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PloS One 2018The diseases caused by Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum in chickens known as fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively, pose a great threat to the poultry...
The diseases caused by Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum in chickens known as fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively, pose a great threat to the poultry industry mainly in developing countries, since they have already been controlled in the developed ones. These bacteria are very similar at the genomic level but develop distinct host-pathogen relationships with chickens. Therefore, a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum interact with the host could lead to the development of new approaches to control and, perhaps, eradicate both diseases from the chicken flocks worldwide. Based on our previous study, it was hypothesised that metabolism-related pseudogenes, fixed in S. Pullorum genomes, could play a role in the distinct host-pathogen interaction with susceptible chickens. To test this idea, three genes (idnT, idnO and ccmH) of S. Gallinarum str. 287/91, which are pseudogenes on the S. Pullorum chromosomes, were inactivated by mutations. These genetically engineered strains grew well on the solid media without any colony morphology difference. In addition, similar growth curves were obtained by cultivation in M9 minimal medium containing D-gluconate as the sole carbon source. Infection of chickens with idnTO mutants led to increased numbers of bacteria in the livers and spleens at 5 days post-infection, but with slightly decreased heterophil infiltration in the spleens when compared to the wild-type strain. On the other hand, no significant phenotypic change was caused by mutation to ccmH genes. Apart from the above-mentioned alterations, all S. Gallinarum strains provoked similar infections, since mortality, clinical signs, macroscopic alterations and immune response were similar to the infected chickens. Therefore, according to the model applied to this study, mutation to the idnTO and ccmH genes showed minor impact on the fowl typhoid pathogenesis and so they may be relics from the ancestor genome. Our data hints at a more complex mechanism driving the distinct host-pathogen interaction of S. Gallinarum/Pullorum with chickens than differential inactivation of a few genes.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Eggs; Gene Deletion; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immune System; Liver; Mutation; Phenotype; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Pseudogenes; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Spleen; Virulence
PubMed: 30028856
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200585 -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Aug 2016Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (SG) causes fowl typhoid (FT), a septicaemic disease which can result in high mortality in...
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (SG) causes fowl typhoid (FT), a septicaemic disease which can result in high mortality in poultry flocks. The absence of flagella in SG is thought to favour systemic invasion, since bacterial recognition via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-5 does not take place during the early stages of FT. In the present study, chicks susceptible to FT were inoculated with a wild type SG (SG) or its flagellated motile derivative (SG Fla(+)). In experiment 1, mortality and clinical signs were assessed, whereas in experiment 2, gross pathology, histopathology, systemic invasion and immune responses were evaluated. SG Fla(+) infection resulted in later development of clinical signs, lower mortality, lower bacterial numbers in the liver and spleen, and less severe pathological changes compared to SG. The CD8(+) T lymphocyte population was higher in the livers of chicks infected with SG at 4 days post-inoculation (dpi). Chicks infected with SG had increased expression of interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA in the caecal tonsil at 1 dpi and increased expression of IL-18 mRNA in the spleen at 4 dpi. In contrast, the CD4(+) T lymphocyte population was higher at 6 dpi in the livers of birds infected with SG Fla(+). Therefore, flagella appeared to modulate the chicken immune response towards a CD4(+) T profile, resulting in more efficient bacterial clearance from systemic sites and milder infection.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Flagella; Immunity, Innate; Poultry Diseases; Random Allocation; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup; Virulence
PubMed: 27387725
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.006 -
Veterinary Research 2002Cross-protection induced by primary infection with Abortusovis and Gallinarum was examined against challenge injection with these Salmonella serotypes as well as with...
Cross-protection of Salmonella abortusovis, S. choleraesuis, S. dublin and S. gallinarum in mice induced by S. abortusovis and S. gallinarum: bacteriology and humoral immune response.
Cross-protection induced by primary infection with Abortusovis and Gallinarum was examined against challenge injection with these Salmonella serotypes as well as with Dublin and Choleraesuis, the other virulent serotypes. Abortusovis induced efficient protection against the other Salmonella. Gallinarum was ineffective against Choleraesuis. Even with low multiplication in mice, the Gallinarum J91 strain induced a weak but significant protection against Dublin (same O group serotype). The antibodies in the blood of mice were tested with ELISA specific for the Salmonella antigens used to prime or to challenge animals. The Gallinarum J91 strain was detected to be more antigenic in ELISA than the other Salmonella antigens. It is difficult to conclude on a correlation between IgM or IgG antibodies and induction of protection, because of the variability in immune response according to the different serotype used. Nevertheless, the negative linkage between a number of bacteria in the spleen of mice challenged with Gallinarum and Dublin, and the level of IgM and IgG antibodies specific for the challenging serotype, showed that humoral immune response could be one element of cross-protection, mainly by the immune response against the same O serotype.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Cross Reactions; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Immunization; Immunization, Secondary; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Mice; O Antigens; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Serotyping; Spleen; Virulence
PubMed: 11873819
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2001006 -
Poultry Science Mar 2010The current studies were undertaken to assess the ability of humoral immune response in breeding hens to provide protective maternal antibody in the progeny. A highly...
The current studies were undertaken to assess the ability of humoral immune response in breeding hens to provide protective maternal antibody in the progeny. A highly purified outer membrane protein, 34 kDa, was isolated from a virulent strain of Salmonella Gallinarum. Cross-reactivity was observed between this protein and Salmonella Typhi porins; thus we consider this outer membrane protein as a Salmonella Gallinarum porin. To evaluate passive immunity against Salmonella Gallinarum, 200 broiler breeder hens were immunized with either 10 microg of Salmonella Gallinarum porins, 30 microg of Salmonella Gallinarum porins, or PBS without porins as a control group. Anti-Salmonella Gallinarum porin antibodies were detected in broiler breeder serum and in fertile eggs (P < 0.05). Consequently, chickens from immunized broiler breeder hens were protected between 53 to 70% against challenges of 20 to 500 half-maximal lethal dose of Salmonella Gallinarum (P < 0.001) when compared with control hens that were injected with PBS. These results suggest that Salmonella Gallinarum porins, as those of other Salmonella species, participate in the induction of the passive protective immunity, and the humoral immune response may be one of the mechanisms involved in the establishment of this protection.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Immunity, Humoral; Porins; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella
PubMed: 20181865
DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00448 -
Journal of Proteomics Jul 2009Comparative proteomics analysis of the cytosolic proteins of Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) isolated from poultry was performed. The... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparative proteomics analysis of the cytosolic proteins of Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) isolated from poultry was performed. The constantly detected spots of serovar SG with concomitant absence in SE serovar as well as those markedly over expressed in serovar SE were selected for MALDI-TOF-MS identification. The NCBI-matched proteins that show overregulation were then further confirmed on the mRNA level by quantitative real time PCR. Identified proteins were representing diverse functional activities including energy production, metabolism, and nucleic acid synthesis. Interestingly, some recognized proteins have some relevance to bacterial virulence e.g. Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 effector protein, T-cell inhibitor protein, response regulator protein, paratose synthetase protein (RfbS) and heat shock protein 90. The study revealed the presence of some proteins of unknown function, which raise the speculation for their importance in either host adaptation or pathogenicity among SG serovars.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Chickens; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; Mass Spectrometry; Models, Statistical; Proteome; Proteomics; RNA, Messenger; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Species Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 19477309
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.05.002 -
PloS One 2020Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) can cause fowl typhoid, a severe systemic disease responsible for considerable economic losses. Chicken...
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) can cause fowl typhoid, a severe systemic disease responsible for considerable economic losses. Chicken pathogenicity test is the traditional method for assessing the virulence of S. Gallinarum. However, this method is limited by several factors, including ethical considerations, costs, and the need for specialized facilities. Hence, we established a chicken embryo lethality assay (ELA) model to determine the virulence of S. Gallinarum. Three virulent and three avirulent representative strains, which were confirmed by the chicken pathogenicity test, were used to perform the ELA. The most significant difference between the virulent and avirulent strains could be observed when 13-day-old embryos were inoculated via the AC route and incubated for 5 days. Based on a 50% embryo lethal dose (ELD50), isolates considered to be virulent had a Log10ELD50 of ≤ 4.0, moderately virulent strains had a Log10ELD50 of 4.0-6.1, and avirulent isolates had a Log10ELD50 of ≥ 6.1. Different abilities to invade the liver of embryos were found between the virulent and avirulent strains by a growth curve experiment in vitro. The maximum colony-forming units (CFU) of the virulent strain was about 10,000 times higher than that of the avirulent strain in the liver at 5 days post infection. The ELA results of 42 field strains showed that thirty-two strains (76.2%) were virulent, nine were moderately virulent (21.4%), and one strain was avirulent (2.4%). In conclusion, these results suggest that the ELA can be used as an alternative method to assess the virulence of S. Gallinarum, which will contribute to the study of virulence genes, virulence evolution, pathogenic mechanisms and vaccine development.
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Chick Embryo; Models, Biological; Ovum; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup; Virulence
PubMed: 32911523
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238630 -
Journal of Bacteriology Mar 1964Zancan, Glaci T. (Universidade do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil), and Metry Bacila. Fructose-6-phosphate reductase from Salmonella gallinarum. J. Bacteriol....
Zancan, Glaci T. (Universidade do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil), and Metry Bacila. Fructose-6-phosphate reductase from Salmonella gallinarum. J. Bacteriol. 87:614-618. 1964.-A fructose-6-phosphate reductase present in cell-free extracts of Salmonella gallinarum was purified approximately 42 times. The optimal pH for this enzyme is 8.0. The enzyme is specific for fructose-6-phosphate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The dissociation constants are 1.78 x 10(-4)m for fructose-6-phosphate and 8.3 x 10(-5)m for NADH. The Q(10), reaction order, and equilibrium constant were determined. The enzyme is sensitive to p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, but not to o-iodosobenzoic acid nor to N-ethylmaleimide.
Topics: Benzoates; Brazil; Culture Media; Escherichia coli; Fructose; Fructosephosphates; Glucose; Lactobacillus; Mannitol; NAD; Oxidoreductases; Phosphates; Research; Ribose; Salmonella
PubMed: 14127579
DOI: 10.1128/jb.87.3.614-618.1964 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A 2015Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) and Salmonella Pullorum (SP) have been classified as biovars belonging to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum. Genetic...
Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) and Salmonella Pullorum (SP) have been classified as biovars belonging to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum. Genetic diversity among isolates of the same biovar can be detected by DNA fingerprinting techniques which are useful in epidemiological investigations. In this study, we applied the PCR amplification of Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus sequences (ERIC-PCR) to analyse 45 strains of SG and SP, most of which were isolated from diseased poultry of different Brazilian regions over a period of 27 years until 2014. The ERIC-genotypes obtained were used to describe the epidemiological relationship amongst the strains. Our findings showed that there were six ERIC-patterns for SG strains at 80% similarity. In addition, some of the SG isolates recovered from different regions and years clustered with 100% similarity, suggesting that transfer of genotypes between these regions has taken place. The commercial rough vaccine strain 9R showed a unique profile. Meanwhile, more genetic diversity was observed among SP strains where ten ERIC-patterns were also formed at 80% similarity.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Brazil; Chickens; Consensus Sequence; DNA, Intergenic; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 26365161
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1086975 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Dec 2017Currently there are 2659 Salmonella serovars. The host-specific biovars Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum cause systemic infections in food-producing and...
Currently there are 2659 Salmonella serovars. The host-specific biovars Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum cause systemic infections in food-producing and wild birds. Fast diagnosis is crucial to control the dissemination in avian environments. The present work describes the development of a multiplex qPCR in real time using a low-cost DNA dye (SYBr Green) to identify and quantify these biovars. Primers were chosen based on genomic regions of difference (RoD) and optimized to control dimers. Primers pSGP detect both host-specific biovars but not other serovars and pSG and pSP differentiate biovars. Three amplicons showed different melting temperatures (Tm), allowing differentiation. The pSGP amplicon (97 bp) showed Tm of 78°C for both biovars. The pSG amplicon (273 bp) showed a Tm of 86.2°C for S. Gallinarum and pSP amplicon (260 bp) dissociated at 84.8°C for S. Pullorum identification. The multiplex qPCR in real time showed high sensitivity and was capable of quantifying 10-10 CFU of these biovars.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; DNA Primers; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serogroup
PubMed: 28589774
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1339866 -
Vaccine Jun 2007We evaluated a newly developed commercial bivalent killed Salmonella vaccine Oilvax SET for its ability to decrease contamination with Salmonella enterica serovars... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparative evaluation of a bivalent killed Salmonella vaccine to prevent egg contamination with Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Gallinarum biovar Pullorum, using 4 different challenge models.
We evaluated a newly developed commercial bivalent killed Salmonella vaccine Oilvax SET for its ability to decrease contamination with Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium in layer chickens. In either an oral or intravaginal challenge model, the fecal shedding was decreased in vaccinated hens, but egg contamination was not evaluated due to scarcity of contaminated eggs even in the unvaccinated control groups. In contrast, an intravenous and an intraperitoneal challenge resulted in the relatively high level of egg contamination in unvaccinated chickens, which was significantly reduced in vaccinated chickens. In a second experiment, 2 strains of Salmonella serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum, which has the common O9 antigen with SE and transmits vertically into eggs, were used to test the efficacy of the Oilvax SET against egg transmission. Vertical egg transmission by the Pullorum strain was significantly reduced in the vaccinated groups of hens. The Oilvax SET can be a useful tool in the control of Salmonella egg contamination in laying hens.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Chickens; Eggs; Feces; Female; Food Contamination; Humans; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella Vaccines; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella typhimurium; Vaccines, Inactivated
PubMed: 17485152
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.004