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Food Research International (Ottawa,... Aug 2024R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) is the most abundant, naturally occurring phycobiliproteins found in red algae. The spectroscopic and structural properties of phycobiliproteins...
R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) is the most abundant, naturally occurring phycobiliproteins found in red algae. The spectroscopic and structural properties of phycobiliproteins exhibit unique absorption characteristics with two significant absorption maxima at 498 and 565 nm, indicating two different chromophores of R-PE, phycourobilin and phycoerythrobilin respectively. This study aimed to clarify how the stability of R-PE purified from F. lumbricalis was affected by different purification strategies. Crude extracts were compared to R-PE purified by i) microfiltration, ii) ultrafiltration, and iii) multi-step ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by dialysis. The stability of the different R-PE preparations was evaluated with respect to pH (2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12) and temperature (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 °C). The absorbance spectra indicated higher stability of phycourobilin as compared to phycoerythrobilin for heat and pH stability in the samples. All preparations of R-PE showed heat stability till 40 °C from the findings of color, concentration of R-PE and fluorescence emission. The crude extract showed stability from pH 6 to 8, whereas R-PE purified by ultrafiltration and multi-step ammonium sulphate precipitation were both stable from pH 4 to 8 and R-PE purified by microfiltration exhibited stability from pH 4 to 10 from the results of color, SDS-PAGE, and concentration of R-PE. At pH 2, the color changed to violet whereas a yellow color was observed at pH 12 in the samples along with the precipitation of the protein.
Topics: Phycoerythrin; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Rhodophyta; Ultrafiltration; Protein Stability; Chemical Precipitation; Ammonium Sulfate; Hot Temperature; Temperature
PubMed: 38945610
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114595 -
Marine Drugs May 2024Cyanobacterial phycocyanin pigment is widely utilized for its properties in various industries, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Despite its potential,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Cyanobacterial phycocyanin pigment is widely utilized for its properties in various industries, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Despite its potential, challenges exist, such as extraction methods impacting yield, stability, and purity. This study investigates the impact of the number of freeze-thaw (FT) cycles on the extraction of phycocyanin from the wet biomass of four cyanobacteria species (, , sp., and sp.), along with the impact of five extraction solutions (Tris-HCl buffer, phosphate buffer, CaCl, deionized water, and tap water) at various pH values. sp. exhibited the highest phycocyanin content among the studied species. For , Tris-HCl buffer yielded maximum phycocyanin concentration from the first FT cycle, while phosphate buffer provided satisfactory results from the second cycle. Similarly, Tris-HCl buffer showed promising results for (68.5% of the maximum from the first cycle), with the highest concentration (~12% /) achieved during the seventh cycle, using phosphate buffer. sp. yielded the maximum pigment concentration from the first cycle using tap water. Among species-specific optimal extraction solutions, Tris-HCl buffer demonstrated sufficient extraction efficacy for all species, from the first cycle. This study represents an initial step toward establishing a universal extraction method for phycocyanin from diverse cyanobacteria species.
Topics: Phycocyanin; Cyanobacteria; Biomass; Solvents; Freezing; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 38921557
DOI: 10.3390/md22060246 -
Plant & Cell Physiology May 2024Cyanobacteria play a key role in primary production in both oceans and fresh waters and hold great potential for sustainable production of a large number of commodities....
Cyanobacteria play a key role in primary production in both oceans and fresh waters and hold great potential for sustainable production of a large number of commodities. During their life, cyanobacteria cells need to acclimate to a multitude of challenges, including shifts in intensity and quality of incident light. Despite our increasing understanding of metabolic regulation under various light regimes, detailed insight into fitness advantages and limitations under shifting light quality remains underexplored. Here, we study photo-physiological acclimation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 throughout the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) range. Using light emitting diodes (LEDs) with qualitatively different narrow spectra, we describe wavelength dependence of light capture, electron transport and energy transduction to main cellular pools. In addition, we describe processes that fine-tune light capture, such as state transitions, or the efficiency of energy transfer from phycobilisomes to photosystems (PS). We show that growth was the most limited under blue light due to inefficient light harvesting, and that many cellular processes are tightly linked to the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool, which was the most reduced under red light. The PSI-to-PSII ratio was low under blue photons, however, it was not the main growth-limiting factor, since it was even more reduced under violet and near far-red lights, where Synechocystis grew faster compared to blue light. Our results provide insight into the spectral dependence of phototrophic growth and can provide the foundation for future studies of molecular mechanisms underlying light acclimation in cyanobacteria, leading to light optimization in controlled cultivations.
PubMed: 38907526
DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae062 -
Nutrients Jun 2024, commonly known as , is a photosynthetic filamentous cyanobacterium (blue-green microalga) that has been utilized as a food source since ancient times. More recently,... (Review)
Review
, commonly known as , is a photosynthetic filamentous cyanobacterium (blue-green microalga) that has been utilized as a food source since ancient times. More recently, it has gained significant popularity as a dietary supplement due to its rich content of micro- and macro-nutrients. Of particular interest is a water soluble phycobiliprotein derived from known as phycocyanin C (C-PC), which stands out as the most abundant protein in this cyanobacterium. C-PC is a fluorescent protein, with its chromophore represented by the tetrapyrrole molecule phycocyanobilin B (PCB-B). While C-PC is commonly employed in food for its coloring properties, it also serves as the molecular basis for numerous nutraceutical features associated with . Indeed, the comprehensive C-PC, and to some extent, the isolated PCB-B, has been linked to various health-promoting effects. These benefits encompass conditions triggered by oxidative stress, inflammation, and other pathological conditions. The present review focuses on the bio-pharmacological properties of these molecules, positioning them as promising agents for potential new applications in the expanding nutraceutical market.
Topics: Dietary Supplements; Spirulina; Phycocyanin; Humans; Phycobilins; Phycobiliproteins; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 38892686
DOI: 10.3390/nu16111752 -
Molecular Biology Reports Jun 2024Gastrointestinal cancer is the most fatal cancer worldwide. The etiology of gastrointestinal cancer has yet to be fully characterized. Alcohol consumption, obesity,... (Review)
Review
Gastrointestinal cancer is the most fatal cancer worldwide. The etiology of gastrointestinal cancer has yet to be fully characterized. Alcohol consumption, obesity, tobacco, Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastric ulcer, colon polyps and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are among the several risks factors for gastrointestinal cancers. Phycocyanin which is abundant in Spirulina. Phycocyanin, a member of phycobiliprotein family with intense blue color, is an anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer compound. Evidence exists supporting that phycocyanin has antitumor effects, exerting its pharmacological effects by targeting a variety of cellular and molecular processes, i.e., apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, migration and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Phycocyanin has also been applied in treatment of several gastrointestinal disorders such as, gastric ulcer, ulcerative colitis and fatty liver that is known as a risk factor for progression to cancer. Herein, we summarize various cellular and molecular pathways that are affected by phycocyanin, its efficacy upon combined drug treatment, and the potential for nanotechnology in its gastrointestinal cancer therapy.
Topics: Humans; Phycocyanin; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Antineoplastic Agents; Animals; Apoptosis; Gastrointestinal Diseases
PubMed: 38874869
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09675-3 -
MicroPublication Biology 2024Phycobilisomes (PBSs) are photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae and appear to be loosely bound to photosystem I (PSI). We previously found unique protein bands in...
Phycobilisomes (PBSs) are photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae and appear to be loosely bound to photosystem I (PSI). We previously found unique protein bands in each PSI fraction in heterocysts of sp. PCC 7120 by two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE; however, the protein bands have not been identified. Here we analyzed the protein bands by mass spectrometry, which were identified as CpcL, one of the components in PBSs. As different composition and organization of PSI-PBS supercomplexes were observed, the expression and binding properties of PBSs including CpcL to PSIs in this cyanobacterium may be diversified in response to its living environments.
PubMed: 38863983
DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001183 -
Journal of Biotechnology Aug 2024We investigated suitable culture conditions for the production of the blue pigment phycocyanin (PC) from the unique filamentous cyanobacteria Pseudanabaena sp. ABRG5-3...
We investigated suitable culture conditions for the production of the blue pigment phycocyanin (PC) from the unique filamentous cyanobacteria Pseudanabaena sp. ABRG5-3 and Limnothrix sp. SK1-2-1. White, green, or red LED irradiation at 30 μmol photons/m/s was effective for phycocyanin production when compared with Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) sp. NIES-39, which is generally grown under high light irradiation. To investigate the safety of the cyanobacteria, ABRG5-3 cells were subjected to Ames (reverse mutation) tests and single oral-dose rat studies, which revealed non-mutagenic and non-toxic properties. When three purified phycocyanins (abPC, skPC, and spPC) were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, they showed different mobility, indicating that each phycocyanin has unique properties. abPC exhibited strong antiglycation activities as novel function.
Topics: Phycocyanin; Cyanobacteria; Animals; Rats; Glycosylation; Male; Mutagenicity Tests
PubMed: 38844247
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.06.003 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2023The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of phycoerythrin (PE) treatment extracted from Nostoc sp. on the shelf-life extension of the Nile Tilapia ()...
The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of phycoerythrin (PE) treatment extracted from Nostoc sp. on the shelf-life extension of the Nile Tilapia () fillet at 4°C and 8°C. After extraction and purification of pigment in BG-110 medium, the pigment PE was extracted and purified with 56% ammonium sulfate followed by dialysis. After that, the effect of pigment on and were investigated. The fillet samples were immersed in pigment solution, and their physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties were examined. The results showed that the concentration and purity of the pigments increased after the dialysis. The results from performed chemical tests and total number of living mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, coagulase positive, and coliform bacteria of the samples compared to the blank sample showed that sample treated with algae extracts were able to control the increase in these parameters. In these tests, the highest levels belonged to Nile Tilapia fillet sample Nile Tilapia fillet coated with PE solution at a temperature 8°C and the lowest amount was observed with fillet coated with PE solution at a temperature of 4˚C (P≤0.05). The results of sensory evaluation showed that the highest score of taste, texture, color, and total acceptance were observed for Nile Tilapia fillet coated with PE solution at temperature 8°C. In conclusion, the extract pigments from sp. has strong antimicrobial activity and can maintain the quality parameters for controlling of spoilage bacteria and extend the shelf-life of .
Topics: Animals; Cichlids; Phycoerythrin; Staphylococcus aureus; Nostoc; Refrigeration; Escherichia coli; Food Storage; Food Preservation; Seafood; Anti-Infective Agents
PubMed: 38828175
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.6.1811 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Aug 2024Phycobilisome (PBS) is a large pigment-protein complex in cyanobacteria and red algae responsible for capturing sunlight and transferring its energy to photosystems...
Phycobilisome (PBS) is a large pigment-protein complex in cyanobacteria and red algae responsible for capturing sunlight and transferring its energy to photosystems (PS). Spectroscopic and structural properties of various PBSs have been widely studied, however, the nature of so-called complex-complex interactions between PBS and PSs remains much less explored. In this work, we have investigated the function of a newly identified PBS linker protein, ApcG, some domain of which, together with a loop region (PB-loop in ApcE), is possibly located near the PBS-PS interface. Using Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, we generated an ApcG deletion mutant and probed its deletion effect on the energetic coupling between PBS and photosystems. Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic characterization of the purified ΔApcG-PBS demonstrated that ApcG removal weakly affects the photophysical properties of PBS for which the spectroscopic properties of terminal energy emitters are comparable to those of PBS from wild-type strain. However, analysis of fluorescence decay imaging datasets reveals that ApcG deletion induces disruptions within the allophycocyanin (APC) core, resulting in the emergence (splitting) of two spectrally diverse subgroups with some short-lived APC. Profound spectroscopic changes of the whole ΔApcG mutant cell, however, emerge during state transition, a dynamic process of light scheme adaptation. The mutant cells in State I show a substantial increase in PBS-related fluorescence. On the other hand, global analysis of time-resolved fluorescence demonstrates that in general ApcG deletion does not alter or inhibit state transitions interpreted in terms of the changes of the PSII and PSI fluorescence emission intensity. The results revealed yet-to-be discovered mechanism of ApcG-docking induced excitation energy transfer regulation within PBS or to Photosystems.
Topics: Phycobilisomes; Synechocystis; Energy Transfer; Bacterial Proteins; Photosystem I Protein Complex; Photosystem II Protein Complex; Peptides
PubMed: 38801856
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149049 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024The synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are the most vulnerable structures in the noise-exposed cochlea. Cochlear synaptopathy...
The synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are the most vulnerable structures in the noise-exposed cochlea. Cochlear synaptopathy results from the disruption of these synapses following noise exposure and is considered the main cause of poor speech understanding in noisy environments, even when audiogram results are normal. Cochlear synaptopathy leads to the degeneration of SGNs if damaged IHC-SGN synapses are not promptly recovered. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of cochlear synaptopathy. C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and is widely utilized in the food and drug industry. However, the effect of the C-PC on noise-induced cochlear damage is unknown. We first investigated the therapeutic effect of C-PC on noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy. In vitro experiments revealed that C-PC reduced the HO-induced generation of reactive oxygen species in HEI-OC1 auditory cells. HO-induced cytotoxicity in HEI-OC1 cells was reduced with C-PC treatment. After white noise exposure for 3 h at a sound pressure of 118 dB, the guinea pigs intratympanically administered 5 μg/mL C-PC exhibited greater wave I amplitudes in the auditory brainstem response, more IHC synaptic ribbons and more IHC-SGN synapses according to microscopic analysis than the saline-treated guinea pigs. Furthermore, the group treated with C-PC had less intense 4-hydroxynonenal and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 staining in the cochlea compared with the saline group. Our results suggest that C-PC improves cochlear synaptopathy by inhibiting noise-induced oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in the cochlea.
Topics: Animals; Oxidative Stress; Guinea Pigs; Phycocyanin; Cochlea; Synapses; Noise; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced; Reactive Oxygen Species; Male; Spiral Ganglion; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner; Antioxidants; Cell Line; Hearing Loss, Hidden
PubMed: 38791192
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105154