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Annals of Agricultural and... Jun 2024Escherichia coli is one of the most common bacteria isolated from urine samples collected from dogs and cats with urinary tract infection (UTI). Uncomplicated UTIs in...
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
Escherichia coli is one of the most common bacteria isolated from urine samples collected from dogs and cats with urinary tract infection (UTI). Uncomplicated UTIs in dogs and cats can be treated with short courses of first-line antimicrobial drugs, e.g. amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, or trimethoprim/sulfonamide. Recurrent or complicated UTIs often require long-term treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, the choice of drug should be based on antimicrobial susceptibility.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Between March - September 2022, E. coli isolates cultured from the urine of 66 dogs and 41 cats with UTI symptoms were tested for antimicrobial resistance by using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested for ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefazolin, cefuroxime, aztreonam, gentamycin, amikacin, colistin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline.
RESULTS
The highest prevalence of resistance was documented for ampicillin (68% in dogs, 100% in cats) and ampicillin with sulbactam (59% in dogs, 54% in cats). The most common antimicrobial resistance patterns of E. coli were ampicillin alone (12 isolates, 29.3% in cats) and beta-lactams, including aztreonam (14 isolates, 21.2% in dogs).
CONCLUSIONS
High resistance to aztreonam (61% and 32% of isolates from dogs and cats, respectively), other beta-lactams, and fluoroquinolones should cause be alarm due to zoonotic potential and cross-transmission of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms between animals and humans.
Topics: Dogs; Cats; Animals; Urinary Tract Infections; Cat Diseases; Escherichia coli; Dog Diseases; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli Infections; Urinary Bladder; Female; Male
PubMed: 38940100
DOI: 10.26444/aaem/176843 -
Open Veterinary Journal May 2024infections are considered the most common foodborne pathogens responsible for zoonotic infections and food poisoning in humans and animal species such as birds....
BACKGROUND
infections are considered the most common foodborne pathogens responsible for zoonotic infections and food poisoning in humans and animal species such as birds. Antimicrobial resistance is considered a global anxiety because it causes human public health repercussions, as well as leads to an increase in animal morbidity and death.
AIM
The aims of this study are the isolation and identification of , as well as to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) and the molecular characteristics using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequences for isolates from chicken products (eggs, livers, and minced meat) and human in the Wasit Governorate of Iraq.
METHODS
A total of 300 samples (150 chicken product samples including eggs, livers, and minced meat, and 150 human fecal samples) were collected from the Wasit governorate of Iraq from January to December 2022. The bacterial isolation was done according to recommendations of ISO 6579 standard and the Global Foodborne Infections Network laboratory protocol. Serotyping test and AST were done by using 19 antibiotic agents according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2022 by using disc diffusion susceptibility test and Vitik 2 test. Finally, the suspected isolates were confirmed using the conventional PCR method and sequencing for a unique gene.
RESULTS
The results showed that the isolation percentage of in chicken products was 8.66% (12% eggs, 6% livers, and 8% minced meat), while in humans it was 4.6%. Also, showed 100% of in humans. While, in chicken eggs , and were 50%, 33.33%, and 16.66%, respectively. Also, showed 100% of in both livers and minced meat. The AST in human isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, and Ceftriaxone, while no resistance to Amoxicillin, Pipracillin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim, Azithromycin, and Tetracycline. In chicken products, isolates were resistant with different percentages to Amikacin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Nitrofurantoin, Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, and Trimethoprim; while no resistance to Amoxicillin, Pipracillin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Fosfomycin, Azithromycin, and Ceftriaxone. Sequencing by using gene was done for four PCR products.
CONCLUSION
This study showed the presence of genetic mutations for which led to variations in the molecular characteristics, and antimicrobial drug resistance of isolated from chicken products and humans.
Topics: Animals; Salmonella enterica; Humans; Chickens; Iraq; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Meat; Feces; Poultry Products; Salmonella Infections
PubMed: 38938436
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i5.5 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2024New β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations represent last-resort antibiotics to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant . Carbapenemase gene acquisition...
UNLABELLED
New β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations represent last-resort antibiotics to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant . Carbapenemase gene acquisition can limit their spectrum of activity, and reports of resistance toward these new molecules are increasing. In this multi-center study, we evaluated the prevalence of resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) and comparators among clinical isolates from bloodstream infections, hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated pneumonia, and urinary tract infections, circulating in Southern Italy. We also investigated the clonality and content of relevant β-lactam resistance mechanisms of CZA-resistant (CZA) isolates. A total of 120 . isolates were collected. CZA was among the most active β-lactams, retaining susceptibility in the 81.7% of cases, preceded by cefiderocol (95.8%) and followed by ceftolozane-tazobactam (79.2%), meropenem-vaborbactam (76.1%), imipenem-relebactam (75%), and aztreonam (69.6%). Among non-β-lactams, colistin and amikacin were active against 100% and 85.8% of isolates respectively. In CZA strains subjected to whole-genome sequencing ( = 18), resistance was mainly due to the expression of metallo-β-lactamases (66.6% VIM-type and 5.5% FIM-1), followed by PER-1 (16.6%) and GES-1 (5.5%) extended-spectrum β-lactamases, mostly carried by international high-risk clones (ST111 and ST235). Of note, two strains producing the PER-1 enzyme were resistant to all β-lactams, including cefiderocol. In conclusion, the CZA resistance rate among clinical isolates in Southern Italy remained low. CZA isolates were mostly metallo-β-lactamases producers and belonging to ST111 and ST253 epidemic clones. It is important to implement robust surveillance systems to monitor emergence of new resistance mechanisms and to limit the spread of high-risk clones.
IMPORTANCE
Multidrug-resistant infections are a growing threat due to the limited therapeutic options available. Ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) is among the last-resort antibiotics for the treatment of difficult-to-treat infections, although resistance due to the acquisition of transferable β-lactamase genes is increasing. With this work, we report that CZA represents a highly active antipseudomonal β-lactam compound (after cefiderocol), and that metallo-β-lactamases (VIM-type) and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (GES and PER-type) production is the major factor underlying CZA resistance in isolates from Southern Italian hospitals. In addition, we reported that such resistance mechanisms were mainly carried by the international high-risk clones ST111 and ST235.
PubMed: 38934607
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04266-23 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2024Some naturally occurring compounds, known for their antimicrobial activities, have been employed as food additives. However, their efficacy in treating infections caused...
UNLABELLED
Some naturally occurring compounds, known for their antimicrobial activities, have been employed as food additives. However, their efficacy in treating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria is yet to be fully explored. Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM), a category within nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), are prevalent in various environments and can lead to infections in humans. The rise of antimicrobial resistance within RGM is a documented concern. In this study, we reported that four specific natural compounds effectively inhibited the growth and biofilm formation of three key RGM pathogens , , and . We screened 12 natural compounds for their effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant clinical strains of RGM. Four compounds showed significant inhibitory effects from the most effective to least: -cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, gentisaldehyde, and phloroglucinaldehyde. In the analysis of time-killing kinetics, gentisaldehyde and phloroglucinaldehyde displayed bactericidal activity while -cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol exhibited bacteriostatic effects. At 1× minimal inhibition concentrations, these compounds significantly reduced biofilm formation in all three RGM species to levels between 2.9% and 20.5% relative to controls. Checkerboard assays indicated synergistic interactions between these four compounds and antibiotics such as amikacin, clarithromycin, and linezolid. Of these 12 compound-antibiotic combinations, the pairs of carvacrol-linezolid, carvacrol-amikacin, and gentisaldehyde-clarithromycin demonstrated the most synergy against multiple RGM strains. Moreover, two other compounds citral and geraniol showed synergism with all three test antibiotics. Time-killing assays further confirmed most of synergistic combinations identified in the checkerboard tests. Our research suggests the potential of these essential oils and phenolic aldehydes, both individually and in combination with antibiotics, in treating RGM infections. In addition, this work illuminates applications of these natural compounds in environmental remediation to mitigate bacterial persistence for the control of infectious diseases.
IMPORTANCE
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance within rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) poses a significant threat to public health. This study investigates the potential of naturally occurring compounds to combat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant RGM including , , and . We identified four specific natural compounds showing impressive inhibitory effects against antibiotic-resistant clinical strains. These compounds not only inhibited the growth and biofilm formation but also exhibited synergistic interactions with antibiotics against key RGM pathogens. Our findings highlight the alternative treatment strategies for RGM infections and potential environmental applications of these natural compounds in mitigating microbial persistence and controlling infectious diseases.
PubMed: 38934606
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00199-24 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Due to its rapid resistance development and ability to form biofilms, treatment of infections is becoming more complicated by the day. Drug combinations may help reduce...
BACKGROUND
Due to its rapid resistance development and ability to form biofilms, treatment of infections is becoming more complicated by the day. Drug combinations may help reduce both resistance and biofilm formation.
METHODS
Using the microtiter plate assay, we investigated the in vitro inhibition of biofilm formation and the disruption of preformed biofilms in multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant clinical isolates of in the presence of peak plasma levels of eight antipseudomonal antibiotics alone and in combination with fosfomycin: ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime, imipenem, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and colistin.
RESULTS
Combination therapy was significantly superior to monotherapy in its inhibition of biofilm formation. The highest inhibition rates were observed for combinations with colistin, cefepime and ceftazidime.
CONCLUSION
Our results support fosfomycin combination therapy as an enhanced prophylactic option. Moreover, combinations with β-lactam antibiotics and colistin demonstrated a more potent inhibition effect on biofilm formation than protein synthesis inhibitors.
PubMed: 38931436
DOI: 10.3390/ph17060769 -
Microorganisms Jun 2024is an opportunistic pathogen causing lifethreatening infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised patients, neonates and the elderly. We report a case of...
is an opportunistic pathogen causing lifethreatening infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised patients, neonates and the elderly. We report a case of central line-associated bloodstream infection by in a 2.5-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia successfully treated with a combination of piperacillin/tazobactam and amikacin. The literature was also reviewed on pediatric infections caused by , focusing on clinical manifestations, underlying medical conditions, treatment and outcome. Accurate identification with MALDI-TOF, or using molecular techniques, is of the utmost importance because treatment and prognosis differ depending on the species. Considering that is multiresistant to antibiotics and that inappropriate antimicrobial therapy is an independent risk factor for mortality, the early, accurate identification of bacterial species and prompt effective treatment are essential to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes.
PubMed: 38930527
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061145 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Carbapenemase-producing (CP-KP) represents a global threat to public health, with limited antimicrobial therapeutic options. In this study, we analyzed a...
BACKGROUND
Carbapenemase-producing (CP-KP) represents a global threat to public health, with limited antimicrobial therapeutic options. In this study, we analyzed a ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ-AVI)-resistant isolate obtained from a patient previously exposed to CAZ-AVI expressing a novel carbapenemase (KPC)-3 variant.
METHODS
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using reference broth microdilution. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using Illumina and Nanopore Technologies. Short- and long-reads were combined with Unicycler. Assemblies were investigated for multilocus sequence typing (MLST), antimicrobial resistance genes, porins, and plasmids.
RESULTS
The . isolate (KP_RM_1) was resistant to CAZ-AVI, expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, amikacin, ertapenem, and cefiderocol (FDC) but was susceptible to tigecycline, colistin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, meropenem-vaborbactam, and imipenem-relebactam. WGS revealed that the KP_RM_1 genome is composed of a single chromosome of 5 Mbp and five circular plasmids. Further analysis showed the presence of novel located on a 72 kb plasmid. KPC-216 differs from KPC-3 by a Lysin (K) insertion at position 168 (+K168).
CONCLUSIONS
We report the identification of a new KPC-3 variant associated with CAZ-AVI resistance. The KPC variants associated with CAZ-AVI resistance should be determined to promptly inform clinicians and start the appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
PubMed: 38927174
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060507 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024The discovery of novel therapeutic agents, especially those targeting mycobacterial membrane protein large 3 (), has shown promise. In this study, the CRISPR...
BACKGROUND
The discovery of novel therapeutic agents, especially those targeting mycobacterial membrane protein large 3 (), has shown promise. In this study, the CRISPR interference- nuclease-deactivated Cas9 (CRISPRi-dCas9) system was utilized to suppress expression in , and its impacts on susceptibility to antimicrobial agents were evaluated.
METHODS
The repression of the gene was confirmed by RT-qPCR. The essentiality, growth curve, viability, and antimicrobial susceptibility of the knockdown strain were investigated.
RESULTS
silencing was achieved by utilizing 0.5 and 1 ng/mL anhydrotetracycline (ATc), resulting in reductions in the expression of 60.4% and 74.4%, respectively. silencing led to a significant decrease in bacterial viability when combined with one-half of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of rifampicin, rifabutin, ceftriaxone, or isoniazid, along with 0.1 or 0.5 ng/mL ATc ( < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed for clarithromycin or amikacin.
CONCLUSIONS
The downregulation of the gene in mycobacteria was achieved through the use of CRISPRi-dCas9, resulting in growth deficiencies and resensitization to certain antimicrobial agents. The impact was dependent upon the level of gene expression.
PubMed: 38927150
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060483 -
International Journal of... Apr 2024Tuberculosis (TB), a global infectious threat, has seen a concerning rise in aminoglycoside-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains. The potential role of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Capsule Proteins in Aminoglycoside-Resistant and Sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates: Unraveling Potential Drug Targets.
BACKGROUND
Tuberculosis (TB), a global infectious threat, has seen a concerning rise in aminoglycoside-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains. The potential role of capsule proteins remains largely unexplored. This layer acts as the primary barrier for tubercle bacilli, attempting to infiltrate host cells and subsequent disease development.
METHODS
The study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the differentially expressed capsule proteins in aminoglycoside-resistant M.tb clinical isolates compared with drug-sensitive isolates employing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic approaches.
RESULTS
We identified eight proteins that exhibited significant upregulation in aminoglycoside-resistant isolates. Protein Rv3029c and Rv2110c were associated with intermediary metabolism and respiration; Rv2462c with cell wall and cell processes; Rv3804c with lipid metabolism; Rv2416c and Rv2623 with virulence and detoxification/adaptation; Rv0020c with regulatory functions; and Rv0639 with information pathways. Notably, the Group-based Prediction System for Prokaryotic Ubiquitin-like Protein (GPS-PUP) algorithm identified potential pupylation sites within all proteins except Rv3804c. Interactome analysis using the STRING 12.0 database revealed potential interactive partners for these proteins, suggesting their involvement in aminoglycoside resistance. Molecular docking studies revealed suitable binding between amikacin and kanamycin drugs with Rv2462c, Rv3804c, and Rv2623 proteins.
CONCLUSION
As a result, our findings illustrate the multifaceted nature of aminoglycoside resistance in M.tb and the importance of understanding how capsule proteins play a role in counteracting drug efficacy. Identifying the role of these proteins in drug resistance is crucial for developing more effective treatments and diagnostics for TB.
Topics: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Humans; Proteomics; Bacterial Proteins; Aminoglycosides; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Bacterial Capsules; Antitubercular Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Computational Biology; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 38916392
DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_47_24 -
Perioperative Medicine (London, England) Jun 2024Secondary peritonitis is the second leading cause of sepsis worldwide. Drug resistance to peritoneal cavity bacterial infection remains a public health threat,...
INTRODUCTION
Secondary peritonitis is the second leading cause of sepsis worldwide. Drug resistance to peritoneal cavity bacterial infection remains a public health threat, especially in resource-limited settings in Africa, including Uganda. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial susceptibility patterns and factors associated with secondary peritonitis among patients with acute abdomen who underwent surgery at a Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital (HRRH) that enrolled 126 patients with acute abdomen. Clinical samples were aseptically collected at laparotomy from patients with secondary peritonitis for culture and sensitivity using standard Microbiological methods. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with secondary peritonitis among patients with acute abdomen.
RESULTS
The majority of the patients were males (61.9%) with a mean age of 37.9(SD ± 21.8). Secondary peritonitis was found in 57(45.2%) of the patients. Gram-negative bacteria were the most commonly isolated organisms with Escherichia coli (35.8%) and Klebsiella spp (17.0%) predominating. Imipenem 88.8%(8/9), Amikacin 88.8%(8/9), Ciprofloxacin 44.4%(4/9) and Gentamicin 44.4%(4/9) demonstrated sensitivity to the different isolated organisms at varying degrees. Being a male (AOR = 3.658; 95% CI = 1.570-8.519, p = 0.003) and presenting 3 days after onset of symptoms (AOR = 2.957; 95% CI = 1.232-7.099, p = 0.015) were independently associated with secondary peritonitis.
CONCLUSION
Imipenem, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Gentamicin should be considered for empirical therapy in cases of secondary peritonitis. Patients, more especially males with abdominal pain should be encouraged to present early to the hospital to minimize progression to secondary peritonitis.
PubMed: 38915124
DOI: 10.1186/s13741-024-00425-4