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Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and... 2019The observation of two precursor groups of the early stem cells (Groups I and II) leads to the realization that a first amount of fetal stem cells (Group I) migrate from...
The observation of two precursor groups of the early stem cells (Groups I and II) leads to the realization that a first amount of fetal stem cells (Group I) migrate from the AMG (Aortal-Mesonephric-Gonadal)-region into the aorta and its branching vessels. A second group (Group II) gains quite a new significance during human development. This group presents a specific developmental step which is found only in the human. This continuation of the early development along a different way indicates a general alteration of the stem cell biology. This changed process in the stem cell scene dominates the further development of the human stem cells. It remains unclear where this phylogenetic step first appears. By far not all advanced mammals show this second group of stem cells and their axonal migration. Essentially only primates seem to be involved in this special development.
Topics: APUD Cells; Adrenal Cortex; Adrenal Medulla; Aorta; Autonomic Nervous System; Axon Guidance; Cell Movement; Embryonic Stem Cells; Gonads; Human Development; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Neural Crest; Pancreas; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Teratoma
PubMed: 30543033
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02050-7_1 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Jan 2018Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) is a rare disease of nose and paranasal sinuses. In contrast to other regions SCNEC of this region has been reported to be... (Review)
Review
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) is a rare disease of nose and paranasal sinuses. In contrast to other regions SCNEC of this region has been reported to be recurrent and locally aggressive. No definite treatment has been established till date because of rarity of this disease. The purpose of this descriptive study is to present the series of 8 cases with SNEC of nose and paranasal sinuses. Retrospective review of 8 patients presenting with Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of nose and paranasal sinuses, from January, 2005 to December, 2014 treated at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Lahore was performed to determine the clinical characteristics and outcome of this disease. The subjects were 7 males and 1 female with a mean age of 45±15 years (range 24 to 59 years). Tumours were present in nasal cavity (n=4), ethmoid sinus (n=3) and maxillary sinus (n=1). Almost 50% of patients presented with AJCC stage IV-A. All patients had immunohistochemistry proven diagnosis. All patients (08) received radiotherapy with mean doses 58±Gy (Range 54-66Gy). Surgery was performed in 2 while chemotherapy was administered in 4 patients. Recurrence occurred in 3 patients, one each with loco-regional, distant and both. At a median follow up of 38 months, 5 patients were alive with no evidence of disease. SCNEC is a rare but aggressive neoplasm. Current standard of care varies but multi-modality approach should be the cornerstone in management of SCNEC. Early diagnosis and intervention improve the final outcome.
Topics: Adult; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Nose Neoplasms; Pakistan; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 29371736
DOI: No ID Found -
The International Journal of Oral &... 2017To test the adhesion properties of live gingival fibroblasts to three different implant abutment materials after five different cleaning procedures.
PURPOSE
To test the adhesion properties of live gingival fibroblasts to three different implant abutment materials after five different cleaning procedures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Highly polished discs of lithium disilicate (LS), zirconium dioxide (Zr), and titanium alloy (Ti) were fabricated. The specimens were cleaned by one of five different methods: steam (S), argon plasma (AP), ultrasound and disinfection (UD), ultrasound and sterilization in an autoclave (UA), or photofunctionalization with high-intensity ultraviolet light (PF). Cell detachment force (adhesion) was measured by single-cell force spectroscopy, which is a method to quantify cell adhesion at the single cell level. Data were statistically analyzed using parametric tests (analysis of variance [ANOVA], t tests).
RESULTS
Cell detachment forces in the low nN regime were recorded in all experiments. Significant differences in cell adhesion on the different materials were found as a function of the cleaning method (P ≤ .0001). For LS abutments, no significant differences between the cleaning methods could be found (P > .05). For Zr specimens, the AP method showed the highest cell detachment forces, followed by UD, PF, S, and UA (S/UD, S/UA, S/PF, AP/UD, and UD/PF were not significantly different from each other). For Ti abutments, UD showed the highest cell detachment forces, followed by S, AP, and UA/PF (S/UD, S/UA, S/PF, AP/U, and UA/PF were not significantly different from each other).
CONCLUSION
All cleaning methods provided comparable cell detachment forces for LS abutments. AP/PF or ultrasonic cleaning were the most suitable methods for strong cell adhesion on Zr. UD provided the best cell adhesion for Ti.
Topics: Alloys; Cell Adhesion; Dental Abutments; Dental Porcelain; Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; Disinfection; Fibroblasts; Gingiva; Humans; Materials Testing; Surface Properties; Titanium; Zirconium
PubMed: 28906501
DOI: 10.11607/jomi.5630 -
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic... Jul 2017The parafollicular cells or clear (C) cells in man are part of neuroendocrine system under Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation (APUD) cells. Their role in adults...
INTRODUCTION
The parafollicular cells or clear (C) cells in man are part of neuroendocrine system under Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation (APUD) cells. Their role in adults has been reputable but in foetus is still unclear.
AIM
The present study was a baseline study endeavouring to describe the chronological development of the parafollicular cells with particular focus on its correlation with developing human thyroid follicles.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted on 10 aborted foetuses (14-28 weeks), procured from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India. Serial sections of foetal thyroid gland were generated, stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemistry using the anticalcitonin antibody and examined qualitatively.
RESULTS
In our study, the parafollicular cells were seen as earlier as by 14 week. They became morphologically and functionally mature by 16 week of gestation. The parafollicular cells were getting organized from scattering to parafollicular location then to a more localized area, i.e., intrafollicular along with the follicular development. As the follicles were enlarging, the intrafollicularly located parafollicular cells which was initially present in groups was getting displaced singly between the follicular cells in the same follicle.
CONCLUSION
The sequential development pattern of the parafollicular cells in relation to developing thyroid follicles was established. This immunohistochemical study also concluded that the parafollicular cells might have higher character to play in the early gestational age such as regulation of ossification in the human foetus.
PubMed: 28892875
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/26211.10225 -
International Journal of Surgery... Sep 2016Carcinoids are tumors that originate from diffuse neuroendocrine system cells (APUD cells) and represent 1-2% of all pulmonary tumors. Although surgical resection...
Carcinoids are tumors that originate from diffuse neuroendocrine system cells (APUD cells) and represent 1-2% of all pulmonary tumors. Although surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment, bronchoscopic radical resection of typical carcinoids in selected cases exhibiting endoluminal growth and small implant base has also been explored. Bronchoscopic removal of endobronchial lesions may also reduce the risk of post-obstructive infections and improve pulmonary function, allowing the patient to undergo surgery in better clinical and respiratory state. In this paper we have evaluated the impact on surgical planning and outcome of preoperative bronchoscopic resection in treatment of endobronchial typical carcinoids. Our observations further support the role of bronchoscopic treatment before surgery in endobronchial typical carcinoids.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bronchial Neoplasms; Bronchoscopy; Carcinoid Tumor; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumonectomy; Preoperative Care; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 27255131
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.05.054 -
Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2016Neuroendocrine tumors (neuroendocrine tumors-NET) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with a common embryological origin and diverse biological behavior, derived from... (Review)
Review
Neuroendocrine tumors (neuroendocrine tumors-NET) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with a common embryological origin and diverse biological behavior, derived from cells of the neuroendocrine system, the system APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation). They are characterized by overexpression of all five somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-SSTR5), particularly type 2 (SST2). Surgical resection of the tumor is the treatment option, with a possibility of complete remission in patients with limited disease. Somatostatin analogs (octreotide and lanreotide) are the treatment of choice in patients with residual disease, particularly when it comes to NET non-pancreatic origin. Systemic chemotherapy is administered primarily to patients with poorly differentiated carcinomas. PRRT treatment is recommended in case of non-responsiveness of the disease. The ideal candidates for PRRT are patients with unresectable disease of high and intermediate differentiation. Somatostatine analogs radiolabelled with Indium-111 ((111)In), Yttrium-90 ((90)Y), Lutetium-177 ((177)Lu) and Bismuth-213 ((213)Bi), are selectively concentrated in the tumor cells, causing maximum tissue damage to tumors and with fewer effects on healthy tissue and the immune system. In the current review, it was demonstrated that patients with unresectable grade 1 or 2 disease showed increased PFS (progression free survival) and OS (overall survival), while quality of life was improved after PRRT treatment as compared to somatostatin analogs, chemotherapy and other targeted therapies.
Topics: Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Peptides, Cyclic; Prevalence; Radioisotopes; Radiopharmaceuticals; Receptors, Somatostatin; Risk Factors; Somatostatin; Survival Rate; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27035909
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2015Chromogranin A (CGA) is a member of the granin family of proteins which are widespread in endocrine, neuroendocrine, peripheral, and central nervous tissues, where they... (Review)
Review
Chromogranin A (CGA) is a member of the granin family of proteins which are widespread in endocrine, neuroendocrine, peripheral, and central nervous tissues, where they are typically found in secretory granules. It is well accepted that CGA cooperates to regulate synthesis and secretion of these various granule signaling molecules.Because of its ubiquitous distribution within neuroendocrine tissues, CGA can be a useful diagnostic marker for neuroendocrine neoplasms, including carcinoids, pheochromocytomas, neuroblastomas, medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC), some pituitary tumors, functioning and nonfunctioning islet cell tumors and other amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) tumors. It is also useful as a prognostic marker for detection of recurrence and monitoring of response to different treatments. As other tumor markers, it is imperative to know its physiology and pathophysiology, its sensitivity and specificity in different neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and carefully integrate these data with the clinical data of the single patient, to maximize its diagnostic/prognostic index.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Chromogranin A; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 26530374
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_19 -
Biotechnic & Histochemistry : Official... 2015Eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) is a synthetic anionic dye that forms complexes with cations such as iron. We found that an iron-ECR (Fe-ECR) mixture provided either nuclear...
Eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) is a synthetic anionic dye that forms complexes with cations such as iron. We found that an iron-ECR (Fe-ECR) mixture provided either nuclear or myelin staining depending on the differentiator used. Selective nuclear staining was obtained by differentiation in an aqueous HCl solution, pH 0.95, followed by a wash in slightly alkaline tap water; the pH difference facilitated control of differentiation. When used with an eosin B counterstain, results were nearly indistinguishable from standard hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining. Nuclear staining with Fe-ECR provides tinctorial features similar to regressive aluminum-hemateins as well as resistance to acidic solutions such as those of iron hemateins. Fe-ECR also stained selectively intestinal cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES). In addition to its use as an H & E substitute, acid differentiated Fe-ECR produced acid-resistant and selective nuclear counterstaining in combination with Alcian blue, and in the Papanicolaou and van Gieson techniques. With alkali differentiation, Fe-ECR produced selective myelin staining, which was compatible with neutral red counterstaining. Myelin sheaths were stained aqua blue. Fe-ECR could be used for both cytological and histological samples, and was suitable for use in automated tissue stainers. ECR also is less expensive than hematoxylin. Hematoxylin still may be preferred as a nuclear counterstain for some immunostaining methods for which Fe-ECR mixtures probably are too acidic.
Topics: Alcian Blue; Animals; Benzenesulfonates; Cell Nucleus; Coloring Agents; Costs and Cost Analysis; Hematoxylin; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iron; Myelin Sheath; Staining and Labeling; Sus scrofa
PubMed: 26140654
DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1057765 -
Thoracic Surgery Clinics Aug 2014In the three-quarters of a century that have elapsed since the first description of a bronchial carcinoid, the field has progressed from serendipitous radiological or...
In the three-quarters of a century that have elapsed since the first description of a bronchial carcinoid, the field has progressed from serendipitous radiological or bronchoscopic diagnosis to computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and somatostatin receptor imaging identification. Similarly, pathologic techniques have advanced from a naïve assessment of neoplasia to a delineation of several tumor subtypes and an understanding of the neuroendocrine basis of the disease process. A key unresolved question is the identification of the genetic and environmental activators that are responsible for the initiation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cell proliferation and neoplastic transformation.
Topics: Bronchoscopy; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Neuroendocrine Tumors
PubMed: 25065925
DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2014.05.008 -
Neuropsychopharmacology : Official... Aug 2014Neurexins are presynaptic neuronal adhesion molecules that interact with postsynaptic neuroligins to form an inter-synaptic complex required for synaptic specification...
Neurexins are presynaptic neuronal adhesion molecules that interact with postsynaptic neuroligins to form an inter-synaptic complex required for synaptic specification and efficient neurotransmission. Deletions and point mutations in the neurexin 1 (NRXN1) gene are associated with a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, intellectual disability, epilepsy, developmental delay, and schizophrenia. Recently, small nucleotide polymorphisms in NRXN1 have been associated with antipsychotic drug response in patients with schizophrenia. Based on previous suggestive evidence of an impact on clozapine response in patients with schizophrenia, we conducted an association study of NRXN1 polymorphisms (rs12467557 and rs10490162) with antipsychotic treatment response in 54 patients with schizophrenia in a double blind, placebo-controlled NIMH inpatient crossover trial and examined for association with risk for schizophrenia in independent case-control and family-based clinical cohorts. Pharmacogenetic analysis in the placebo controlled trial revealed significant association of rs12467557and rs10490162 with drug response, whereby individuals homozygous for the A allele, at either SNP, showed significant improvement in positive symptoms, general psychopathology, thought disturbance, and negative symptoms, whereas patients carrying the G allele showed no overall response. Although we did not find evidence of the same NRXN1 SNPs being associated with results of the NIMH sponsored CATIE trial, other SNPs showed weakly positive signals. The family and case-control analyses for schizophrenia risk were negative. Our results provide confirmatory evidence of genetically determined differences in drug response in patients with schizophrenia related to NRXN1 variation. Furthermore, these findings potentially implicate NRXN1 in the therapeutic actions of antipsychotic drugs.
Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Case-Control Studies; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; Cohort Studies; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Family; Female; Genotyping Techniques; Humans; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules; Pharmacogenetics; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Risk; Schizophrenia; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 24633560
DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.65