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Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland :... 2023The aim: To determine the histological and morphological changes of the lymphoid structures of the stomach in male rats under the influence of oral sodium glutamate at...
OBJECTIVE
The aim: To determine the histological and morphological changes of the lymphoid structures of the stomach in male rats under the influence of oral sodium glutamate at the rate of 15 mg/kg of body weight.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Materials and methods: The scientific experiment was performed on 20 white non-linear male rats of reproductive age (4-5 months). The experimental animals were divided into two groups (10 rats in each group), which were orally received monosodium glutamate at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight every day. We studied the effect of 2 and 4 weekly administration of monosodium glutamate at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight, respectively, in the I and II groups of experimental animals (depending on the week of their decapitation). Rats of the control groups (n=10) were injected with a placebo for 2 and 4 weeks, namely 0.5 ml of dechlorinated tap water at room temperature. Intact control animals were also divided into two groups, 5 rats each, depending on the week of decapitation: respectively, III group - decapitation on the 2nd week of the experiment; IV group - decapitation on the 4th week of the experiment. After the experiments were completed, animals were decapitated under light ether anesthesia. According to the purpose of the study, pieces of rat stomach measuring 1.0 x 1.0 cm were taken from the front wall of the bottom of the stomach near the great curvature, cardiac and portal parts of the organ. Histological preparations were examined using a MICROmed SEO SСAN light microscope and a Vision CCD Camera. Morphometric studies were carried out according to the method of S. B. Stefanov, using grids No. 3/16. For electron microscopic examination, pieces of the stomach wall of rats were fixed in a 2.5% solution of glutaraldehyde in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2-7.4) with subsequent fixation in a 2.0% solution of osmium tetroxide. After dehydration in alcohols and acetone, the material was embedded in eponaraldite. Sections were made on an LKB-8800-III ultramicrotome and studied using a JEM - 100-V microscope. To study the structural components of the lymphoid formations of the mucous membrane of different parts of the stomach of rats, semi-thin sections were made for the purpose of sharpening the blocks, which were stained with methylene blue.
RESULTS
Results: The analysis of the obtained data of the conducted experiment indicates that the administration of monosodium glutamate in a dose of 15 mg/kg of body weight to rats already after 14 days leads to an increase in the density and size of the lymphoid structures of the GMM. The number of immunocompetent cells between the fundus of the gastric glands and the muscle plate increases in the diffuse lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract of rats in all its parts, both in the I and II groups of experimental animals. These changes are most pronounced in the cardiac and portal parts of the stomach. In both groups of experimental animals, the migration of interepithelial lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and tissue basophils to the surface epithelium increases. In both groups of experimental animals (and the II group of rats), lymphoid nodules and lymphoid pre-nodules of the gastric mucous membrane (GMM) are located between the bottom of the gastric glands and the muscular plate of the GMM. A gradual increase of medium lymphocytes in the GMM was established both in animals of I and II groups, while large lymphocytes increased in almost the same amount in experimental animals of both groups. Similar changes occur in the characteristics of the number of plasma cells, macrophages and tissue basophils in the lymphoid pre-nodules of GMM.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions: Administering monosodium glutamate to rats at a dose of 15 mg/kg of body weight for 2 weeks leads to an increase in the density and size of lymphoid structures of the mucous membrane in all parts of the stomach with a predominant increase in the number of immunocompetent cells between the bottom of the gastric glands and the muscle plate. At the same time, more pronounced changes were found in the number of small lymphocytes, which tend to decrease by the 2nd week of the experiment, and vice versa - their density increases by the 4th week of monosodium glutamate administration.
Topics: Animals; Male; Sodium Glutamate; Decapitation; Gastric Mucosa; Stomach; Body Weight
PubMed: 38112357
DOI: 10.36740/WLek202311111 -
PeerJ 2023The chrysanthemum gene, homologous with tomato , is one of the earliest expressed genes controlling axillary meristem initiation. In this study, the wild-type...
The chrysanthemum gene, homologous with tomato , is one of the earliest expressed genes controlling axillary meristem initiation. In this study, the wild-type chrysanthemum (CW) and -overexpressed line 15 (C15) were used to investigate the regulatory mechanism of axillary bud development in chrysanthemum. Transcriptome sequencing was carried out to detect the differentially expressed genes of the axillary buds 0 h, 24 h and 48 h after decapitation. The phenotypic results showed that the number of axillary buds of C15 was significantly higher than CW. A total of 9,224 DEGs were identified in C15-0 CW-0, 10,622 DEGs in C15-24 CW-24, and 8,929 DEGs in C15-48 CW-48.GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that the genes of the flavonoid, phenylpropanoids and plant hormone pathways appeared to be differentially expressed, indicating their important roles in axillary bud germination. reduces GA content in axillary buds by promoting GA2ox expression.These results confirmed previous studies on axillary bud germination and growth, and revealed the important roles of genes involved in plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, aiding in the study of the gene patterns involved in axillary bud germination and growth.
Topics: Plant Growth Regulators; Chrysanthemum; Gene Expression Profiling; Cell Division
PubMed: 38111658
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16436 -
Molecular Neurobiology Dec 2023Depressive disorder is a severe and complex mental illness. There are a few anti-depressive medications that can reduce depressive symptoms, but with adverse or side...
Depressive disorder is a severe and complex mental illness. There are a few anti-depressive medications that can reduce depressive symptoms, but with adverse or side effects. GaoYou-13 (GY-13), commonly known as Areca Thirteen Pill, is a traditional medicine for depression treatment with significant clinical impact. However, the molecular mechanism of GY-13 has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore and explain the action and mechanism of GY-13 in treatment for depression. SD male rats were stimulated differently daily for 42 days to construct a depression rat model and divided into six groups: the control, CUMS model, GY-13L, GY-13 M, GY-13H, and FLUO. The body weight of was measured on day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 or different days, and the behavioral tests (Open-field test, Sucrose preference test, Morris water maze) were made alongside. After the rats were decapitated, the rat brains were stained with Nissl or H&E dyes. The serums of TNF-α and IL-1β were tested. The protein of p-IKKα, p-IкBα, and p-NFкBp65 was traced. Then nano-LC-MS/MS analysis was made to detect the mechanism of GY-13. The active ingredients, drug targets, and key pathways of GY-13 in treating depression were analyzed through network pharmacology and molecular docking. With immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, and western-blot techniques, the therapeutic mechanism of GY-13 was traced and analyzed. This study revealed that GY-13 significantly enhances autonomous and exploratory behavior, sucrose consumption, learning and memory ability, and hippocampal neuronal degeneration, which inhibits inflammation. In addition, omics analysis showed several proteins were altered in the hippocampus of rats following CUMS and GY-13 treatment. Bioinformatics analysis and network pharmacology revealed the antidepressant effects of GY-13 are related to the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting and RT-PCR assay further support the findings of omics analysis. We highlighted the importance of the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis in the treatment of depression, as well as showed GY-13 can be used as a novel targeted therapy for depression treatment.
PubMed: 38110645
DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03855-1 -
BMC Neurology Dec 2023Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic, progressive condition associated with permanent disabilities, particularly cognitive impairments. Glial scar formation...
OBJECTIVE
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic, progressive condition associated with permanent disabilities, particularly cognitive impairments. Glial scar formation following TBI is considered a contributing factor to these persistent disabilities. Currently, limited research exists on pharmacological interventions targeting glial scar prevention that require a standard weight drop TBI model for glial scar formation. Since there is no established standard TBI model for glial scar formation, this study aims to validate and modify the height of the weight drop model to identify glial scar formation and cognitive impairments.
METHODS
Fifteen male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham, WD1, and WD2 groups. The weight drop model with a 10 g load was applied to the right exposed brain of the rats from a height of 5 cm (WD1) and 10 cm (WD2) using a modified Feeney's weight drop device. Cognitive impairments were confirmed using the novel object recognition (NOR) test with ethovision software on day 15. Subsequently, the rats were decapitated on day 16, and GFAP immunohistochemical staining was performed to confirm the presence of glial scarring.
RESULTS
The WD1 and WD2 groups exhibited a significant increase in glial scar formation compared to the sham group, with the WD2 group resulting in even more pronounced glial scar formation. Only the WD2 model caused statistically significant cognitive damage. The negative correlation coefficient indicates that an increase in GFAP + cells will decrease the cognitive function.
CONCLUSION
Modification of the height of the weight drop model, by dropping a weight of 10 g from a height of 10 cm (WD2 group) onto the right brain exposed of the rat has been proven to induce the formation of a glial scar and cognitive impairment.
Topics: Rats; Male; Animals; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Gliosis; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Chronic Disease; Cognitive Dysfunction; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 38102565
DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03494-y -
Case Reports in Oncology 2023Regression of malignant melanoma (MM) is a commonly observed phenomenon, which refers to disappearance or loss of all or part of MM. It can be identified both clinically...
INTRODUCTION
Regression of malignant melanoma (MM) is a commonly observed phenomenon, which refers to disappearance or loss of all or part of MM. It can be identified both clinically and histologically, and high probability of histological regression of MM (10-58%) has been reported. However, the decapitation of skin tumor has rarely been described in the English literature, and decapitation in MM has not been reported. Here, we report the case of polypoid MM with spontaneous decapitation.
CASE PRESENTATION
An 81-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our hospital due to a polypoid nodule on her cheek. She was diagnosed with MM at stage IIC (T4bN0M0) by histological examinations. Three weeks after the biopsy, the nodule decapitated spontaneously without bleeding, and an ulcer developed on the base of the polypoid nodule. The histological examination of the additionally resected ulcerative lesion under the nodule revealed infiltration of T cells mainly composed of CD8⁺ natural killer T cells. No recurrence or metastasis has been observed for 4 years.
CONCLUSION
This is the first case report of polypoid MM with spontaneous decapitation, which may be attributed to natural killer T cells. Moreover, this case shows favorable prognosis, while it is said that the regression in thick MM does not have prognostic advantage and polypoid topography has been reported to be related to extremely poor prognosis. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the prognostic advantage of decapitation in MM and other skin tumors.
PubMed: 38089731
DOI: 10.1159/000535194 -
Journal of Cutaneous Pathology Mar 2024Apocrine cystadenoma is a rare, benign adenomatous cystic neoplasm, the pathogenesis of which is not fully understood. We sought to characterize the clinical,...
BACKGROUND
Apocrine cystadenoma is a rare, benign adenomatous cystic neoplasm, the pathogenesis of which is not fully understood. We sought to characterize the clinical, dermatoscopic, and histopathologic features of apocrine cystadenoma and its relationship to hidrocystoma.
METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed cases of apocrine cystadenoma and hidrocystoma retrieved from the dermatopathology laboratory information system.
RESULTS
Of the 350 cases apocrine cystic lesions, 13 cases of apocrine cystadenomas met the inclusion criteria. The age ranged from 20 to 84 years with an average of 64 years. They were long-standing (duration 3-15 years), slow-growing, large tumors usually found on the scalp. Dermatoscopy accentuated translucent light to dark blue color and prominent vessels that were present more at the periphery. All lesions were multilocular with columnar to cuboidal lining and decapitation secretion. A large portion of the lesion consisted of a simple nonproliferative epithelial lining, identical to that observed in apocrine hidrocystomas, while the proliferative adenomatous component made up a smaller portion with two patterns: (1) tubular proliferation, which either protruded into the cystic cavity or expanded outward peripherally, or (2) papillary projections, which were multiple layers thick with fibrovascular core, sometimes accompanied by tubular proliferation. Immunohistochemical stains showed strong staining for p40 and a sparse number of cells stained for Ki-67 and p53.
CONCLUSIONS
The long duration of the lesion and the large areas of simple apocrine epithelial lining suggest that apocrine cystadenomas arise from long-standing apocrine hidrocystomas. However, the retrospective nature of the study from a single institution is a limitation.
Topics: Humans; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Hidrocystoma; Retrospective Studies; Sweat Gland Neoplasms; Apocrine Glands; Cystadenoma; Cell Proliferation
PubMed: 38084825
DOI: 10.1111/cup.14573 -
International Endodontic Journal Feb 2024This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) against apical periodontitis (AP) in rats with adriamycin (ADR)-induced...
AIM
This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) against apical periodontitis (AP) in rats with adriamycin (ADR)-induced kidney and heart diseases.
METHODOLOGY
Fourty-eight Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups: (1) Control group, (2) ADR group (1 mg/kg/day ip for 10 days), (3) AP Group (1st mandibular molar tooth), (4) AP + ADR Group, (5) AP + NAC group (150 mg/kg/day ip), and (6) AP + ADR + NAC group. After 3 weeks, the rats were decapitated and blood and tissue samples (heart, kidney, and jaw) were collected. Tissue samples were evaluated by biochemical (inflammatory cytokines and hemodynamic parameters) and radiological analyses. One-way anova with Tukey post hoc tests was used to compare data, considering p < .05 as statistically significant.
RESULTS
The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, BUN, Creatinine, CK, and LDH were elevated in the test groups compared with the control group, and treatment with NAC reduced these levels (p < .05). Heart and kidney tissue analysis showed a higher heart-to-body weight ratio (HW/BW) and kidney-to-body weight ratio (KW/BW) in the test groups compared with the control group (p < .05). No significant differences in HW/BW and KW/BW were found between the control and AP + NAC groups. Volumetric apical bone resorption analysis showed an increase in periapical radiolucencies in AP-induced groups indicating apical periodontitis. NAC treatment reduced the total area and volume of resorption cavities (p < .05).
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that NAC's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects can reduce adriamycin-mediated heart and kidney damage and may have a positive effect on apical periodontitis in individuals with nephropathy and cardiomyopathy.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Rats, Wistar; Acetylcysteine; Doxorubicin; Periapical Periodontitis; Cardiomyopathies; Body Weight
PubMed: 38071432
DOI: 10.1111/iej.14010 -
Journal of the American Association For... Jan 2024Selecting a method of euthanasia is an important step in designing research studies that use animals; euthanasia methods must be humane, cause minimal pain and suffering...
Selecting a method of euthanasia is an important step in designing research studies that use animals; euthanasia methods must be humane, cause minimal pain and suffering to the animal, and preserve the tissue architecture of the organs of interest. In this study, we evaluated the histomorphology of the internal organs (lung, spleen, heart, kidney, liver, brain, and adrenal gland) of rats submitted to five different methods of euthanasia, with the goal of determining which protocol caused the least alteration of histomorphology. Twenty adult Wistar Han rats () were divided into 5 groups of 4 rats each (2 females and 2 males) and were euthanized by CO₂ or isoflurane inhalation, sodium thiopental or xylazine plus ketamine overdose, or decapitation. All euthanasia was performed in accordance with published guidelines and local legal require- ments. Necropsy was performed immediately after euthanasia. Specific internal organs were removed and placed in formalin and submitted for routine histologic processing. Histomorphological examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues revealed circulatory alterations in multiple organs, predominantly congestion in multiple tissues, pulmonary hemorrhage, and hepatic degeneration. The euthanasia methods that induced the most severe alterations were exposure to CO₂ and anesthetic overdose with xylazine plus ketamine or sodium thiopental. Euthanasia by overexposure to isoflurane caused less damage, and the alterations were of minimal severity. Decapitation resulted in the lowest incidence of lesions in multiple organs but due its traumatic nature, it caused the highest incidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. In selecting a method of euthanasia, factors to consider are the species of animal, the purpose of the research, and the practical ability to perform the procedure to achieve maximal animal welfare without iatrogenic changes that could compromise the outcome and reproducibility of the study.
Topics: Male; Female; Rats; Animals; Rats, Wistar; Ketamine; Isoflurane; Xylazine; Carbon Dioxide; Thiopental; Decapitation; Reproducibility of Results; Hemorrhage; Lung Diseases; Sodium; Rodent Diseases
PubMed: 38056883
DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000007 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2023We aimed to evaluate how high-fat diet consumption can interfere with rat reproductive performance and fetal development. High-fat diet (HFD) was initiated in 30-day-old...
We aimed to evaluate how high-fat diet consumption can interfere with rat reproductive performance and fetal development. High-fat diet (HFD) was initiated in 30-day-old rats, distributed into two groups (n=7 animals/group): Rats receiving a standard diet and rats receiving HFD. At adulthood, the rats were mated, and on day 21 of pregnancy, the females were anesthetized, decapitated, and submitted to laparotomy to obtain visceral and periovarian adipose tissue. The uterine horns were exposed for analysis of maternal reproductive performance. The fetuses and placentas were weighed and analyzed. Pearson's correlation test was used, and p<0.05 was considered significant. There was a significant positive correlation (HFD consumption x increased periovarian fat) and a negative correlation with the implantation, live fetus numbers and lower litter weight. Furthermore, the increased relative weight of periuterine fat was related to the lower number of live fetuses and litter weight. Regarding the fetal weight classification, there was a negative correlation between the relative weight of periovarian fat and the percentage of fetuses appropriate for gestational age and large for gestational age. Therefore, our findings show that HFD maternal intake negatively influenced on reproductive performance and fetal growth.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Rats; Animals; Reproduction; Fetal Development; Placenta; Fetus; Adipose Tissue
PubMed: 38055444
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320230079 -
Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology Apr 2024One of the serious complications of sepsis is liver damage and liver failure. This study aimed to evaluate the protective and therapeutic potential of melatonin in rats...
AIM
One of the serious complications of sepsis is liver damage and liver failure. This study aimed to evaluate the protective and therapeutic potential of melatonin in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis.
MAIN METHODS
Female Spraque-Dawley rats received single a dose of 7.5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide in saline to create a 24-h sepsis model. One of the other groups received melatonin at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day beginning 1 week before sepsis induction to the end of the experiment. The melatonin group received the same doses of melatonin for the same duration but not lipopolysaccharide. The vehicle group received the same doses of saline, the vehicle of melatonin, for the same duration. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the rats were decapitated. By appropriate histochemical, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and molecular techniques, anti-necrotic, anti-apoptotic, anti-necroptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of melatonin were assessed.
KEY FINDINGS
Lipopolysaccharide has disrupted liver functions by inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, necrotic, apoptotic, and necroptotic cell death, thus disrupting liver functions. Melatonin was found to be beneficial in terms of inhibiting the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and tissue oxidant levels, stimulating tissue antioxidant enzyme levels, and restoring hepatocyte functions.
SIGNIFICANCE
Melatonin, at those doses and duration, was found to be hepatoprotective by mainly modulating oxidative status and apoptosis rate, however, failed to significantly reduce histopathological damage. We suggest that longer-term melatonin administration may produce anti-inflammatory and anti-necrotic effects as well.
Topics: Rats; Female; Animals; Melatonin; Lipopolysaccharides; Rats, Wistar; Antioxidants; Oxidative Stress; Apoptosis; Necrosis; Sepsis; Liver; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 38051589
DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2023.2291751