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Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde May 2024Worldwide, disease in children due to exposure to rats is increasing, also in the Netherlands. Not only the generally known pathogen Leptospira should be considered,...
BACKGROUND
Worldwide, disease in children due to exposure to rats is increasing, also in the Netherlands. Not only the generally known pathogen Leptospira should be considered, also , , Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Hantavirus, and are also known rat-associated zoonosis.
CASE DESCRIPTION
An 12-year-old boy visited the pediatrician with fever, headache and nausea, followed by generalized erythema and arthritis. The boy had a pet rat. The patient's blood culture was positive for S. moniliformis. The patient was treated with antibiotics and made a full recovery.
CONCLUSION
Just like many rat-associated diseases have 'rat-bite fever' caused by S. moniliformis an nonspecific clinical presentation. It is not necessary to have had a rat bite, to develop rat-bite fever. Better awareness and knowledge about rat related diseases should contribute to earlier diagnosis and treatment. Which is of great importance because of increased morbidity and mortality associated to rat related diseases.
Topics: Child; Male; Humans; Rat-Bite Fever; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Rats; Treatment Outcome; Streptobacillus; Zoonoses
PubMed: 38747614
DOI: No ID Found -
Environmental Microbiology May 2024Free-living amoebae (FLA) serve as hosts for a variety of endosymbionts, which are microorganisms that reside and multiply within the FLA. Some of these endosymbionts... (Review)
Review
Free-living amoebae (FLA) serve as hosts for a variety of endosymbionts, which are microorganisms that reside and multiply within the FLA. Some of these endosymbionts pose a pathogenic threat to humans, animals, or both. The symbiotic relationship with FLA not only offers these microorganisms protection but also enhances their survival outside their hosts and assists in their dispersal across diverse habitats, thereby escalating disease transmission. This review is intended to offer an exhaustive overview of the existing mathematical models that have been applied to understand the dynamics of FLA, especially concerning their interactions with bacteria. An extensive literature review was conducted across Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases to identify mathematical models that describe the dynamics of interactions between FLA and bacteria, as published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The literature search revealed several FLA-bacteria model systems, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella multocida, and Legionella spp. Although the published mathematical models account for significant system dynamics such as predator-prey relationships and non-linear growth rates, they generally overlook spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental conditions, such as temperature, and population diversity. Future mathematical models will need to incorporate these factors to enhance our understanding of FLA-bacteria dynamics and to provide valuable insights for future risk assessment and disease control measures.
Topics: Amoeba; Bacteria; Symbiosis; Models, Biological; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Models, Theoretical; Animals
PubMed: 38715450
DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16623 -
Veterinary Research Communications May 2024Pasteurella multocida is affecting a multitude of animals and severely affects livestock production. Existing vaccines are mostly chemically inactivated and do not lead...
Pasteurella multocida is affecting a multitude of animals and severely affects livestock production. Existing vaccines are mostly chemically inactivated and do not lead to wide protection. Irradiated vaccines are enjoying a renaissance and the concept of "replication defficient but metabolically active" vaccines was recently evaluated in several vaccine trials. P. multocida was isolated from the nasal swab, blood, and lung swab samples from infected rabbits. Gamma irradiation of P. multocida for inhibition of replication was evaluated at an optimized irradiation dose of 10 Kgy established. Four groups of rabbits were (mock) vaccinated with a commercial P. multocida vaccine and three irradiated formulations as liquid, lyophilized formulations with added Trehalose and lyophilized-Trehalose with an "activation" culturing the irradiated bacteria for 24 in broth. Evaluation of humoral immune response by ELISA showed that all three irradiated vaccines produced an effective, protective, and continued IgG serum level after vaccination and bacterial challenge. The IFN-γ expression is maintained at a normal level, within each individual group however, the lyophilized trehalose irradiated vaccine showed peak mean of IFN-γ titer at one week after booster dose (day 21) which was statistically significant. Cumulatively, the results of this study show that gamma-irradiated P. multocida vaccines are safe and protect rabbits against disease. Moreover, Rabbits' immunization with the three irradiated formulations avoided adverse side effects as compared to commercial polyvalent vaccine, the body weight gain for the irradiated vaccine groups indicates less stress compared to the commercial polyvalent vaccine.
PubMed: 38709372
DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10388-y -
Journal of Microbiological Methods Jun 2024Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important health and economic burden to the cattle industry worldwide. Three bacterial pathogens frequently associated with BRD...
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important health and economic burden to the cattle industry worldwide. Three bacterial pathogens frequently associated with BRD (Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni) can possess integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), a diverse group of mobile genetic elements that acquire antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes (ARGs) and decrease the therapeutic efficacy of antimicrobial drugs. We developed a duplex recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay to detect up to two variants of ICEs in these Pasteurellaceae. Whole genome sequence analysis of M. haemolytica, P. multocida, and H. somni isolates harbouring ICEs revealed the presence of tnpA or ebrB next to tet(H), a conserved ARG that is frequently detected in ICEs within BRD-associated bacteria. This real-time multiplex RPA assay targeted both ICE variants simultaneously, denoted as tetH_tnpA and tetH_ebrB, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 29 (95% CI [23, 46]) and 38 genome copies (95% CI [30, 59]), respectively. DNA was extracted from 100 deep nasopharyngeal swabs collected from feedlot cattle on arrival. Samples were tested for ICEs using a real-time multiplex RPA assay, and for M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somni, and Mycoplasma bovis using both culture methods and RPA. The assay provided sensitive and accurate identification of ICEs in extracted DNA, providing a useful molecular tool for timely detection of potential risk factors associated with the development of antimicrobial-resistant BRD in feedlot cattle.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Nasopharynx; Recombinases; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; Cattle Diseases; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Conjugation, Genetic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Mannheimia haemolytica; Pasteurellaceae
PubMed: 38705209
DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106943 -
IDCases 2024is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium that is a typical commensal of the oral cavity and enteric tract of domestic animals. Human infections caused by this...
is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium that is a typical commensal of the oral cavity and enteric tract of domestic animals. Human infections caused by this species are most often associated with dog bites and rarely with other animal bites. In this report, we present a case of a 34-year-old man who developed soft tissue infection of the left hand after a cat bite. The patient was successfully treated by a surgical intervention and antibiotics. The species identification of the isolate was performed by a conventional automatic system and nucleic acid-based methods. The nucleic acid-based methods provide a powerful alternative to the conventional microbiological diagnostic of these bacteria.
PubMed: 38690578
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2024.e01963 -
Arthroplasty Today Jun 2024We report a case of a 74-year-old female with a history of a prosthetic joint infection that was successfully treated with a single-stage exchange arthroplasty, off...
We report a case of a 74-year-old female with a history of a prosthetic joint infection that was successfully treated with a single-stage exchange arthroplasty, off antibiotics, and without symptoms for 20 months. She presented 1 week after a cat scratch with acute knee pain, and aspiration grew . She was successfully treated with surgical debridement and a prolonged course of antibiotics. Debate remains in the literature regarding whether recurrent infections represent a previously undetected organism or a new infection. Our report provides convincing evidence that, at least in some circumstances, the infection is new. Furthermore, this is the first case described of resulting in a recurrent prosthetic joint infection after a previously successful exchange arthroplasty due to a different causative organism.
PubMed: 38690092
DOI: 10.1016/j.artd.2024.101351 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of mortality and antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in weaned dairy heifers. Limited information is available regarding...
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of mortality and antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in weaned dairy heifers. Limited information is available regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in respiratory bacteria in this population. This study determined AMR gene presence in 326 respiratory isolates (, , and ) from weaned dairy heifers using whole genome sequencing. Concordance between AMR genotype and phenotype was determined. Twenty-six AMR genes for 8 broad classes of AMD were identified. The most prevalent, medically important AMD classes used in calf rearing, to which these genes predict AMR among study isolates were tetracycline (95%), aminoglycoside (94%), sulfonamide (94%), beta-lactam (77%), phenicol (50%), and macrolide (44%). The co-occurrence of AMR genes within an isolate was common; the largest cluster of gene co-occurrence encodes AMR to phenicol, macrolide, elfamycin, β-lactam (cephalosporin, penam cephamycin), aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide class AMD. Concordance between genotype and phenotype varied (Matthew's Correlation Coefficient ranged from -0.57 to 1) by bacterial species, gene, and AMD tested, and was particularly poor for fluoroquinolones (no AMR genes detected) and ceftiofur (no phenotypic AMR classified while AMR genes present). These findings suggest a high genetic potential for AMR in weaned dairy heifers; preventing BRD and decreasing AMD reliance may be important in this population.
PubMed: 38668255
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040300 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is a mixture of therapeutically active C, C, C and other minor components. Despite its decades-long use in pigs and other...
Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is a mixture of therapeutically active C, C, C and other minor components. Despite its decades-long use in pigs and other species, its intramuscular (IM) pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PKs/PDs) are unknown in piglets. Furthermore, the PKs of many drugs differ between healthy and sick animals. Therefore, we investigated the PKs of gentamicin after a single IM dose (10 mg/kg) in healthy piglets and piglets that were intranasally co-infected with and (PM). The plasma concentrations were measured using validated liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The gentamicin exposure was 36% lower based on the area under the plasma concentration-time curve and 16% lower based on the maximum plasma concentration (C) in the infected piglets compared to the healthy piglets, while it was eliminated faster (shorter half-life and larger clearance) in the infected piglets compared to the healthy piglets. The clearance and volume of distribution were the highest for the C component. C, C and C accounted for 22-25%, 33-37% and 40-42% of the total gentamicin exposure, respectively. The PK/PD target for the efficacy of aminoglycosides (C/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > 10) could be exceeded for PM, with a greater magnitude in the healthy piglets. We suggest integrating this PK information with antibiotic susceptibility data for other bacteria to make informed antibiotic and dosage regimen selections against piglet infections.
PubMed: 38667048
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040372 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2024species are frequently encountered as serious diseases in small ruminants. It is the main cause of respiratory pasteurellosis in sheep and goats of all age groups.
BACKGROUND
species are frequently encountered as serious diseases in small ruminants. It is the main cause of respiratory pasteurellosis in sheep and goats of all age groups.
METHODS
The cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to April 2023 in Haramaya district, eastern Ethiopia, to isolate and identify and and estimate their prevalence, associated risk factors, and antimicrobial sensitivity of isolates in small ruminants using a purposive sampling method. A total of 384 samples (156 nasal swabs from clinic cases and 228 lung swabs from abattoir cases) were collected. STATA 14 software was used to analyze the data. In addition, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess an association of risk factors.
RESULTS
Out of the 384 samples examined, 164 were positive for pasteurellosis, resulting in a 42.70% prevalence. Similarly, 63 (38.4%) of the 164 positive results were from nasal swabs, while 101 (61.6%) came from lung samples. accounted for 126 (76.82%) of the isolates, while accounted for 38 (23.17%). Of the 63 nasal swab isolates, 33 (37%) were from goats and 30 (42.8%) were from sheep. And 17 (10.89%) and 46 (29.58%), respectively, were and . Of the 46 (40%) of the 101 (44.3%) isolates of the pneumonic lung, samples were from goats, while 55 (48.47%) were from sheep. In this study, the risk factors (species, age, and body condition score) were found to be significant ( < 0.05). isolates evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility were highly resistant to oxacillin (90.90%), followed by gentamycin (72.72%), and penicillin (63.63%). However, the isolates were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol (90.90%), followed by tetracycline (63.63%), and ampicillin (54.54%).
CONCLUSION
This study showed that and are the common causes of mannheimiosis and pasteurellosis in small ruminants, respectively, and isolates were resistant to commonly used antibiotics in the study area. Thus, an integrated vaccination strategy, antimicrobial resistance monitoring, and avoidance of stress-inducing factors are recommended.
Topics: Animals; Pasteurella multocida; Mannheimia haemolytica; Ethiopia; Sheep; Goats; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Sheep Diseases; Goat Diseases; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Pasteurella Infections
PubMed: 38655561
DOI: 10.1155/2024/5605552 -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Jun 2024Respiratory diseases due to viral or bacterial agents, either alone or in combination, cause substantial economic burdens to the swine industry worldwide. Rapid and...
Respiratory diseases due to viral or bacterial agents, either alone or in combination, cause substantial economic burdens to the swine industry worldwide. Rapid and reliable detection of causal pathogens is crucial for effective epidemiological surveillance and disease management. This research aimed to employ the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay for simultaneous detection of seven distinct pathogens causing respiratory problems in swine, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and Glässerella parasuis. The results indicated no probe cross-reactivity among the seven target agents with other swine pathogens. The detection limits ranged from 5 to 34 copies per assay for the target organisms. The MLPA assay was evaluated with 88 samples and compared to real-time or multiplex PCR for the target pathogens. The MLPA assay demonstrated high relative test sensitivities (100 %) and reasonable to good relative specificities at 62.5 %, 95.1 %, 86.8 %, and 97.6 % for PRRSV, P. multocida, G. parasuis, and PCV2, respectively, relative to comparator PCR assays. In 71 samples where MLPA and comparator PCR assays matched exactly, infections were detected in 64 samples (90.1 %), with PRRSV being the most commonly found virus and 50.7 % of the samples showing co-infection with two to five of the pathogens. This approach serves as a valuable tool for conducting differential diagnoses and epidemiological investigations of pathogen prevalence within swine populations.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Swine Diseases; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Respiratory Tract Infections; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; Virus Diseases; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
PubMed: 38653339
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106124