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Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia :... 2007This article is a literature review of the psychological aspects of smoking behavior, highlighting personality characteristics of the smoker as an obstacle to smoking... (Review)
Review
This article is a literature review of the psychological aspects of smoking behavior, highlighting personality characteristics of the smoker as an obstacle to smoking cessation. It describes the relation between smoking behavior and personality, and between smoking and the principal psychiatric disorders. Studies reveal that smokers tend to be more extroverted, anxious, tense, and impulsive, and show more traits of neuroticism and psychoticism than do ex-smokers or nonsmokers. The literature also reveals a strong association between smoking and mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression. Understanding the psychological factors associated with tobacco smoking and dependence can further the development and improvement of therapeutic strategies to be used in smoking-cessation programs, as well as of programs aimed at prevention and education.
Topics: Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Personality; Smoking; Smoking Cessation
PubMed: 18026659
DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132007000500016 -
The American Journal of the Medical... Oct 2003Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Many years of twin and adoption studies have demonstrated that heritability is at least 50% for... (Review)
Review
Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Many years of twin and adoption studies have demonstrated that heritability is at least 50% for both smoking initiation and smoking persistence. Furthermore, the extent to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to smoking behavior in men is significantly different from that in women. It has been reported that polymorphisms of candidate genes, such as cytochrome P450, dopamine receptor and transporter, and serotonin transporter genes, are associated with smoking behavior. However, many of these reports have not yet received independent confirmation. Based on the results from genome-wide linkage and association analyses on different subject populations, 15 loci located on 8 chromosomes were reported to harbor susceptibility genes for nicotine and other substances of abuse. It is expected that a newly completed human genome sequence, as well as advances in genomic technologies such as genotyping and array analysis, will greatly enhance progress toward the identification of genes associated with smoking behavior.
Topics: Female; Genetic Linkage; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Male; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Sex Characteristics; Smoking; Tobacco Use Disorder
PubMed: 14557728
DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200310000-00003 -
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &... Dec 2009Recent Food and Drug Administration legislation enables the mandating of product performance standards for cigarette smoke and the evaluation of manufacturers' health... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Recent Food and Drug Administration legislation enables the mandating of product performance standards for cigarette smoke and the evaluation of manufacturers' health claims for modified tobacco products. Laboratory studies used for these evaluations and also for understanding tobacco smoke toxicology use machines to generate smoke. The goal of this review is to critically evaluate methods to assess human smoking behavior and replicate this in the laboratory.
METHODS
Smoking behavior and smoking machine studies were identified using PubMed and publicly available databases for internal tobacco company documents.
RESULTS
The smoking machine was developed to generate smoke to allow for comparing cigarette tar and nicotine yields. The intent was to infer relative human disease risk, but this concept was flawed because humans tailor their smoking to the product, and chemical yields and toxicologic effects change with different smoking profiles. Although smoking machines also allow for mechanistic assessments of smoking-related diseases, the interpretations also are limited. However, available methods to assess how humans puff could be used to provide better laboratory assessments, but these need to be validated. Separately, the contribution of smoke mouth-holding and inhalation to dose need to be assessed, because these parts of smoking are not captured by the smoking machine. Better comparisons of cigarettes might be done by tailoring human puff profiles to the product based on human studies and comparing results across regimens.
CONCLUSIONS
There are major research gaps that limit the use of smoking machine studies for informing tobacco control regulation and mechanistic studies.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Biological Availability; Humans; Research; Smoking; Tobacco Use Disorder
PubMed: 19959678
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1014 -
BMC Psychiatry Dec 2023Smoking is harmful, which has become a major public health burden. Physical activity may be related to smoking. Physical activity is one of the current methods for...
BACKGROUND
Smoking is harmful, which has become a major public health burden. Physical activity may be related to smoking. Physical activity is one of the current methods for smoking control and smoking cessation. Different types of physical activity may have different effect on smoking behavior.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to identify the direction and extent of the impact of different types of physical activity above moderate intensity (including work physical activity, recreational physical activity, commuter physical activity and sedentary behavior) on smoking behavior.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, a total of 2,015 individuals (1,233 males and 782 females, mean age 54.02±17.31 years) was selected from the representative population aged 20 and above in the National Health and Nutrition Survey of the United States from 2017 to 2018. Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) ; the tobacco use questionnaire (SMQ) was used to determine whether the sample had smoking behavior at this stage. Binary Logistic regression analysis was performed with various physical activities as independent variables and smoking behavior as dependent variables. All data were analyzed through Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 26.0.
RESULTS
After adjusted for all confounding variables, physical activity at work was close to significantly associated with smoking behavior (P=0.053), odds ratio (OR) =1.135 (95%Cl: 0.999-1.289). Recreational physical activity was significantly associated with smoking behavior (P < 0.001), OR=0.729 (95%Cl: 0.639-0.832). Commuting physical activity was significantly associated with smoking behavior (P < 0.001), OR=1.214 (95%Cl:1.048-1.405). Sedentary behavior was significantly associated with smoking behavior (P < 0.001), OR=1.363 (95%Cl: 1.154-1.611).
CONCLUSIONS
Given that different types of physical activity have different associations with smoking behavior. Therefore, when physical activity is used as a tobacco control measurement, it is necessary to pay attention to the type and environment of physical activity. Recreational physical activities should be appropriately increased, sedentary behavior should be reduced, and smoking prohibit environment should be expanded as far as possible to achieve better clinical intervention effects.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; United States; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Exercise; Surveys and Questionnaires; Smoking; Nutrition Surveys; Sedentary Behavior
PubMed: 38082223
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05416-1 -
Psychological Bulletin Sep 1989This article provides a comprehensive review of the research on smoking and body weight. The relationships between smoking and body weight are evaluated in 70... (Review)
Review
This article provides a comprehensive review of the research on smoking and body weight. The relationships between smoking and body weight are evaluated in 70 cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations. The mechanisms responsible for differences in body weight are discussed, the weight-related issues that promote smoking behavior are reviewed, methods for reducing postcessation weight gain are summarized, and future research directions are proposed. A proposed working research model for studying the relationship between smoking, energy balance, and weight gain is offered. It is concluded that smoking and body weight relationships are closely related and pose significant challenges for smoking researchers.
Topics: Body Weight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Smoking
PubMed: 2678202
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.204 -
Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official... Aug 2004Considerable evidence indicates that smoking behavior is under a degree of genetic influence. We conducted a systematic review of candidate gene studies of smoking... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Considerable evidence indicates that smoking behavior is under a degree of genetic influence. We conducted a systematic review of candidate gene studies of smoking behavior and, where sufficient studies existed, combined reported data using meta-analytic techniques. A total of 41 studies were identified by the search strategy, of which 28 contributed to the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis included data on the DRD2, DAT, 5HTT, and CYP2A6 genes and smoking behavior. Categorical data were extracted on smoking status (never-smoker, ex-smoker, current smoker). Continuous data were extracted on number of cigarettes smoked per day. Evidence indicated effects of the DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism and smoking initiation, the 5HTT LPR and CYP2A6 reduced-activity polymorphisms and smoking cessation, and the DRD2 Taq1A and CYP2A6 reduced-activity polymorphisms and cigarette consumption. The evidence for an effect of specific genes was modest, however, and evidence indicated substantial between-study heterogeneity in most cases, with the exception of the effects of the 5HTT and CYP2A6 genes on smoking cessation. When a random-effects model was applied to analyses in which evidence indicated significant heterogeneity, the effects were in all cases no longer statistically significant. The evidence for a contribution of specific genes to smoking behavior remains modest. Implications for the design of future studies are discussed, such as the need for the development of more specific phenotypes to increase the genetic signal in candidate gene studies.
Topics: Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Polymorphism, Genetic; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Use Disorder
PubMed: 15370155
DOI: 10.1080/14622200410001734030 -
Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official... Feb 2023To systematically review the association between smoking behavior and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
To systematically review the association between smoking behavior and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
AIMS AND METHODS
PubMed, Medline, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were used to conduct this review. The two researchers independently screened the literatures, conducted the quality assessment, and data extraction according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The RevMan 5.3 was used to analysis the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) index, min saturation of oxyhemoglobin (SaO2), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score, and oxygen desaturation index (DOI) and publication bias analysis to assess the effect of smoking on OSA patients. Furthermore, we performed subgroup of the severity of OSA, different countries of sample origin (western countries or eastern countries), and pack-years (PYs < 10 or PYs ≥ 20) to analyze the heterogeneity.
RESULTS
Thirteen studies were included in this analysis that conformed to inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Totally 3654 smokers and 9796 non-smokers have participated. The meta-analysis of 13 studies demonstrated that AHI levels were significantly higher in smoker group compared with non-smoker, ESS scores were also significantly higher in smoker group compared with non-smoker, min SaO2 levels were obviously lower in smoker group compared with non-smoker, however, DOI levels hadn't significantly different between two groups. The subgroup analysis showed that there was an association between severe OSA, eastern countries, pack-years, and smoking.
CONCLUSIONS
Smoking behavior is a significant association with OSA. Heavy smokers with histories of more than 20 PYs were at a higher risk of OSA. Moreover, patient with severe OSA exhibited a significantly association with smoking compared with patients with mild or moderate OSA.
IMPLICATIONS
The relationship between smoking and OSA was controversial, especially, whether smoking increase or aggravate the risk of OSA. In our review and meta-analysis, we demonstrated that smoking behavior is a significant association with OSA. Heavy smokers with histories of more than 20 PYs were at a higher risk of OSA. Moreover, patient with severe OSA exhibited a significant association with smoking compared with patients with mild or moderate OSA. More prospective long-term follow-up studies about effect of quit smoking on OSA are recommended to establish the further relationship.
Topics: Humans; Smoking; Prospective Studies; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Tobacco Smoking; Non-Smokers
PubMed: 35922388
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac126 -
The Journal of School Health Jan 2012Social networks are important in adolescent smoking behavior. Previous research indicates that peer context is a major causal factor of adolescent smoking behavior. To... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Social networks are important in adolescent smoking behavior. Previous research indicates that peer context is a major causal factor of adolescent smoking behavior. To date, however, little is known about the influence of peer group structure on adolescent smoking behavior.
METHODS
Studies that examined adolescent social networks with regard to their cigarette smoking behavior were identified through online and manual literature searches. Ten social network analysis studies involving a total of 28,263 adolescents were included in the final review.
RESULTS
Of the 10 reviewed studies, 6 identify clique members, liaisons, and isolates as contributing factors to adolescent cigarette smoking. Significantly higher rates of smoking are noted among isolates than clique members or liaisons in terms of peer network structure. Eight of the reviewed studies indicate that peer selection or influence precedes adolescents' smoking behavior and intent to smoke. Such peer selection or influence accounts for a large portion of similarities among smoking adolescents.
CONCLUSION
Adolescents who are identified as isolates are more likely to smoke and engage in risk-taking behaviors than others in the peer network structure. Given that the vast majority of current adult smokers started their smoking habits during adolescence, adolescent smoking prevention efforts will likely benefit from incorporating social network analytic approaches and focusing the efforts on isolates and other vulnerable adolescents from a peer selection and influence perspective.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Addictive; Choice Behavior; Female; Friends; Group Structure; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Loneliness; Male; Peer Group; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Smoking; Social Behavior; Social Class; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States
PubMed: 22142171
DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00663.x -
Journal of Epidemiology Jun 2021In April 2020, the Japanese government declared a state of emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and infection control measures, including requests to work from home...
BACKGROUND
In April 2020, the Japanese government declared a state of emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and infection control measures, including requests to work from home and stay-at-home restrictions, were introduced. This study examined changes in smoking behavior during the COVID-19 state of emergency.
METHODS
An online cross-sectional survey was conducted in Osaka, Japan. To assess differences in smoking behavior among 5,120 current smokers before and after the declaration of a state of emergency, prevalence ratios (PRs) for two outcomes, increased smoking and quitting smoking, were calculated using multivariable Poisson regression, adjusting for potential covariates.
RESULTS
We found 32.1% increased the number of cigarettes smoked and 11.9% quit smoking. After adjustment for all variables, we found risk factors for COVID-19 (men and older age group) had both significantly higher PR for quitting smoking (men: PR 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-1.62) and participants aged ≥65 years: PR 2.45; 95% CI, 1.92-3.12) and significantly lower PR of increased smoking (men: PR 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78-0.93 and participants ≥65 years: PR 0.38; 95% CI, 0.29-0.49). Additionally, respondents working from home or living alone had significantly higher PR for increased smoking (working from home: PR 1.29; 95% CI, 1.17-1.41 and living alone: PR 1.23; 95% CI, 1.10-1.38) and respondents who changed from cigarettes to heated tobacco products (HTPs) had significantly lower PR for quitting smoking (PR 0.150; 95% CI, 0.039-0.582).
CONCLUSIONS
We suggest people who have high-risk factors for COVID-19 might change their smoking behavior for the better, while people who work from home or live alone might change their smoking behavior for the worse, during the COVID-19 state of emergency. Additionally, changing from smoking cigarettes to using HTPs makes smokers less likely to quit.
Topics: Adult; Aged; COVID-19; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Distancing; Quarantine; Smokers; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Young Adult
PubMed: 33746148
DOI: 10.2188/jea.JE20200533 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022To understand the current status of smoking behavior among emergency physicians in China and to explore its determinants.
OBJECTIVES
To understand the current status of smoking behavior among emergency physicians in China and to explore its determinants.
BACKGROUND
The emergency department is considered a more appropriate setting for tobacco interventions. However, the smoking behavior of emergency physicians can reduce the effectiveness of interventions for patient smoking behavior.
METHODS
From July to August 2018, we conducted a structured online questionnaire among Chinese emergency medicine physicians. We used descriptive analysis with binary logistic regression to analyze the current smoking status of Chinese emergency physicians and its determinants.
RESULTS
A total of 10,457 emergency physicians were included in this study. The prevalence of smoking among physicians was 25.35% (with 34.15 and 1.59% among male and female physicians, respectively). Results of logistic regression showed that postgraduate education (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.41-0.66), chief-level title (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65-0.97), and regular exercise habits (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.76-0.92) were associated with a lower risk of smoking behavior. However, being over 50 years old (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.29-2.27), being fixed-term (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.10-1.42), and having depressive symptoms (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.28-1.61) were associated with a higher risk of smoking.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of smoking behavior among emergency physicians in China is high. Hospital management could reduce the incidence of smoking behavior among emergency physicians by strengthening smoking cessation training, paying attention to physicians' psychological health, reducing pressure on physicians in fixed-term positions, and encouraging physicians to develop regular exercise habits.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prevalence; Smoking; Physicians; Emergency Service, Hospital
PubMed: 36324466
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.980208