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Biology Dec 2022Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane that supports respiratory chain structure and function and is demonstrated to be influenced...
Linoleic Acid-Enriched Diet Increases Mitochondrial Tetralinoleoyl Cardiolipin, OXPHOS Protein Levels, and Uncoupling in Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue during Diet-Induced Weight Gain.
Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane that supports respiratory chain structure and function and is demonstrated to be influenced by types of dietary fats. However, the influence of dietary fat on CL species and how this best supports mitochondrial function in brown adipose tissue (BAT), which exhibits an alternative method of energy utilization through the uncoupling of the mitochondrial proton gradient to generate heat, is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate metabolic parameters, interscapular BAT CL quantity, species, and mitochondrial function in mice consuming isocaloric moderate-fat diets with either lard (LD; similar fatty acid profile to western dietary patterns) or safflower oil high in linoleic acid (SO), shown to be metabolically favorable in large clinical meta-analyses. Mice fed the SO diet exhibited decreased adiposity, improved insulin sensitivity, and enrichment of LA-containing CL species in BAT CL. Furthermore, mice fed the SO diet exhibit higher levels of OXPHOS complex proteins and increased oxygen consumption in BAT. Our findings demonstrate that dietary consumption of LA-rich oil improves metabolic parameters, increases LA-containing CL species, and improves BAT function when compared to the consumption of lard in mice during diet-induced weight gain.
PubMed: 36671702
DOI: 10.3390/biology12010009 -
Meat Science Apr 2023In this work, the differences in macrostructure and microstructure, rheology, and storage stability of pre-emulsified safflower oil (PSO) prepared by natural and...
In this work, the differences in macrostructure and microstructure, rheology, and storage stability of pre-emulsified safflower oil (PSO) prepared by natural and magnetic field modified soy 11S globulin were analysised. It was concluded that the PSO with magnetic field modified soy 11S globulin (MPSO) has better emulsifying activity and physical stability. The changes in gel quality, oxidational sensitivity, rheological, and sensory properties of pork batters with different substitute ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of pork back-fat by MPSO with magnetic field modified soy 11S globulin were studied. Compared to the sample without MPSO, pork batter with MPSO showed higher emulsion stability, apparent viscosity, L value, springiness, cohesiveness, and expressible moisture, while lower a value and cooking loss. Moreover, added MPSO could be more uniformly distributed into the meat matrix with smaller holes. With the increase in the replacement proportion of pork back-fat, the hardness, water- and fat-holding capacity, and P of pork batter significantly decreased (P < 0.05). As revealed by sensory evaluation and TBARS, using MPSO to substitute for pork back-fat decreased the lipid oxidational sensitivity of pork batter, and without negative effects on the appearance, juiciness and overall acceptability. Overall, it is feasible to apply MPSO as a pork-fat replacer to produce reduced-animal fat pork batter with excellent gel and sensory properties.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Food Handling; Safflower Oil; Fat Substitutes; Pork Meat; Red Meat; Globulins; Rheology; Magnetic Fields
PubMed: 36628894
DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.109087 -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apr 2023The R relaxation rate of fat is a promising marker of tissue oxygenation. Existing techniques to map fat R in MR-oximetry offer limited spatial coverage, require long...
PURPOSE
The R relaxation rate of fat is a promising marker of tissue oxygenation. Existing techniques to map fat R in MR-oximetry offer limited spatial coverage, require long scan times, or pulse sequences that are not readily available on clinical scanners. This work addresses these limitations with a 3D voxel-wise fat R mapping technique for MR-oximetry based on a variable flip angle (VFA) approach at 3 T.
METHODS
Varying levels of dissolved oxygen (O) were generated in a phantom consisting of vials of safflower oil emulsion, used to approximate human fat. Joint voxel-wise mapping of fat and water R was performed with a two-compartment VFA model fitted to multi-echo gradient-echo magnitude data acquired at four flip angles, referred to as Fat DESPOT. Global R was also calculated. Variations of fat, water, and global R were investigated as a function of the partial pressure of O (pO). Inversion-prepared stimulated echo magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used as the reference technique for R measurements.
RESULTS
Fat R from Fat DESPOT was more sensitive than water R and global R to variations in pO, consistent with previous studies performed with different R mapping techniques. Fat R sensitivity to pO variations with Fat DESPOT (median O relaxivity r = 1.57× 10 s mmHg) was comparable to spectroscopy-based measurements for methylene, the main fat resonance (median r= 1.80 × 10 s mmHg).
CONCLUSION
Fat and water R can be measured on a voxel-wise basis using a two-component fit to multi-echo 3D VFA magnitude data in a clinically acceptable scan time. Fat and water R measured with Fat DESPOT were sensitive to variations in pO. These observations suggest an approach to 3D in vivo MR oximetry.
Topics: Humans; Oximetry; Oxygen; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 36608912
DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2022.12.023 -
Nutrients Dec 2022(1) Background: The florets of L. are traditionally used as a blood-activating drug and can be used for the treatment of atherosclerosis, but no compounds with...
(1) Background: The florets of L. are traditionally used as a blood-activating drug and can be used for the treatment of atherosclerosis, but no compounds with anti-atherosclerotic activity have been reported. (2) Methods: This study investigated the chemical compounds from the florets of . Comprehensive spectroscopic techniques revealed their structures, and ECD calculations established their absolute configurations. Nile Red staining, Oil Red O staining, and cholesterol assessment were performed on these compounds and their aglycones for the inhibitory activity against the formation of foam cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, RAW264.7 macrophages were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity by measuring the inhibition of NO production caused by LPS. (3) Results: Five new sesquiterpenoids (-) isolated from the florets of were identified as (-)-(1,4,9,11)-caryophyll-8(13)-en-14-ol-5-one (), (+)-(1,4,9,11)-caryophyll-8(13)-en-14-ol-5-one (), (-)-(3,1,5,8,9,11)-5,8-epoxycaryophyll-3-en-14---D-glucopyranoside (), (+)-(1,7,10)-guai-4-en-3-one-11---D-fucopyranoside (), and (-)-(2,5,10)-vetispir-6-en-8-one-11---D-fucopyranoside (). All compounds except for compound reduced the lipid content in ox-LDL-treated RAW264.7 cells. Compounds and and their aglycones were found to reduce the level of total cholesterol (TC) and free cholesterol (FC) in ox-LDL-treated RAW264.7 cells. However, no compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity. (4) Conclusion: Sesquiterpenoids from help to decrease the content of lipids, TC and FC in RAW264.7 cells, but they cannot inhibit NO production, which implies that their anti-atherogenic effects do not involve the inhibition of inflammation.
Topics: Carthamus tinctorius; Sesquiterpenes; Macrophages; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Atherosclerosis
PubMed: 36558507
DOI: 10.3390/nu14245348 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Safflower () is a diploid crop plant belonging to the family and is well known as one of important oilseed crops due to edible oil containing unsaturated fatty acids....
Occurrence of simple sequence repeats in cDNA sequences of safflower () reveals the importance of SSR-containing genes for cell biology and dynamic response to environmental cues.
Safflower () is a diploid crop plant belonging to the family and is well known as one of important oilseed crops due to edible oil containing unsaturated fatty acids. In recent years it is gaining increased attention for food, pharmaceutical and industrial uses, and hence the updating its breeding methods is necessary. Genic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in addition of being desire molecular markers, are supposed to influence gene function and the respective phenotype. This study aimed to identify SSRs in cDNA sequences and further analysis of the functional features of the SSR-containing genes to elucidate their role in biological and cellular processes. We identified 1,841 SSR regions in 1,667 cDNA sequences. Among all types of repeats, trinucleotide repeats were the most abundant (35.7%), followed by hexanucleotide (29.6%) and dinucleotide repeats (22.0%). Thirty five SSR primer pairs were validated by PCR reaction, detected a high rate of polymorphism (>57%) among safflower accessions, physically mapped on safflower genome and could clearly discriminate the cultivated accessions from wild relatives. The cDNA-derived SSR markers are suitable for evaluation of genetic diversity, linkage and association mapping studies and genome-based breeding programmes. Occurrence of SSR repeats in biologically-important classes of proteins such as kinases, transferases and transcription factors was inferred from functional analyses, which along with variability of their repeat copies, can endow the cell and whole organism the flexibility of facing with continuously changing environment, and indicate a structure-based evolution mechanism of the genome which acts as an up-to-dating tool for the cell and whole origanism, which is realized in GO terms such as involvement of most SSR-containing genes in biological, cellular and metabolic processes, especially in response to stimulus, response to stress, interaction to other organisms and defense responses.
PubMed: 36466261
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.991107 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022During seed aging, there is a critical node (CN) where the population viability drops sharply. Exploring the specific locations of the CN in different species of plants...
During seed aging, there is a critical node (CN) where the population viability drops sharply. Exploring the specific locations of the CN in different species of plants is crucial for understanding the biological storage properties of seeds and refining seed life span management. Safflower, a bulk oil crop that relies on seeds for propagation, has a short seed life. However, at present, its biological characteristics during storage are not clear, especially the changes in metabolic capability and cell structures. Such knowledge is needed to improve the management of safflower seed life span and effective preservation in gene banks. Here, the seed survival curve of oilseed safflower under the controlled deterioration conditions of 60% relative humidity and 50°C was detected. The seed population showed an inverted S shape for the fall in germination. In the first 12 days of aging, germination remained above 86%. Prior to the CN at approximately day 10 (C10), when viability was in the "plateau" interval, seed vigor reduced at the same imbibition time point. Further analysis of the changes in sugar concentration found that the sucrose content decreased slowly with aging and the content of raffinose and two monosaccharides decreased abruptly at C10. Differentially metabolized lipids, namely lysophospholipids [lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamines (LPE)] and PMeOH, increased at day 3 of aging (C3). Fatty acid content increased by C6, and the content of phospholipids [phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), and phosphatidylinositols (PI) and glycolipids [digalactosyl diacylglycerol, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, and sulphoquinovosyl diglycerides (SQDG)] decreased significantly from C10. In addition, the activities of raffinose hydrolase alpha-galactosidase and the glyoxylate key enzyme isocitrate lyase decreased with seed aging. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed shrinkage of the seed plasma membrane at C10 and the later fragmentation. Seedling phenotypic indicators and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride activity assays also verified that there were significant changes in seeds quality at the CN. In summary, the time point C10 is a CN during seed population aging. Before the CN, sugar and lipid metabolism, especially fatty acid metabolism into sugar, can make up for the energy consumed by aging. After this point, the seeds were irreversibly damaged, and their viability was greatly and rapidly reduced as the cell structure became increasingly destroyed.
PubMed: 36388552
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1020478 -
Plant Cell Reports Jan 2023The nuclear Factor YB of Carthamus tinctorius L. increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids by regulating the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis...
The nuclear Factor YB of Carthamus tinctorius L. increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids by regulating the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and oil accumulation. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed oil is rich in linoleic acid and is widely used in food and medicine. Therefore, key genes regulating oil synthesis were mined through genetic engineering to provide genetic resources for improving oil content. Based on the conserved domain of the NF-YB, we screened and identified 14 CtNF-YB transcription factors in the safflower genome and divided them into three subfamilies through phylogenetic analysis. Regulatory motif analysis of the CtNF-YB promoter revealed specific cis-regulatory elements related to abiotic stress, growth, and development. Expression analysis of CtNF-YB family genes showed that non-Leafy Cotyledon 1(non-LEC1) genes were highly expressed in roots, leaves, and flowers; Leafy Cotyledon 1(LEC1) genes were highly expressed during early seed development; and Dr1-like genes were highly expressed in roots, stems, and leaves. CtNF-YB12 was identified as a LEC1 transcription factor based on phylogeny and BLAST alignment. Heterologous CtNF-YB12 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana increased seed pod length and seed size. Moreover, CtNF-YB12 overexpression increased the oil content of seeds, upregulated genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and glycolysis, and altered the content of unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3), as well as of sucrose, fructose, and glucose. CtNF-YB12 may increase the oil content by regulating key enzyme genes of oil synthesis, so it can be used as a reliable target.
Topics: Carthamus tinctorius; Phylogeny; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Linoleic Acid; Arabidopsis; Seeds
PubMed: 36309876
DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02936-0 -
Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of saturated fats from cocoa butter (plant source) compared with lard (animal source) on alcoholic liver damage in...
The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of saturated fats from cocoa butter (plant source) compared with lard (animal source) on alcoholic liver damage in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed either a control diet (C) or an ethanol diet (E), and the dietary fats (corn oil, olive oil, and safflower oil) of these two diets were further replaced by lard (CL, EL) or cocoa butter (CC, EC). After 8-week feeding, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels, plasma intercellular adhesion molecular (ICAM)-1 levels, hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) protein expression, and hepatic interleukin (IL)-1β significantly increased in the E group compared to the C group. In addition, hepatic histopathological scores of fatty changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and degeneration and necrosis in the E group were significantly higher compared to those in the C group. However, fatty changes were significantly inhibited only in the EC group as well as hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, degeneration, and necrosis being significantly lower in the EL and EC groups. Plasma ICAM-1 and hepatic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were significantly lower in the EL and EC groups than those in the E group. Moreover, a correlation analysis showed that hepatic histopathological scores of degeneration and necrosis were significantly positively correlated with erythrocytic oleic acid (C18:1) and were negatively correlated with linoleic acid (C18:2). In conclusion, cocoa butter protected the liver against lipid accumulation and inflammation in rats chronically fed ethanol.
PubMed: 36290494
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100526 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022In this study, an encapsulation system was developed for functional plant oil delivery. Through a series of orthogonal experiments and single factor experiments, the raw...
In this study, an encapsulation system was developed for functional plant oil delivery. Through a series of orthogonal experiments and single factor experiments, the raw material compositions, emulsification conditions, and spray drying conditions for the preparation of flaxseed oil and safflower seed oil powders were optimized, and the final encapsulation efficiency was as high as 99% with approximately 50% oil loading. The storage stability experiments showed that oil powder's stability could maintain its physicochemical properties over six months. Oral supplementation of the spray-dried flaxseed oil powder exhibited a significant and better effect than flaxseed oil on alleviating colitis in C57BL/6J mice. It suppressed the pro-inflammatory cell factors, including IL-6 and TNF-α, and repaired gut microbial dysbiosis by increasing the microbial diversity and promoting the proliferation of probiotic taxa such as . This work suggests that spray-dried flaxseed oil powder has great potential as a nutraceutical food, with spray drying being a good alternative technique to improve its bioactivity.
PubMed: 36230069
DOI: 10.3390/foods11192993 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022Environmental problems associated with chemical catalysts to fulfil an ever-increasing energy demand have led to the search for an alternative environment friendly...
Environmental problems associated with chemical catalysts to fulfil an ever-increasing energy demand have led to the search for an alternative environment friendly heterogeneous catalyst. If a catalyst being used in the biodiesel production is not environment friendly, then the environment is being contaminated in another way while trying to avoid pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels. The present study reports the use of nano-magnetic catalyst Fe/SnO supported on feldspar for the transesterification of various non-edible feedstocks oil, including Pongamia pinnata (karanja), Carthamus oxyacantha (wild safflower), Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple), Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) and Ricinus communis (castor). The optimized transesterification parameter was oil to methanol ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 and 1:25), catalyst amount (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5%), temperature (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C), and reaction times (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min). The biodiesel yield was found to be more than 97% for all the tested feedstocks with a maximum biodiesel yield of 98.1 ± 0.6% obtained for bitter apple seed oil under optimum conditions (oil to methanol ratio of 1:10, catalyst amount of 1% at 50 °C for 120 min). The catalysts used for transesterification were magnetically extracted after completion of the reaction. Different physico-chemical parameters like pour point, density, cloud point, iodine value, acid value, saponification and cetane number were determined and the quality of all the biodiesel samples were found to be in the standard range (ASTM D6751 and EN 1404). Different techniques like XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDX were used to characterize the prepared nano-magnetic (Fe/SnO/Feldspar) catalyst.
Topics: Aluminum Silicates; Biofuels; Catalysis; Citrullus colocynthis; Esterification; Fossil Fuels; Iodine; Methanol; Plant Oils; Potassium Compounds
PubMed: 36202925
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20856-7