology of infection of fowl typhoid and pullorum disease. Thus, we suggest that the identified pseudogenes affecting metabolism might play a greater role during infection than previously thought.
Topics: Animals; Cluster Analysis; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Genomic Islands; Multigene Family; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Pseudogenes; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 25497350
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.007 -
PloS One Jul 2010Salmonella Gallinarum is a pathogen with a host range specific to poultry, while Salmonella Enteritidis is a broad host range pathogen that colonizes poultry...
Salmonella Gallinarum is a pathogen with a host range specific to poultry, while Salmonella Enteritidis is a broad host range pathogen that colonizes poultry sub-clinically but is a leading cause of gastrointestinal salmonellosis in humans and many other species. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the complex interplay between Salmonella and their hosts, the molecular basis of host range restriction and unique pathobiology of Gallinarum remain largely unknown. Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) represents a new paradigm of protein secretion that is critical for the pathogenesis of many gram-negative bacteria. We recently identified a putative T6SS in the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 19 (SPI-19) of Gallinarum. In Enteritidis, SPI-19 is a degenerate element that has lost most of the T6SS functions encoded in the island. In this work, we studied the contribution of SPI-19 to the colonization of Salmonella Gallinarum strain 287/91 in chickens. Non-polar deletion mutants of SPI-19 and the clpV gene, an essential T6SS component, colonized the ileum, ceca, liver and spleen of White Leghorn chicks poorly compared to the wild-type strain after oral inoculation. Return of SPI-19 to the DeltaSPI-19 mutant, using VEX-Capture, complemented this colonization defect. In contrast, transfer of SPI-19 from Gallinarum to Enteritidis resulted in transient increase in the colonization of the ileum, liver and spleen at day 1 post-infection, but at days 3 and 5 post-infection a strong colonization defect of the gut and internal organs of the experimentally infected chickens was observed. Our data indicate that SPI-19 and the T6SS encoded in this region contribute to the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract and internal organs of chickens by Salmonella Gallinarum and suggest that degradation of SPI-19 T6SS in Salmonella Enteritidis conferred an advantage in colonization of the avian host.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Chickens; Gastrointestinal Tract; Genomic Islands; Liver; Mutation; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Spleen
PubMed: 20661437
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011724 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jan 2014Salmonella Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Gallinarum biovar Pullorum) is the causative agent of pullorum disease (PD) in chickens which results in considerable economic...
Salmonella Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Gallinarum biovar Pullorum) is the causative agent of pullorum disease (PD) in chickens which results in considerable economic losses to the poultry industries in developing countries. PCR-Signature Tagged Mutagenesis was used to identify virulence determinants of S. Gallinarum biovar Pullorum and novel attenuated live vaccine candidates for use against this disease. A library of 1800 signature-tagged S. Gallinarum biovar Pullorum mutants was constructed and screened for virulence-associated genes in chickens. The attenuation of 10 mutants was confirmed by in vivo and in vitro competitive index (CI) studies. The transposons were found to be located in SPI-1 (2/10 mutants), SPI-2 (3/10), the virulence plasmid (1/10) and non-SPI genes (4/10). One highly attenuated spiC mutant persisted in spleen and liver for less than 10 days and induced high levels of circulating antibody and protective immunity against oral challenge in young broiler chickens. The spiC mutant is a potential new vaccine candidate for use with chickens against this disease.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Chickens; Mutagenesis; Plasmids; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella Vaccines; Vaccines, Attenuated; Virulence
PubMed: 24355532
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.024 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Mar 2012Salmonella enterica includes several related serovars which have different host ranges and cause diseases of different severities. However, their pathogenic potential is...
Salmonella enterica includes several related serovars which have different host ranges and cause diseases of different severities. However, their pathogenic potential is unknown, and it is not clear what mechanisms are activated or inhibited during adaptation to a specific host environment. Some proteins are involved in the mechanism of pathogenicity at a molecular level and provide the functional aspects that create the diverse phenotypes. To compare proteomic analyses of the total proteins of Salmonella Enteriditis (SE), Typhimurium (ST), and Gallinarum (SG), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) was performed using a pH 4-10 immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strip, and some proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (MS). After staining the gels, the proteins that were expressed at 10-fold or higher levels compared to other spots on the gel were characterized. Some of the identified proteins were related to virulence, such as β-lactamase, RfbH protein, and shikimate kinase. Additionally, there was a high level of variation between serovars despite the similarities in the expression patterns. Furthermore, this study shows that 2-DGE combined with MS is a useful tool for identifying proteins differentially expressed between serovars with different host ranges and pathogenic potential.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Proteomics; Salmonella; Serotyping
PubMed: 21997235
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0366 -
MSphere Apr 2019subspecies serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum ( Pullorum) is the etiological agent of pullorum disease, causing white diarrhea with high mortality in chickens. There...
subspecies serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum ( Pullorum) is the etiological agent of pullorum disease, causing white diarrhea with high mortality in chickens. There are many unsolved issues surrounding the epidemiology of Pullorum, including its origin and transmission history as well as the discordance between its phenotypic heterogeneity and genetic monomorphism. In this paper, we report the results of whole-genome sequencing of a panel of 97 Pullorum strains isolated between 1962 and 2014 from four countries across three continents. We utilized 6,795 core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree within a spatiotemporal Bayesian framework, estimating that the most recent common ancestor of Pullorum emerged in ∼914 CE (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 565 to 1273 CE). The extant Pullorum strains can be divided into four distinct lineages, each of which is significantly associated with geographical distribution. The intercontinental transmissions of lineages III and IV can be traced to the mid-19th century and are probably related to the "Hen Fever" prevalent at that time. Further genomic analysis indicated that the loss or pseudogenization of functional genes involved in metabolism and virulence in Pullorum has been ongoing since before and after divergence from the ancestor. In contrast, multiple prophages and plasmids have been acquired by Pullorum, and these have endowed it with new characteristics, especially the multidrug resistance conferred by two large plasmids in lineage I. The results of this study provide insight into the evolution of Pullorum and prove the efficiency of whole-genome sequencing in epidemiological surveillance of pullorum disease. Pullorum disease, an acute poultry septicemia caused by Gallinarum biovar Pullorum, is fatal for young chickens and is a heavy burden on poultry industry. The pathogen is rare in most developed countries but still extremely difficult to eliminate in China. Efficient epidemiological surveillance necessitates clarifying the origin of the isolates from different regions and their phylogenic relationships. Genomic epidemiological analysis of 97 Pullorum strains was carried out to reconstruct the phylogeny and transmission history of Pullorum. Further analysis demonstrated that functional gene loss and acquisition occurred simultaneously throughout the evolution of Pullorum, both of which reflected adaptation to the changing environment. The result of our study will be helpful in surveillance and prevention of pullorum disease.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bayes Theorem; Chickens; China; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Bacterial; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 30944215
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00627-18 -
Avian Diseases Mar 2014A severe outbreak of salmonellosis in commercial brown table egg layers first occurred in Colombia in 2006. From 2008 to 2012, 35 samples collected from commercial...
A severe outbreak of salmonellosis in commercial brown table egg layers first occurred in Colombia in 2006. From 2008 to 2012, 35 samples collected from commercial layers farms in the states of Cundinamarca, Santander, Bolivar, and San Andres, were positive for Salmonella enterica. Salmonella was isolated from liver and spleen (71.42%), pools of organs (liver, spleen, and ovarian follicles; 25.71%), and drag swabs (2.85%). Serotype was assigned using single nucleotide polymorphisms or DNA microarray hybridization. Sixteen strains of Salmonella Enteritidis, and 13 of Salmonella Gallinarum were identified. Seven strains yielded three unique sequences, and they were designated as UN0038, UN0052, and UN0054 by intergenic sequence ribotyping. These strains were later identified as Salmonella serotypes Isangi, Braenderup, and Yoruba, respectively, by DNA microarray hybridization. The discovery that a common human pathogen (Salmonella Enteritidis) was coisolated from farms with an avian pathogen (Salmonella Gallinarum) in similar commercial brown layer hens and in different regions indicates that it is important to investigate the dynamics of Salmonella infection and determine the serotypes circulating within the same ecologic niche.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Colombia; Female; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enteritidis; Seasons
PubMed: 24758131
DOI: 10.1637/10598-062613-Case.1 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Jan 2015This review documents the sporadic reporting of poultry Salmonella serovars in South Africa, Egypt, Indonesia, India, and Romania, five countries selected based on the... (Review)
Review
This review documents the sporadic reporting of poultry Salmonella serovars in South Africa, Egypt, Indonesia, India, and Romania, five countries selected based on the importance of their distribution in different regions of the world and their cumulative significant population size of 1.6 billion. South Africa reported contamination of its poultry carcasses by S. Hadar, S. Blockley, S. Irumu, and S. Anatum. Results from Egypt showed that S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were predominant in poultry along with other non-typhoid strains, namely S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Tsevie, S. Chiredzi, and S. Heidelberg. In Indonesia, the isolation of Salmonella Typhi was the main focus, while other serovars included S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium, and S. Paratyhi C. In India, S. Bareilly was predominant compared to S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Paratyphi B, S. Cerro, S. Mbandaka, S. Molade, S. Kottbus, and S. Gallinarum. Romania reported two Salmonella serovars in poultry that affect humans, namely S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, and other non-typhoid strains including S. Infantis, S. Derby, S. Colindale, S. Rissen, S. Ruzizi, S. Virchow, S. Brandenburg, S. Bredeney, S. Muenchen, S. Kortrijk, and S. Calabar. The results showed the spread of different serovars of Salmonella in those five developing countries, which is alarming and emphasizes the urgent need for the World Health Organization Global Foodborne Infections Network (WHO-GFN) to expand its activities to include more strategic participation and partnership with most developing countries in order to protect poultry and humans from the serious health impact of salmonellosis.
Topics: Animals; Developing Countries; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Serogroup
PubMed: 25596565
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.5065 -
British Poultry Science Dec 20171. An experiment was conducted to compare the natural resistance of an indigenous breed of local village chickens to Salmonella gallinarum with two commercial breeds:...
1. An experiment was conducted to compare the natural resistance of an indigenous breed of local village chickens to Salmonella gallinarum with two commercial breeds: ISA Brown and ISA White layers under experimental conditions. 2. A total of 72 chickens from each of these breeds were randomly distributed to 4 pens to provide equal numbers of two replicate pens maintained as infected and control (uninfected). All chickens in infected groups were inoculated orally with 1 × 10 CFU (1 ml dose) of a field isolate of S. gallinarum, at the age of 8 and 16 weeks given over 5 consecutive days. Growth performance, clinical signs, gross pathological lesions and antibody responses were measured. 3. A significantly higher mortality was observed in the brown layers compared with the white layers, and clinical signs and mortality were absent in village chickens. However, a large number of birds with gross lesions and high antibody titres were detected in village chickens, indicating that birds had the disease subclinically. Commercial breeds had a significantly higher body weight, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency. 4. There was a significantly lower proportion of positive reactors in village chickens in the whole-blood agglutination test (35%) compared to brown (100%) and white (90%) layers even after the second inoculation. Uninfected birds were negative in all groups. The indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed these observations. 5. These results suggest that the indigenous breed had superior natural resistance to S. gallinarum than the commercial breeds.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Disease Resistance; Female; Poultry Diseases; Random Allocation; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Sri Lanka
PubMed: 28868900
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1376034 -
PloS One 2018The diseases caused by Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum in chickens known as fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively, pose a great threat to the poultry...
The diseases caused by Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum in chickens known as fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively, pose a great threat to the poultry industry mainly in developing countries, since they have already been controlled in the developed ones. These bacteria are very similar at the genomic level but develop distinct host-pathogen relationships with chickens. Therefore, a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum interact with the host could lead to the development of new approaches to control and, perhaps, eradicate both diseases from the chicken flocks worldwide. Based on our previous study, it was hypothesised that metabolism-related pseudogenes, fixed in S. Pullorum genomes, could play a role in the distinct host-pathogen interaction with susceptible chickens. To test this idea, three genes (idnT, idnO and ccmH) of S. Gallinarum str. 287/91, which are pseudogenes on the S. Pullorum chromosomes, were inactivated by mutations. These genetically engineered strains grew well on the solid media without any colony morphology difference. In addition, similar growth curves were obtained by cultivation in M9 minimal medium containing D-gluconate as the sole carbon source. Infection of chickens with idnTO mutants led to increased numbers of bacteria in the livers and spleens at 5 days post-infection, but with slightly decreased heterophil infiltration in the spleens when compared to the wild-type strain. On the other hand, no significant phenotypic change was caused by mutation to ccmH genes. Apart from the above-mentioned alterations, all S. Gallinarum strains provoked similar infections, since mortality, clinical signs, macroscopic alterations and immune response were similar to the infected chickens. Therefore, according to the model applied to this study, mutation to the idnTO and ccmH genes showed minor impact on the fowl typhoid pathogenesis and so they may be relics from the ancestor genome. Our data hints at a more complex mechanism driving the distinct host-pathogen interaction of S. Gallinarum/Pullorum with chickens than differential inactivation of a few genes.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Eggs; Gene Deletion; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immune System; Liver; Mutation; Phenotype; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Pseudogenes; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Spleen; Virulence
PubMed: 30028856
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200585