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The Journals of Gerontology. Series A,... Mar 2022Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid status is used as a biomarker of dietary intake of fats; however, there is still a paucity of evidence regarding individual fatty acids...
Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid status is used as a biomarker of dietary intake of fats; however, there is still a paucity of evidence regarding individual fatty acids and modulation of endogenous advanced glycation end product (AGE) levels. Due to membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) being a well-known target for peroxidation, we hypothesized that cellular PUFAs are positively associated with circulatory Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) that is also influenced by glyoxal levels in healthy cohorts. To test this, we investigated the association between RBC fatty acids and circulatory AGE biomarkers in healthy individuals. The results showed a negative association between saturated fatty acids (SFA) and CML, and stepwise multivariate regression analysis indicated that stearic acid was negatively associated with CML levels (β = -0.200, p = .008) after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), and gender. In addition, stearic acid:palmitic acid ratio was also negatively correlated with plasma concentrations of CML (rp = -.191, p = .012) and glucose (rp = -.288, p = .0001). PUFAs showed a positive association with CML levels, particularly docosapentaenoic acid, γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and docosadienoic acid. However, these associations were not evident after the multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, BMI, and gender. A strong negative correlation (rp = -.98, p < .0001) between total PUFA and total SFA was observed. Furthermore, the SFA:PUFA ratio was inversely correlated with CML (rp = -.227, p < .003). Overall, this study indicates that different fats and their combinations may influence the formation of AGEs and that carefully controlled interventions are required to further test this hypothesis.
Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Biomarkers; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Humans; Lysine; Stearic Acids
PubMed: 34628492
DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab307 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2021Propolis is a resinous natural product collected by honeybees ( and others) from tree exudates that has been widely used in folk medicine. The present study was carried...
Propolis is a resinous natural product collected by honeybees ( and others) from tree exudates that has been widely used in folk medicine. The present study was carried out to investigate the fatty acid composition, chemical constituents, antioxidant, and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of Jordanian propolis, collected from Al-Ghour, Jordan. The hexane extract of Jordanian propolis contained different fatty acids, which are reported for the first time by using GC-FID. The HPLC was carried out to identify important chemical constituents such as fatty acids, polyphenols and α-tocopherol. The antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities were also monitored. The major fatty acid identified were palmitic acid (44.6%), oleic acid (18:1∆, 24.6%), arachidic acid (7.4%), stearic acid (5.4%), linoleic acid (18:2∆, 3.1%), caprylic acid (2.9%), lignoceric acid (2.6%), -11,14-eicosaldienoic acid (20:2∆, 2.4%), palmitoleic acid (1.5%), -11-eicosenoic acid (1.2%), α-linolenic acid (18:3∆, 1.1%), -13,16-docosadienoic acid (22:2∆, 1.0%), along with other fatty acids. The major chemical constituents identified using gradient HPLC-PDA analysis were pinocembrin (2.82%), chrysin (1.83%), luteolin-7--glucoside (1.23%), caffeic acid (1.12%), caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, 0.79%), apigenin (0.54%), galangin (0.46%), and luteolin (0.30%); while the minor constituents were hesperidin, quercetin, rutin, and vanillic acid. The percentage of α-tocopherol was 2.01 µg/g of the lipid fraction of propolis. Antioxidant properties of the extracts were determined via DPPH radical scavenging. The DPPH radical scavenging activities (IC) of different extracts ranged from 6.13 to 60.5 µg/mL compared to ascorbic acid (1.21 µg/mL). The xanthine oxidase inhibition (IC) ranged from 75.11 to 250.74 µg/mL compared to allopurinol (0.38 µg/mL). The results indicate that the various flavonoids, phenolic compounds, α-tocopherol, and other constituents which are present in propolis are responsible for the antioxidant and xanthine oxidation inhibition activity. To evaluate the safety studies of propolis, the pesticide residues were also monitored by LC-MS-MS 4500 Q-Trap. Trace amounts of pesticide residue (ng/mL) were detected in the samples, which are far below the permissible limit as per international guidelines.
Topics: Antioxidants; Caffeic Acids; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Fatty Acids; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Pesticide Residues; Phenols; Phenylethyl Alcohol; Propolis; Rutin
PubMed: 34443664
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165076 -
Metabolic Engineering Communications Jun 2021Docosadienoic acid (DDA, 22:2-13,16) and docosatrienoic acid (DTA, 22:3-13,16,19) are two very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) that are recently shown...
Docosadienoic acid (DDA, 22:2-13,16) and docosatrienoic acid (DTA, 22:3-13,16,19) are two very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) that are recently shown to possess strong anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. An ELO type elongase (EhELO1) from wild plant can synthesize the two fatty acids by sequential elongation of linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, respectively. Seed-specific expression of this gene in oilseed crop produced a considerable amount of DDA and DTA in transgenic seeds. However, these fatty acids were excluded from the position of triacylglycerols (TAGs). To improve the production level and nutrition value of the VLCPUFAs in the transgenic oilseed crop, a cytoplasmic lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (EhLPAAT2) for the incorporation of the two fatty acids into the -2 position of triacylglycerols was identified from . RT-PCR analysis showed that it was preferentially expressed in developing seeds where was exclusively expressed in . Seed specific expression of along with in resulted in the effective incorporation of DDA and DTA at the position of TAGs, thereby increasing the total amount of DDA and DTA in transgenic seeds. To our knowledge, this is the first plant LPAAT that can incorporate VLCPUFAs into TAGs. Improved production of DDA and DTA in the oilseed crop using EhLPAAT2 and EhELO1 provides a real commercial opportunity for high value agriculture products for nutraceutical uses.
PubMed: 34026531
DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2021.e00171 -
Journal of Proteome Research Jun 2021An untargeted multi-omics study implicated the potential dysregulation of fatty acid, nucleotide, and energy metabolism in the brainstems of spontaneously hypertensive...
Targeted Metabolic Profiling and PRM Analysis of Proteins Revealed Impaired Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism and GTP Metabolism in the Brainstem of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.
An untargeted multi-omics study implicated the potential dysregulation of fatty acid, nucleotide, and energy metabolism in the brainstems of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). A further quantitative exploration of the alterations in the metabolic pathways is necessary for a deep understanding of the central nervous system in SHRs. Targeted metabolic profiling of 40 fatty acids (PeptideAtlas: PASS01671) and 32 metabolites of nucleotides and energy metabolism (PeptideAtlas: PASS01672) and parallel reaction monitoring analysis of 5 proteins (PeptideAtlas: PASS01673) were performed on the brainstems of SHRs ( = 8, 11 weeks old) and normotensive Wistar rats ( = 8, age-matched) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem MS. The targeted profiling results of metabolites and proteins revealed decreased polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis with a significant downregulation of -11,14-eicosadienoic acid, -13,16-docosadienoic acid, and docosatetraenoate and impaired PUFA oxidation with the accumulation of γ-linolenate induced by the significantly downregulated expression of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase ( < 0.05). Dysregulated GTP and ATP metabolism was observed, with significantly decreased GDP and ADP ( < 0.05) correlated with reduced GTPases of guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-1 (GNB1), transforming protein RhoA (RHOA), and Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoB (RHOB) in the brainstem of SHRs. In addition, protein-arginine deiminase type-2 was significantly reduced in the brainstems of SHRs ( < 0.05). The aberrant PUFA and energy metabolism might help to explain the alterations in the brainstem of SHRs. The findings on both metabolites and proteins could provide systemic insights into the pathology basis of altered PUFA and energy metabolism in hypertension, especially in the central nervous system.
Topics: Animals; Brain Stem; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Guanosine Triphosphate; Hypertension; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 33999640
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00208 -
Plant Diversity Feb 2021Nervonic acid (NA, cis-15-tetracosenoic acid) is a very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid that has been shown to be a core component of nerve fibers and nerve cells....
Nervonic acid (NA, cis-15-tetracosenoic acid) is a very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid that has been shown to be a core component of nerve fibers and nerve cells. It can be used to treat and prevent many neurological diseases. At present, commercially available NA is mainly derived from seeds, which contain about 5%-6% NA in their seed oil. The aim of this study were to identify and analyze NA-containing species that could be used as NA resource plants. For this purpose, 46 species seeds were collected in China and in some or all of the seed oils from these species 15 fatty acids were detected, including linoleic acid, oleic acid (C18:1, C18:1), erucic acid, palmitic acid, NA, linolenic acid (C18:3, C18:3), eicosenoic acid (C20:1, C20:1), stearic acid, behenic acid, tetracosanoic acid, arachidic acid, and docosadienoic acid. Nervonic acid was detected in all samples, but the content was highly variable among species. NA content over 9% was detected in eleven species, of which had the highest levels (13.90%). The seed oil content, seed weight, and fatty acid profiles varied among species, but the comprehensive evaluation value (W) showed that could be a new potential NA resources plant. The results also showed that NA was significantly negatively correlated with palmitic acid, oleic acid, and eicosenoic acid, but positively correlated with eicosadienoic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, and tetracosanoic acid, which indicate the probable pathway for NA biosynthesis in plants. This study has identified species that may serve as NA resources and will help guide subsequent species breeding programs.
PubMed: 33778229
DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2020.10.003 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2020Antipsychotic drugs (AP) are used to treat a multitude of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, APs also have metabolic side...
Antipsychotic drugs (AP) are used to treat a multitude of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, APs also have metabolic side effects including increased food intake and body weight, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We previously reported that minocycline (MINO) co-treatment abrogates olanzapine (OLZ)-induced hyperphagia and weight gain in mice. Using this model, we investigated the changes in the pharmacometabolome in the plasma and hypothalamus associated with OLZ-induced hyperphagia and weight gain. Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into groups and fed either i) control, CON (45% fat diet) ii) CON + MINO, iii) OLZ (45% fat diet with OLZ), iv) OLZ + MINO. We identified one hypothalamic metabolite indoxylsulfuric acid and 389 plasma metabolites (including 19 known metabolites) that were specifically associated with AP-induced hyperphagia and weight gain in mice. We found that plasma citrulline, tricosenoic acid, docosadienoic acid and palmitoleic acid were increased while serine, asparagine and arachidonic acid and its derivatives were decreased in response to OLZ. These changes were specifically blocked by co-treatment with MINO. These pharmacometabolomic profiles associated with AP-induced hyperphagia and weight gain provide candidate biomarkers and mechanistic insights related to the metabolic side effects of these widely used drugs.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Eating; Female; Hyperphagia; Hypothalamus; Metabolome; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Minocycline; Olanzapine; Weight Gain
PubMed: 33122657
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75624-2 -
Nutrition and Cancer 2021Very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) are widely used as nutraceutical supplements for human health. Recently, a high level of two new VLCPUFAs,...
Comparing the In Vitro Antitumor, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities between Two New Very Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Docosadienoic Acid (DDA) and Docosatrienoic Acid (DTA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA).
Very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) are widely used as nutraceutical supplements for human health. Recently, a high level of two new VLCPUFAs, docosadienoic acid (DDA, 22:2n-6) and docosatrienoic acid (DTA, 22:3n-3), was produced in oilseed crop using a biotechnology approach. This study investigated the functional properties of these two VLCPUFAs in human cells. Compared to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the golden standard in evaluating the health-promoting activities of VLCPUFAs, both DDA and DTA exhibited comparable or even better antitumor and antioxidant effects against human breast cancer SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Especially, DTA elicited much stronger antioxidant and pro-apoptotic effects than DHA. Furthermore, DDA and DTA showed strong anti-inflammatory effects in human macrophages differentiated from monocyte THP-1 cells through lowering the protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon γ (IFN-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Future In Vivo and In Vivo studies are warranted to identify the mechanism of action (MOA) for the antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of DDA and DTA and explore potential applications of these two VLCPUFAs as novel nutraceutical supplements in preventing inflammatory conditions, aging and even cancer.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Macrophages
PubMed: 32781843
DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1804949 -
Veterinary Immunology and... Mar 2020Similarly to aged humans, senior horses (≥20 years) exhibit chronic low-grade inflammation systemically, known as inflamm-aging. Inflamm-aging in the senior horse has...
Similarly to aged humans, senior horses (≥20 years) exhibit chronic low-grade inflammation systemically, known as inflamm-aging. Inflamm-aging in the senior horse has been characterized by increased circulating inflammatory cytokines as well as increased inflammatory cytokine production by lymphocytes and monocytes in response to a mitogen. Little is currently known regarding underlying causes of inflamm-aging. However, senior horses are also known to present with muscle wasting and often the endocrinopathy pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Despite the concurrence of these phenomena, the relationships inflamm-aging may have with measures of body composition and pituitary function in the horse remain unknown. Furthermore, nutrition has been a focus of research in an attempt to promote health span as well as life span in senior horses, with some nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, having known anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, an exploratory study of a population of n = 42 similarly-managed senior horses was conducted to determine relationships between inflamm-aging and measures of circulating nutrients, body composition, age, and PPID. Serum was collected to determine vitamin, mineral, and fatty acid content. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also isolated to determine inflammatory cytokine production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) following stimulation with a mitogen, as well as to determine gene expression of interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Serum IL-6 and C-reactive protein were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Whole blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Body composition was evaluated via ultrasound and muscle scoring for all 42 horses as well as by deuterium oxide dilution for a subset of n = 10 horses. Pituitary function was evaluated by measuring basal adrenocorticotropin hormone concentrations as well as by thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation testing (to determine PPID status). Results showed various relationships between inflammatory markers and the other variables measured. Most notably, docosadienoic acid (C22:2n6c), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n3c), and folate were positively associated with numerous inflammatory parameters (P ≤ 0.05). Although no relationships were found between inflamm-aging and PPID, being positive for PPID was negatively associated with vitamin B12 (P ≤ 0.01). No relationships between inflammation and body composition were found. Even within this senior horse population, age was associated with multiple parameters, particularly with numerous inflammatory cytokines and fatty acids. In summary, inflamm-aging exhibited relationships with various other parameters examined, particularly with certain fatty acids. This exploratory study provides insights into physiological changes associated with inflamm-aging in the senior horse.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Composition; Cytokines; Female; Folic Acid; Horse Diseases; Horses; Inflammation; Male; Nutrients; Pituitary Diseases; Pituitary Gland, Intermediate
PubMed: 32058159
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110013 -
Archives Animal Breeding 2019Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a role in a wide variety of physiological processes. They are produced by a series of desaturation and elongation reactions....
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a role in a wide variety of physiological processes. They are produced by a series of desaturation and elongation reactions. -6-desaturase is a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of -linolenic acid (C18:3 -3) and linoleic acid (C18:2 -6) to stearidonic acid (18:4 -3) and -linolenic acid (18:3 -6). It is encoded by the gene located on bovine chromosome 29. The aim of this study was to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene and to determine possible associations with milk fatty acid composition in two breeds of dairy cattle, i.e., Jersey and Polish Holstein-Friesian. Direct DNA sequencing revealed the presence of an A-to-G substitution in intron 3 of the gene (rs209202414). Both populations were genotyped with an appropriate PCR-RFLP assay. The following genotype distributions were observed: for Jerseys, 0.24, 0.63, and 0.13; for Polish Holstein-Friesians, 0.17, 0.40, and 0.43. In Jerseys, statistically significant relationships were found between the genotypes and the following milk fatty acids: lauric ( ), behenic ( ), lignoceric ( ), oleic ( ), eicosatrienoic ( ), and docosadienoic ( ). In Polish Holstein-Friesian cows, significant associations were observed for erucic ( ) and docosahexaenoic ( ) acids. The study indicated the A-to-G substitution (rs209202414) in the bovine gene as a potential genetic marker for fatty acid composition in cattle milk.
PubMed: 31807666
DOI: 10.5194/aab-62-547-2019 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Mar 2020The pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, produces high-quality pearls. During pearl production, excess immune and inflammatory response after transplantation will...
The pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, produces high-quality pearls. During pearl production, excess immune and inflammatory response after transplantation will lead to nucleus rejection, pearl sac formation failure, and death of the host pearl oyster. The hemocyte transcriptome and fatty acid (FA) contents in the adductor muscle before and after transplantation were analyzed to investigate the response of pearl oyster P. f. martensii to allograft-induced stress from lipid metabolism. The hemocyte transcriptome analysis detected 193 lipid metabolism-related genes, such as the elongation of very long-chain FA protein 5, acyl-CoA 6-desaturase, cytochrome P450, phospholipase A2, glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase, and prostaglandin-H2 d-isomerase. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed that these genes were mainly involved in the "biosynthesis of unsaturated FAs," "FA biosynthesis," "ARA metabolism," and "glycerolipid metabolism." An analysis of FA contents in the adductor muscle indicated no significant difference in the contents of lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid, docosadienoic acid, and 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid. However, ARA, DHA, and EPA in the adductor muscle after transplantation were significantly greater than those processed without grafting surgery. These results suggest that pearl oysters require more polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) to regulate their inflammatory and immune response after transplantation. However, their ability to biosynthesize unsaturated FAs is limited. Given these results, the addition of PUFA-containing diets or selection of a line with strong ability to biosynthesize unsaturated FAs may be valuable for pearl oyster recovery after transplantation.
Topics: Allografts; Animals; Fatty Acids; Hemocytes; Lipid Metabolism; Muscle, Striated; Pinctada; Stress, Physiological; Transcriptome
PubMed: 31734283
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.028