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Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular... Jun 2023Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has been revived and developed with the introduction of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), while more valuable...
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has been revived and developed with the introduction of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), while more valuable properties of MOFs for SERS substrates remain largely unexplored. This work constructed a new SERS substrate FeO@UiO-66(Zr)@Ag nanoparticles (FUAs) with excellent SERS detection sensitivity, uniformity, reproducibility and stability, exhibiting a high Raman enhancement factor (5.62 × 10), low limit of detection (LOD, 2.11 × 10 M) and RSD (12.41 %) for 4-NBT, and maintaining 81 % SERS activity within 60 days. The FUAs took full advantage of the strong affinity of UiO-66(Zr) for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) to realize trace OPs detection. The LODs of phoxim, triazophos and methyl parathion in apple juice were 0.041, 0.021 and 0.0031 mg/L, respectively, with good linearities ranging from 0.02 or 0.1-50 mg/L, meeting the requirements of the food control standards, indicating that the potentials and prospects of the FUAs SERS substrate for trace detecting OPs in foods.
PubMed: 36947914
DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122548 -
Open Veterinary Journal 2022Dogs' health and welfare enhancement can be achieved using some prophylactics and immunization go with strict hygienic and optimum biosecurity measures.
BACKGROUND
Dogs' health and welfare enhancement can be achieved using some prophylactics and immunization go with strict hygienic and optimum biosecurity measures.
AIM
Exploration of the insecticidal action of Phoxim for combating infestation in dogs and its prophylactic influences on the blood indices, biochemistry, antioxidant enzymes, and cortisol hormone in healthy and infested dogs.
METHODS
Twenty German Shepherd male dogs at 1 year old and 44.0 kg were divided randomly into four groups of five dogs in four separate Kennels with optimum biosecurity measures. The 1st group (G1) was artificially infested with and treated with Phoxim, the 2nd (G2) was non-infested and treated with Phoxim, the 3rd (G3) was infested with and not treated (positive control), and the 4th (G4) was accounted as negative control (non-infested and non-treated). A total of 160 (80 whole blood and 80 sera) samples were collected.
RESULTS
Parasitological examination revealed prominent characteristic features of such as a distinct anal groove, the basis capitulum is hexagonal and lateral, the palpi are short, the second segment of the palpi as long as wide and not produced laterally, and the spiracular plate is comma-shaped and consists of stigma, peritreme, and tail. The results conveyed highly significant ( < 0.01) enhancement in erythrocytes, leukocytes, hematohiston, hematocrit, hemoglobin centering, granulocytes, alanine aminotransferase, random blood sugars, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, and highly significant ( < 0.01) declines of all measured antioxidant enzymes in treated non-infested dogs.
CONCLUSION
Phoxim proved efficient insecticidal activity with optimum safety and can be brought into play in the prophylactic biosecurity measures installed to eradicate external parasitism in dogs.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Male; Antioxidants; Dog Diseases; Insecticides; Tick Infestations
PubMed: 36650864
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i6.15 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Malathion, phoxim, and thiram are organophosphates and organosulfur pesticides widely used in agricultural products. The residues of these pesticides present a direct...
Malathion, phoxim, and thiram are organophosphates and organosulfur pesticides widely used in agricultural products. The residues of these pesticides present a direct threat to human health. Rapid and on-site detection is critical for minimizing such risks. In this work, a simple approach was introduced using a flexible surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate. The prepared Ag nanoparticles-polydimethylsiloxane (AgNPs-PDMS) substrate showed high SERS activity, good precision (relative standard deviation = 5.33%), and stability (30 days) after optimization. For target pesticides, the linear relationship between characteristic SERS bands and concentrations were achieved in the range of 10~1000, 100~5000, and 50~5000 μg L with LODs down to 3.62, 41.46, and 15.69 μg L for thiram, malathion, and phoxim, respectively. Moreover, SERS spectra of mixed samples indicated that three pesticides can be identified simultaneously, with recovery rates between 96.5 ± 3.3% and 118.9 ± 2.4%, thus providing an ideal platform for detecting more than one target. Pesticide residues on orange surfaces can be simply determined through swabbing with the flexible substrate before acquiring the SERS signal. This study demonstrated that the prepared substrate can be used for the rapid detection of pesticides on real samples. Overall, this method greatly simplified the pre-treatment procedure, thus serving as a promising analytical tool for rapid and nondestructive screening of malathion, phoxim, and thiram on various agricultural products.
PubMed: 36429190
DOI: 10.3390/foods11223597 -
Veterinary Sciences Sep 2022The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is the most important blood-sucking ectoparasite in egg-laying hen facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in...
The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is the most important blood-sucking ectoparasite in egg-laying hen facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricidal activity of different concentration of authorized (phoxim, ByeMite®, 500 mg/mL) and unauthorized (fipronil, Frontline® 250 mg/100 mL spray) molecules on 14 field isolates of D. gallinae collected from different ornamental poultry farms from different Italian regions. The sensitivity test was performed by contact exposure to four concentrations of each insecticide diluted at 1:5 (10,000-2000-400-80 ppm for phoxim, 500-100-20-4 ppm for fipronil) on a filter paper. The effectiveness of the treatment was significantly (p < 0.0001) associated with the dose of the pesticide used. Considering the mean lethality, phoxim has greater efficacy compared to fipronil (p < 0.001). A great variability of lethality rate was observed with the increase in fipronil dilution; conversely, for phoxim, some outliers were observed, particularly in one farm, suggesting the hypothesis that a certain degree of resistance in the mite population could occur possibly as a consequence of the continual contact with the molecule. This underlines the importance of the use of licensed products administered at correct dosages and the need for alternative molecules to avoid the onset of drug resistance phenomena.
PubMed: 36136703
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090486 -
Toxins Aug 2022The locusts (Bey-Bienko) and (Zubovski) (Orthoptera Acrididae) and the leaf beetle (Joannis) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) are economically devastating insect species...
The locusts (Bey-Bienko) and (Zubovski) (Orthoptera Acrididae) and the leaf beetle (Joannis) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) are economically devastating insect species in the desert steppes of Northern China. Control is mainly and frequently dependent on highly toxic chemicals. To date, there have been no complete and comprehensive reports of insecticide applications to these key pests. In this study, laboratory bioassays were carried out to determine and compare the toxicity of twelve insecticides to three outbreaking insects, , , and from three typical desert steppe regions, SZWQ, XHQ and WLTQQ, respectively. The responses of the two locust species and the leaf beetle were evaluated by topical application and leaf dip bioassay techniques across a range of concentrations to develop dosage-mortality regressions. The insecticides tested included six chemical insecticides (β-cypermethrin, imidacloprid, phoxim, λ-cyhalothrin, methomyl, chlorantraniliprole) and six biogenic insecticides (spinosad, avermectin, rotenone, matrine, azadiracthin, and methoxyfenozide). The results showed that phoxim, λ-cyhalothrin, β-cypermethrin and spinosad showed highly toxic activity to , , and , while methonyl, chlorantraniliprole, and rotenone were moderately toxic to both locust species and the leaf beetle. The LC values of matrine, azadiractin, and avermectin were more than 1 μg a.i./adult for and , the LC values of which were higher 2 g/L for . Our findings complement information from previous similar studies and will inform future studies relating to the control of outbreaking insects, such as , , and in desert steppes of northern China. This study is also expected to provide basic data on the use of chemical and biogenic insecticides for application in desert steppes.
Topics: Animals; China; Coleoptera; Insecta; Insecticides; Rotenone
PubMed: 36006208
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080546 -
PloS One 2022Temperature can have influences on the toxicities and efficacies of insecticides. Therefore, it is important to accurately evaluate the temperature effect (TE) on the...
Temperature can have influences on the toxicities and efficacies of insecticides. Therefore, it is important to accurately evaluate the temperature effect (TE) on the toxicities of insecticides to insects. Previous studies have shown that the pre-exposure of insects to temperatures before their contact with insecticides, caused variations in their toxicities. However, most of these studies focused on the TE of the insecticides post-treatment. In this study we hypothesized that pre-exposure time of insect at different temperature can influence the toxicities of insecticides. We then evaluated the influence of different pre-exposure time (0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h) on toxicities of three different temperature effect insecticides (TEIs) to Apolygus lucorum at 15, 25 and 35°C respectively. We found that all toxicities of three TEIs to A. lucorum did not vary with pre-exposure time at 25°C. The LC50 of hexaflumuron (positive TEI) only decreased (from 1800.06 to 237.40 mg/L) at 15°C, with an increase in the pre-exposure time. Whereas the LC50 of β-cypermethrin (negative TEI) decreased from 225.43 to 60.79 mg/L at 35°C. These results also showed that the temperature coefficients (TCs) of the toxicities were influenced by pre-exposure time at different temperatures. For hexaflumuron, all the TCs at 25°C and 35°C decreased, as the pre-exposure time increased. For β-cypermethrin, the TCs decreased significantly only at 35°C. The toxicity and TCs of phoxim (non-effect TEI) showed no obvious fluctuation at the tested temperatures. These results showed that when the pre-exposure times were extended, the toxicities of the positive / negative TEI showed an increase at the temperature where the pest was less sensitive to the insecticides. These results can be applied to determine the toxicities / bioactivities of different insecticides accurately at different temperatures.
Topics: Animals; Heteroptera; Insecta; Insecticides; Temperature
PubMed: 35969534
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272429 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022The coix seed is a medicinal and edible plant with rich nutritional and medicinal values. With the expansion of the coix seed consumption market, the problem of coix...
The coix seed is a medicinal and edible plant with rich nutritional and medicinal values. With the expansion of the coix seed consumption market, the problem of coix seed safety has attracted attention worldwide. The aims of this work were to evaluate the contamination of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and 116 pesticides in coix seeds collected from 12 main producing regions of coix seeds in the Guizhou Province of China and to analyze the major contributors of heavy metal and pesticide contamination in coix seed. The results show that the average contents of Pb, Cd, As and Cr in the 123 coix seed samples were 0.0069, 0.0021, 0.0138 and 0.1107 mg/kg, respectively, while Hg was not detected in all coix seed samples. Among the five heavy metals detected, only the Cr contents of three samples were found to be higher than the contaminant limit of Chinese standard GB2762-2017 (CSGB). A total of 13 pesticides were detected in 29 samples from seven main production regions of coix seeds, accounting for 23.6% of all the samples. The detection rates of chlorpyrifos were the highest (8.13%), followed by fenpropathrin (4.06%), bifenthrin (2.43%) and phoxim (1.62%), while the detection rates of the remaining pesticides were below 1%. Moreover, the residual risk score of dichlorvos was the highest of all the pesticides detected. The pollution index and risk assessment of heavy metals and pesticide residues indicates that coix seeds were at safe levels for consumption. In the production process of coix seeds, the local government should control the soil in areas heavily polluted by heavy metals and strengthen the monitoring and guidance on the scientific and rational use of pesticides.
PubMed: 35954054
DOI: 10.3390/foods11152286 -
Frontiers in Physiology 2021(Diptera: Sciaridae) is the most serious root maggot pest which causes substantial damage to the Chinese chive. Organophosphate (OP) and neonicotinoid insecticides are...
(Diptera: Sciaridae) is the most serious root maggot pest which causes substantial damage to the Chinese chive. Organophosphate (OP) and neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used chemical pesticides and play important roles in controlling . However, a strong selection pressure following repeated pesticide applications has led to the development of resistant populations of this insect. To understand the insecticide resistance mechanism in , gene expression analysis might be required. Appropriate reference gene selection is a critical prerequisite for gene expression studies, as the expression stability of reference genes can be affected by experimental conditions, resulting in biased or erroneous results. The present study shows the expression profile of nine commonly used reference genes [, , , , , , , , and )] was systematically analyzed under insecticide stress. Moreover, we also evaluated their expression stability in other experimental conditions, including developmental stages, sexes, and tissues. Five programs (NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, RefFinder, and Δ) were used to validate the suitability of candidate reference genes. The results revealed that the most appropriate sets of reference genes were and across phoxim; and across chlorpyrifos and chlorfluazuron; α and across imidacloprid; α and α across developmental stages; and across larvae; α and across tissues, and and across sex. These results will facilitate the standardization of RT-qPCR and contribute to further research on gene function under insecticides stress.
PubMed: 35087425
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.818210 -
Se Pu = Chinese Journal of... Jan 2022A graphene oxide aerogel was prepared and directly filled in a solid phase extraction (SPE) column without the aid of silica or other substrates. The aerogel was used to...
A graphene oxide aerogel was prepared and directly filled in a solid phase extraction (SPE) column without the aid of silica or other substrates. The aerogel was used to extract and detect residual organophosphorus pesticides (phoxim, temephos, fenthion, and fenitrothion) in food, and exhibited good elasticity and high mechanical strength. The graphene oxide aerogel was prepared by freeze-drying. Its morphology and physical properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and BET surface adsorption. Results proved the successful synthesis of the graphene oxide aerogel. Scanning electron micrographs of the aerogel exhibited a layered and fold structure, with a surface area of 740.51 m/g. The effect of experimental conditions on the extraction recovery of organophosphorus pesticides was systematically studied through a series of single-factor experiments. Due to limited adsorption sites, sample volumes of 5-60 mL were investigated, and 15 mL was determined was the optimum sample volume. The rate of sample loading was investigated in the range of 0.8-3.0 mL/min. When the rate of sample loading was higher than 3.0 mL/min, the insufficient contact between the analytes and sorbent appeared to cause a decrease in the extraction recovery. A lower rate of sample loading would prolong the operation time due to the re-elution of organophosphorus pesticides. The sample pH was optimized from a pH range of 2-11. An acidic solution was found to be good for inducing electrostatic interactions between the graphene oxide aerogel and organophosphorus pesticides. The maximum extraction recoveries were obtained at pH 4. Three eluents (acetonitrile, methanol, and acetone) were explored for optimization, and results showed that acetonitrile was the most appropriate eluent. The eluent volume (0.6-1.2 mL) was also investigated, and the optimal value was found to be 1.0 mL. Compared with commercial extraction materials including C18 silica, the anion exchange column (SAX), amino (-NH), and Florisil, the extraction recovery of this new material showed distinct improvement. The lifetime of the extraction column directly filled with the graphene oxide aerogel was investigated. The column could be repeatedly used for 15 times, which overcame the issue of blocking of the sieve plates of fragmented graphene nanosheets dispersed without any matrix support. The linearities of the four organophosphorus pesticides were 1-200 μg/L for phoxim, temephos, and fenthion, and 2-200 μg/L for fenitrothion. The linear correlation coefficients were all ≥0.9949, and limits of detection were in the range of 0.2-0.5 μg/L. An extraction column was used to extract the analytes continuously for five times, and the RSDs of the extraction recoveries were ≤6.5%. Subsequently, five extraction columns were used to extract the analytes under the same conditions, and the RSDs of the extraction recoveries were ≤11.3%. Finally, the established method was applied for the extraction and detection of a real sample (apple peel); no organophosphorus pesticide was detected in the apple peel. The recoveries for spiked standard solutions were between 70.5% and 93.6%, and RSDs were ≤10.4%.
Topics: Graphite; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Solid Phase Extraction
PubMed: 34985211
DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.03032 -
Insects Oct 2021The 70 kDa heat shock proteins play important roles in protecting organisms against environmental stresses, which are divided into stress-inducible forms (HSP70s) and...
The 70 kDa heat shock proteins play important roles in protecting organisms against environmental stresses, which are divided into stress-inducible forms (HSP70s) and heat shock cognates (HSC70s). In this study, heat shock protein 70 family was identified in the whole genome of the silkworm. Based on the known nomenclature and phylogenetic analysis, four HSP70s and five HSC70s were classified. Relatively, heat shock cognates were more conservative and were constitutively expressed in various tissues of the silkworm larvae. Under thermal (37 °C and 42 °C) and cold (2 °C) stresses, the expressions of , , and were up-regulated, and the highest induction reached 4147.3, 607.1, and 1987.3 times, respectively. Interestingly, , , and also showed slight induced expressions in the fat body and/or midgut under thermal stresses. In addition, the expression of was induced by dichlorvos and phoxim insecticides, while most HSC70 genes were inhibited. The results suggested that stress-inducible forms play more important roles in adaptation to various stresses than HSC70s.
PubMed: 34680697
DOI: 10.3390/insects12100928