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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2012Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired S.... (Review)
Review
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired S. maltophilia infections is of particular concern for immunocompromised individuals, as this bacterial pathogen is associated with a significant fatality/case ratio. S. maltophilia is an environmental bacterium found in aqueous habitats, including plant rhizospheres, animals, foods, and water sources. Infections of S. maltophilia can occur in a range of organs and tissues; the organism is commonly found in respiratory tract infections. This review summarizes the current literature and presents S. maltophilia as an organism with various molecular mechanisms used for colonization and infection. S. maltophilia can be recovered from polymicrobial infections, most notably from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients, as a cocolonizer with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Recent evidence of cell-cell communication between these pathogens has implications for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Animal models of S. maltophilia infection have provided useful information about the type of host immune response induced by this opportunistic pathogen. Current and emerging treatments for patients infected with S. maltophilia are discussed.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Global Health; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Opportunistic Infections; Pandemics; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 22232370
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00019-11 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jun 2021Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen of significant concern to susceptible patient populations. This pathogen can cause nosocomial and...
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen of significant concern to susceptible patient populations. This pathogen can cause nosocomial and community-acquired respiratory and bloodstream infections and various other infections in humans. Sources include water, plant rhizospheres, animals, and foods. Studies of the genetic heterogeneity of S. maltophilia strains have identified several new genogroups and suggested adaptation of this pathogen to its habitats. The mechanisms used by S. maltophilia during pathogenesis continue to be uncovered and explored. S. maltophilia virulence factors include use of motility, biofilm formation, iron acquisition mechanisms, outer membrane components, protein secretion systems, extracellular enzymes, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. S. maltophilia is intrinsically drug resistant to an array of different antibiotics and uses a broad arsenal to protect itself against antimicrobials. Surveillance studies have recorded increases in drug resistance for S. maltophilia, prompting new strategies to be developed against this opportunist. The interactions of this environmental bacterium with other microorganisms are being elucidated. S. maltophilia and its products have applications in biotechnology, including agriculture, biocontrol, and bioremediation.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34043457
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00030-19 -
Trends in Microbiology Jul 2018This infographic describes the key regulated traits of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, important for beneficial plant interactions, and also its increasing incidence as a...
This infographic describes the key regulated traits of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, important for beneficial plant interactions, and also its increasing incidence as a nosocomial and community-acquired infection. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a cosmopolitan and ubiquitous bacterium found in a range of environmental habitats, including extreme ones, although in nature it is mainly associated with plants. S. maltophilia fulfils important ecosystem functions in the sulfur and nitrogen cycles, in degradation of complex compounds and pollutants, and in promoti on of plant growth and health. Stenotrophomonas can also colonize extreme man-made niches in hospitals, space shuttles, and clean rooms. S. maltophilia has emerged as a global opportunistic human pathogen, which does not usually infect healthy hosts but is associated with high morbidity and mortality in severely immunocompromised and debilitated individuals. S. maltophilia can also be recovered from polymicrobial infections, most notably from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients. Close relatives of S. maltophilia, for example, S. rhizophila, provide a harmless alternative for biotechnological applications without human health risks.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biofilms; Community-Acquired Infections; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans; Opportunistic Infections; Plant Development; Respiratory Tract Infections; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 29754971
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.04.006 -
Contributions To Microbiology 2001
Review
Topics: Burkholderia; Burkholderia Infections; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 11764736
DOI: 10.1159/000060400 -
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... Apr 2023species are non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria that are widely distributed in environment and are highly resistant to numerous antibiotics. Thus, serves as a... (Review)
Review
species are non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria that are widely distributed in environment and are highly resistant to numerous antibiotics. Thus, serves as a reservoir of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The detection rate of is rapidly increasing alongside their strengthening intrinsic ability to tolerate a variety of clinical antibiotics. This review illustrated the current genomics advances of antibiotic resistant , highlighting the importance of precise identification and sequence editing. In addition, AMR diversity and transferability have been assessed by the developed bioinformatics tools. However, the working models of AMR in are cryptic and urgently required to be determined. Comparative genomics is envisioned to facilitate the prevention and control of AMR, as well as to gain insights into bacterial adaptability and drug development.
Topics: Stenotrophomonas; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Genomics; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37154308
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.220523 -
Future Microbiology May 2020To investigate if the prior use of nontargeted antibiotics induces cross-tolerance in . Antibiotic induction was performed to evaluate daptomycin and vancomycin as... (Review)
Review
To investigate if the prior use of nontargeted antibiotics induces cross-tolerance in . Antibiotic induction was performed to evaluate daptomycin and vancomycin as possible tolerance-inducing drugs measured by minimum bactericidal concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio, adapted disk-diffusion tests and time-kill curves. After antibiotic exposure, three potentially tolerant strains were isolated, maintaining the same MIC value of levofloxacin, with minimum bactericidal concentration/MIC ratio slightly higher than the parental. In the adapted disk-diffusion test, one strain (D25) showed high tolerance level for levofloxacin, ceftazidime and ticarcillin-clavulanate. In time-kill activity of levofloxacin, D25 presented a subpopulation of persisters with survival rate higher (1.6-fold) than the parental. Previous exposure of to daptomycin can induce cross-tolerance to ceftazidime and ticarcillin-clavulanate and cross-persistence to levofloxacin.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Tolerance; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 32478618
DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0253 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Nov 2019: Infections caused by the opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients are complicated to treat due to antibiotic resistance and the ability of the bacteria to... (Review)
Review
: Infections caused by the opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients are complicated to treat due to antibiotic resistance and the ability of the bacteria to produce biofilm.: A MEDLINE/PubMed search was performed of available literature to describe the role of biofilm produced by in the diseases it causes, including biofilm-influencing factors, the biofilm forming process and composition. The antimicrobial resistance due to biofilm production and current antibiofilm strategies is also included.: Through the production of biofilm, strains can easily adhere to the surfaces in hospital settings and aid in its transmission. The biofilm can also cause antibiotic tolerance rendering some of the therapeutic options ineffective, causing setbacks in the selection of an appropriate treatment. Conventional susceptibility tests do not yet offer therapeutic guidelines to treat biofilm-associated infections. Current biofilm control strategies include natural and synthetic compounds, chelating agents, and commonly prescribed antibiotics. As biofilm age and matrix composition affect the level of antibiotic tolerance, their characterization should be included in biofilm susceptibility testing, in addition to molecular and proteomic analyzes. As for now, several commonly recommended antibiotics can be used to treat biofilm-related infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Proteomics; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 31658838
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1685875 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2023Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is increasingly recognized as an important nosocomial pathogen among the Gram-negative bacteria. Intrinsic resistance to different classes...
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is increasingly recognized as an important nosocomial pathogen among the Gram-negative bacteria. Intrinsic resistance to different classes of antibiotics makes treatment of infections challenging. A deeper understanding of S. maltophilia physiology and virulence requires molecular genetic tools. Here, we describe the implementation of tetracycline-dependent gene regulation ( regulation) in this bacterium. The exploited regulatory sequence of transposon Tn contained the gene and three intertwined promoters, one of which was required for regulated expression of a target gene or operon. The episomal architecture was tested with a variant as a quantifiable reporter. Fluorescence intensity was directly correlated with the concentration of the inducer anhydrotetracycline (ATc) applied and the duration of induction. Also, the expression of the operon of S. maltophilia K279a was subjected to control. These genes code for the synthesis of dTDP-l-rhamnose, an activated nucleotide sugar precursor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) formation. A Δ mutant was complemented with a plasmid carrying this operon downstream of the sequence. In the presence of ATc, the LPS pattern was similar to that of wild-type S. maltophilia, whereas without the inducer, fewer and apparently shorter O-antigen chains were detected. This underscores the functionality and usefulness of the system for gene regulation and, prospectively, the validation of targets for new anti-S. maltophilia drugs. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging pathogen in hospital settings and poses a threat to immunocompromised patients. Due to a high level of resistance to different types of antibiotics, treatment options are limited. We here adapted a tool for inducible expression of genes of interest, known as the system, to S. maltophilia. Genes relevant to producing surface carbohydrate structures (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) were placed under the control of the system. In the presence of an inducer, the LPS pattern was similar to that of wild-type S. maltophilia, whereas in the "off" state of the system (without inducer), fewer and apparently shorter versions of LPS were detected. The system is functional in S. maltophilia and may be helpful to reveal gene-function relationships to gain a deeper understanding of the bacterium's physiology and virulence.
Topics: Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Lipopolysaccharides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gene Expression
PubMed: 37378537
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01576-23 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Sep 2006
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 16896499
DOI: 10.4067/s0716-10182006000300009 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018is a multi-drug-resistant global opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, which possesses a huge number of virulence factors and antibiotics resistance characteristics. Iron... (Review)
Review
is a multi-drug-resistant global opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, which possesses a huge number of virulence factors and antibiotics resistance characteristics. Iron has a crucial contribution toward growth and development, cell growth and proliferation, and pathogenicity. The bacterium found to acquire iron for its cellular process through the expression of two iron acquisition systems. Two distinct pathways for iron acquisition are encoded by the genome-a siderophore-and heme-mediated iron uptake system. The operon directs the production of the enterobactin siderophore of catecholate in nature, while heme uptake relies on and potentially operon. Fur and sigma factors are regulators of under iron-limited condition. Iron potentially act as a signal which plays an important role in biofilm formation, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), extracellular enzymes production, oxidative stress response, diffusible signal factor (DSF) and siderophore production in . This review summarizes the current knowledge of iron acquisition in and the critical role of iron in relation to its pathogenicity.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Biological Transport; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Heme; Humans; Iron; Oxidative Stress; Siderophores; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30483485
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00401