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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Herein, we present a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the compositions of plasmalogens and phospholipids (PLs) in dried big head shrimp (Solenocera melantho),...
Compositional Study of Phospholipids from the Dried Big Head and Opossum Shrimp, Mussel, and Sea Cucumber Using P NMR Spectroscopy: Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Plasmalogen.
Herein, we present a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the compositions of plasmalogens and phospholipids (PLs) in dried big head shrimp (Solenocera melantho), opossum shrimp (Neomysis awatschensis), mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), and sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). We also analyze the fatty acid composition of the extracted lipids, phosphatidyl choline (PtdCho), and plasmalogen choline (PlsCho) from each sample. In big head shrimp, opossum shrimp, and mussel, phosphatidyl choline (PtdCho) was the most abundant PL at 1677.9, 1603, and 1661.6 mg/100 g of dried sample, respectively, whereas the most abundant PL in sea cucumber was PlsCho (206.9 mg/100 g of dried sample). In all four samples, plasmalogen ethanolamine (PlsEtn) was higher than phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PtdEtn). The content (mg/100 g of dried sample) of PlsCho was highest in mussel (379.0), and it was higher in big head shrimp (262.3) and opossum shrimp (245.6) than sea cucumber (206.9). The contents (mg/100 g of dried sample) of PlsEtn were in the order of mussel (675.4) > big head shrimp (629.5) > opossum shrimp (217.9) > sea cucumber (51.5). For analyzing the fatty acids at the sn-2 position of PlsCho, the consecutive treatment with phospholipase A1, solid phase extraction, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and GC-FID were applied. The most abundant fatty acid was eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5, n-3) in big head shrimp and sea cucumber, palmitoleic acid (C16:1, n-7) in opossum shrimp, and docosadienoic acid (C22:2, n-6) in mussel.
Topics: Animals; Bivalvia; Choline; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Ethanolamines; Fatty Acids; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Opossums; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipases; Phospholipids; Plasmalogens; Sea Cucumbers
PubMed: 36234786
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196250 -
Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences 2022The relationship between many fatty acids and respiratory outcomes remains unclear, especially with regard to mechanistic actions. Altered regulation of the process of...
RATIONALE
The relationship between many fatty acids and respiratory outcomes remains unclear, especially with regard to mechanistic actions. Altered regulation of the process of lung repair is a key feature of chronic lung disease and may impact the potential for pulmonary rehabilitation, but underlying mechanisms of lung repair following injury or inflammation are not well-studied. The epidermal growth factor receptor agonist amphiregulin (AREG) has been demonstrated to promote lung repair following occupational dust exposure in animals. Studies suggest the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may enhance the production of AREG. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between fatty acids and lung function in a population of veterans and determine if fatty acid status is associated with concentrations of AREG.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data were collected from a cross-sectional study of veterans within the Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System. Whole blood assays were performed to quantify AREG concentrations via a commercially available ELISA kit. Fatty acids from plasma samples from the same patients were measured using gas-liquid chromatography. Intakes of fatty acids were quantified with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Linear regression models were used to determine whether plasma fatty acids or intakes of fatty acids predicted lung function or AREG concentrations. A < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Ninety participants were included in this analysis. In fully adjusted models, plasma fatty acids were associated with AREG production, including the PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (β = 0.33, = 0.03) and the monounsaturated fatty acid octadecenoic acid: (β = -0.56, = 0.02). The omega-3 PUFA docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was positively associated with lung function (β = 0.28, = 0.01; β = 26.5, = 0.05 for FEV/FVC ratio and FEV % predicted, respectively), as were the omega-6 PUFAs eicosadienoic acid (β = 1.13, < 0.001; β = 91.2, = 0.005 for FEV/FVC ratio and FEV % predicted, respectively) and docosadienoic acid (β = 0.29, = 0.01 for FEV/FVC ratio). Plasma monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids were inversely associated with lung function.
CONCLUSION
Opposing anti- and pro-inflammatory properties of different fatty acids may be associated with lung function in this population, in part by regulating AREG induction.
PubMed: 36188926
DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.773835 -
Plant Diversity Feb 2021Nervonic acid (NA, cis-15-tetracosenoic acid) is a very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid that has been shown to be a core component of nerve fibers and nerve cells....
Nervonic acid (NA, cis-15-tetracosenoic acid) is a very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid that has been shown to be a core component of nerve fibers and nerve cells. It can be used to treat and prevent many neurological diseases. At present, commercially available NA is mainly derived from seeds, which contain about 5%-6% NA in their seed oil. The aim of this study were to identify and analyze NA-containing species that could be used as NA resource plants. For this purpose, 46 species seeds were collected in China and in some or all of the seed oils from these species 15 fatty acids were detected, including linoleic acid, oleic acid (C18:1, C18:1), erucic acid, palmitic acid, NA, linolenic acid (C18:3, C18:3), eicosenoic acid (C20:1, C20:1), stearic acid, behenic acid, tetracosanoic acid, arachidic acid, and docosadienoic acid. Nervonic acid was detected in all samples, but the content was highly variable among species. NA content over 9% was detected in eleven species, of which had the highest levels (13.90%). The seed oil content, seed weight, and fatty acid profiles varied among species, but the comprehensive evaluation value (W) showed that could be a new potential NA resources plant. The results also showed that NA was significantly negatively correlated with palmitic acid, oleic acid, and eicosenoic acid, but positively correlated with eicosadienoic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, and tetracosanoic acid, which indicate the probable pathway for NA biosynthesis in plants. This study has identified species that may serve as NA resources and will help guide subsequent species breeding programs.
PubMed: 33778229
DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2020.10.003 -
Metabolic Engineering Communications Jun 2021Docosadienoic acid (DDA, 22:2-13,16) and docosatrienoic acid (DTA, 22:3-13,16,19) are two very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) that are recently shown...
Docosadienoic acid (DDA, 22:2-13,16) and docosatrienoic acid (DTA, 22:3-13,16,19) are two very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) that are recently shown to possess strong anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. An ELO type elongase (EhELO1) from wild plant can synthesize the two fatty acids by sequential elongation of linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, respectively. Seed-specific expression of this gene in oilseed crop produced a considerable amount of DDA and DTA in transgenic seeds. However, these fatty acids were excluded from the position of triacylglycerols (TAGs). To improve the production level and nutrition value of the VLCPUFAs in the transgenic oilseed crop, a cytoplasmic lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (EhLPAAT2) for the incorporation of the two fatty acids into the -2 position of triacylglycerols was identified from . RT-PCR analysis showed that it was preferentially expressed in developing seeds where was exclusively expressed in . Seed specific expression of along with in resulted in the effective incorporation of DDA and DTA at the position of TAGs, thereby increasing the total amount of DDA and DTA in transgenic seeds. To our knowledge, this is the first plant LPAAT that can incorporate VLCPUFAs into TAGs. Improved production of DDA and DTA in the oilseed crop using EhLPAAT2 and EhELO1 provides a real commercial opportunity for high value agriculture products for nutraceutical uses.
PubMed: 34026531
DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2021.e00171 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2021Propolis is a resinous natural product collected by honeybees ( and others) from tree exudates that has been widely used in folk medicine. The present study was carried...
Propolis is a resinous natural product collected by honeybees ( and others) from tree exudates that has been widely used in folk medicine. The present study was carried out to investigate the fatty acid composition, chemical constituents, antioxidant, and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of Jordanian propolis, collected from Al-Ghour, Jordan. The hexane extract of Jordanian propolis contained different fatty acids, which are reported for the first time by using GC-FID. The HPLC was carried out to identify important chemical constituents such as fatty acids, polyphenols and α-tocopherol. The antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities were also monitored. The major fatty acid identified were palmitic acid (44.6%), oleic acid (18:1∆, 24.6%), arachidic acid (7.4%), stearic acid (5.4%), linoleic acid (18:2∆, 3.1%), caprylic acid (2.9%), lignoceric acid (2.6%), -11,14-eicosaldienoic acid (20:2∆, 2.4%), palmitoleic acid (1.5%), -11-eicosenoic acid (1.2%), α-linolenic acid (18:3∆, 1.1%), -13,16-docosadienoic acid (22:2∆, 1.0%), along with other fatty acids. The major chemical constituents identified using gradient HPLC-PDA analysis were pinocembrin (2.82%), chrysin (1.83%), luteolin-7--glucoside (1.23%), caffeic acid (1.12%), caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, 0.79%), apigenin (0.54%), galangin (0.46%), and luteolin (0.30%); while the minor constituents were hesperidin, quercetin, rutin, and vanillic acid. The percentage of α-tocopherol was 2.01 µg/g of the lipid fraction of propolis. Antioxidant properties of the extracts were determined via DPPH radical scavenging. The DPPH radical scavenging activities (IC) of different extracts ranged from 6.13 to 60.5 µg/mL compared to ascorbic acid (1.21 µg/mL). The xanthine oxidase inhibition (IC) ranged from 75.11 to 250.74 µg/mL compared to allopurinol (0.38 µg/mL). The results indicate that the various flavonoids, phenolic compounds, α-tocopherol, and other constituents which are present in propolis are responsible for the antioxidant and xanthine oxidation inhibition activity. To evaluate the safety studies of propolis, the pesticide residues were also monitored by LC-MS-MS 4500 Q-Trap. Trace amounts of pesticide residue (ng/mL) were detected in the samples, which are far below the permissible limit as per international guidelines.
Topics: Antioxidants; Caffeic Acids; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Fatty Acids; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Pesticide Residues; Phenols; Phenylethyl Alcohol; Propolis; Rutin
PubMed: 34443664
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165076 -
PloS One 2016This study investigated the relationship between erythrocyte membrane fatty acid (FA) levels and the severity of symptoms of individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study investigated the relationship between erythrocyte membrane fatty acid (FA) levels and the severity of symptoms of individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. Subjects of the present study consisted of 80 neuroleptic-naïve UHR patients. Partial correlation coefficients were calculated between baseline erythrocyte membrane FA levels, measured by gas chromatography, and scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) after controlling for age, sex, smoking and cannabis use. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the predominance of positive or negative symptoms based on PANSS subscale scores; membrane FA levels in the three groups were then compared. More severe negative symptoms measured by PANSS were negatively correlated with two saturated FAs (myristic and margaric acids), one ω-9 monounsaturated FA (MUFA; nervonic acid), and one ω-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA; docosapentaenoic acid), and were positively correlated with two ω-9 MUFAs (eicosenoic and erucic acids) and two ω-6 PUFAs (γ-linolenic and docosadienoic acids). More severe positive symptoms measured by PANSS were correlated only with nervonic acid. No associations were observed between FAs and MADRS scores. In subjects with predominant negative symptoms, the sum of the ω-9 MUFAs and the ω-6:ω-3 FA ratio were both significantly higher than in those with predominant positive symptoms, whereas the sum of ω-3 PUFAs was significantly lower. In conclusion, abnormalities in FA metabolism may contribute to the neurobiology of psychopathology in UHR individuals. In particular, membrane FA alterations may play a role in negative symptoms, which are primary psychopathological manifestations of schizophrenia-related disability.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Austria; Erythrocyte Membrane; Erythrocytes; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Humans; Male; Psychopathology; Psychotic Disorders; Young Adult
PubMed: 26963912
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151417 -
Lipids in Health and Disease Feb 2017In an effort to characterize the fat body and other adipose tissue in the Nile crocodile and the effects of pansteatitis on the structure and composition of the adipose...
Histomorphology, ultrastructure and fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue in pansteatitis, the potentials in understanding the underlying mechanism and diagnosis of pansteatitis in the Nile crocodile.
BACKGROUND
In an effort to characterize the fat body and other adipose tissue in the Nile crocodile and the effects of pansteatitis on the structure and composition of the adipose tissue, we evaluated the regional variation in structure and fatty acid composition of healthy farmed crocodiles and those affected by pansteatitis.
METHODS
Adipose tissue samples were collected from the subcutaneous, visceral and intramuscular fat and the abdominal fat body of ten 4-year old juvenile crocodiles from Izinthaba Crocodile Farm, Pretoria, South Africa while pansteatitis samples were collected from visceral and intramuscular fat of crocodiles that had died of pansteatitis at the Olifant River, Mpumalanga, also in South Africa. Histomorphology, ultrastrustucture and fatty acid composition by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis were conducted.
RESULTS
Histological examination showed regional variations in the adipose tissue especially in the collagen content of the ECM, tissue perfusion and division into lobes and lobules by fibrous capsule. Considerable fibrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration especially by macrophages and lymphocytes and toxic changes in the nucleus were observed in the pansteatitis samples. Regional variation in lipid composition especially in Myristoleic (C14:1), Erucic acid (C22:1n9), and Docosadienoic acid (C22:2n6) was observed. Most of the saturated and trans fatty acids were found in significant quantities in the pansteatitis samples, but had very low levels of the cis fatty acid and the essential fatty acids with C18 backbone.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates that there exists some regional variation in histomorphology and fatty acid composition in the healthy adipose tissue of the Nile crocodile. It also showed that pansteatitis in the Nile crocodile might have been triggered by sudden change in energy balance from consumption of dead fish; and probable exposure to toxic environmental conditions with the evidence of up scaled monounsaturated long chain fatty acids composition and toxic changes in the leucocytes observed in pansteatitis in the present study.
Topics: Alligators and Crocodiles; Animals; Fatty Acids; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Muscle, Skeletal; Organ Specificity; Steatitis; Subcutaneous Fat
PubMed: 28231818
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0405-2 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2020Antipsychotic drugs (AP) are used to treat a multitude of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, APs also have metabolic side...
Antipsychotic drugs (AP) are used to treat a multitude of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, APs also have metabolic side effects including increased food intake and body weight, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We previously reported that minocycline (MINO) co-treatment abrogates olanzapine (OLZ)-induced hyperphagia and weight gain in mice. Using this model, we investigated the changes in the pharmacometabolome in the plasma and hypothalamus associated with OLZ-induced hyperphagia and weight gain. Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into groups and fed either i) control, CON (45% fat diet) ii) CON + MINO, iii) OLZ (45% fat diet with OLZ), iv) OLZ + MINO. We identified one hypothalamic metabolite indoxylsulfuric acid and 389 plasma metabolites (including 19 known metabolites) that were specifically associated with AP-induced hyperphagia and weight gain in mice. We found that plasma citrulline, tricosenoic acid, docosadienoic acid and palmitoleic acid were increased while serine, asparagine and arachidonic acid and its derivatives were decreased in response to OLZ. These changes were specifically blocked by co-treatment with MINO. These pharmacometabolomic profiles associated with AP-induced hyperphagia and weight gain provide candidate biomarkers and mechanistic insights related to the metabolic side effects of these widely used drugs.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Eating; Female; Hyperphagia; Hypothalamus; Metabolome; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Minocycline; Olanzapine; Weight Gain
PubMed: 33122657
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75624-2 -
Food Science & Nutrition Nov 2014The safety and shelf-life of food products can be, respectively, ensured and extended with important food-processing technologies such as irradiation. The joint effect...
The safety and shelf-life of food products can be, respectively, ensured and extended with important food-processing technologies such as irradiation. The joint effect of cooking and 10 kGy gamma irradiation on the fatty acid composition of the oil of Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth was evaluated. Oils from the raw seed, cooked seeds, irradiated seeds (10 kGy), cooked, and irradiated seeds (10 kGy) were extracted and analyzed for their fatty acid content. An omega-6-fatty acid (linoleic acid) was the principal unsaturated fatty acid in the bean seed oil (24.6%). Cooking significantly (P < 0.05) increased Erucic acid by 3.3% and Linolenic acid by 23.0%. Combined treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased C18:2, C6:0, C20:2, C18:3, C20:3, C24:0, and C22:6 being linoleic, caproic, eicosadienoic, linolenic, eicosatrienoic, ligoceric, and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively, and this increase made the oil sample to have the highest total fatty acid content (154.9%), unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (109.6), and unsaturated fatty acid content (153.9%). 10 kGy irradiation induces the formation of C20:5 (eicosapentaenoic), while cooking induced the formation of C20:4 (arachidic acid), C22:6 (Heneicosanoic acid), and C22:2 (docosadienoic acid). Combined 10 kGy cooking and irradiation increased the susceptibility of the oil of the African oil bean to rancidity.
PubMed: 25493197
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.176 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023The Chuanzang black (CB) pig is a new crossbred between Chinese local breeds and modern breeds. Here, we investigated the growth performance, plasma indexes, carcass...
The Chuanzang black (CB) pig is a new crossbred between Chinese local breeds and modern breeds. Here, we investigated the growth performance, plasma indexes, carcass traits, and meat quality characteristics of conventional DLY (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) crossbreed and CB pigs. The LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics of pork from DLY and CB pigs, as well as the relationship between the changes in the metabolic spectrum and meat quality, were analyzed. In this study, CB pigs presented lower final body weight, average daily gain, carcass weight, and eye muscle area than DLY pigs ( ˂ 0.05). Conversely, the ratio of feed to gain, marbling score, and meat color score of longissimus dorsi (LD) were higher in CB than DLY pigs ( ˂ 0.05). Moreover, psoas major (PM) showed a higher meat color score and a lower cooking loss in CB than DLY pigs ( ˂ 0.05). Interestingly, CB pigs showed lower myofiber diameter and area but higher myofiber density than DLY pigs ( ˂ 0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of , , , and were higher in CB than DLY pigs ( ˂ 0.05). Importantly, a total of 753 metabolites were detected in the two tissues (e.g., and ) of CB and DLY pigs, of which the difference in metabolite profiles in between crossbreeds was greater than that in . Specifically, palmitic acid, stearic acid, L-aspartic acid, corticosterone, and tetrahydrocorticosterone were the most relevant metabolites of meat quality, and tetrahydrocorticosterone, L-Palmitoylcarnitine, arachidic acid, erucic acid, and 13Z,16Z-docosadienoic acid in meat were positively correlated with meat quality. The most significantly enriched KEGG pathways in and pork were galactose metabolism and purine metabolism, respectively. These results not only indicated improved meat quality in CB pigs as compared to DLY pigs but may also assist in rational target selection for nutritional intervention or genetic breeding in the swine industry.
PubMed: 37761184
DOI: 10.3390/foods12183476