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PloS One 2021Betel nut chewing (BNC) is prevalent in South Asia and Southeast Asia. BNC can affect host health by modulating the gut microbiota. The aim of this study is to evaluate...
Betel nut chewing (BNC) is prevalent in South Asia and Southeast Asia. BNC can affect host health by modulating the gut microbiota. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of BNC on the gut microbiota of the host. Feces samples were obtained from 34 BNC individuals from Ledong and Lingshui, Hainan, China. The microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. BNC decreased the microbial α-diversity. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the predominant phyla, accounting for 99.35% of the BNC group. The Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio was significantly increased in the BNC group compared to a control group. The abundances of the families Aerococcaceae, Neisseriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Planococcaceae were decreased in the BNC/BNC_Male/BNC_Female groups compared to the control group, whereas the abundances of Coriobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Micrococcaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Coxiellaceae, Nocardioidaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, and Succinivibrionaceae were increased. In general, the gut microbiome profiles suggest that BNC may have positive effects, such as an increase in the abundance of beneficial microbes and a reduction in the abundance of disease-related microbes. However, BNC may also produce an increase in the abundance of disease-related microbes. Therefore, extraction of prebiotic components could increase the beneficial value of betel nut.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Areca; Bacteria; Bacteroidetes; China; Discriminant Analysis; Feces; Female; Firmicutes; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Least-Squares Analysis; Male; Middle Aged; Plant Extracts; Principal Component Analysis; Proteobacteria; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Young Adult
PubMed: 34648581
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258489 -
Microbial Cell Factories Oct 2021Members of the genus Planococcus have been revealed to utilize and degrade solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes, and likely to acquire tolerance to...
BACKGROUND
Members of the genus Planococcus have been revealed to utilize and degrade solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes, and likely to acquire tolerance to solvents. A yellow marine bacterium Planococcus maritimus strain iso-3 was isolated from an intertidal sediment that looked industrially polluted, from the Clyde estuary in the UK. This bacterium was found to produce a yellow acyclic carotenoid with a basic carbon 30 (C) structure, which was determined to be methyl 5-glucosyl-5,6-dihydro-4,4'-diapolycopenoate. In the present study, we tried to isolate and identify genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis from this marine bacterium, and to produce novel or rare C-carotenoids with anti-oxidative activity in Escherichia coli by combinations of the isolated genes.
RESULTS
A carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster was found out through sequence analysis of the P. maritimus genomic DNA. This cluster consisted of seven carotenoid biosynthesis candidate genes (orf1-7). Then, we isolated the individual genes and analyzed the functions of these genes by expressing them in E. coli. The results indicated that orf2 and orf1 encoded 4,4'-diapophytoene synthase (CrtM) and 4,4'-diapophytoene desaturase (CrtNa), respectively. Furthermore, orf4 and orf5 were revealed to code for hydroxydiaponeurosporene desaturase (CrtNb) and glucosyltransferase (GT), respectively. By utilizing these carotenoid biosynthesis genes, we produced five intermediate C-carotenoids. Their structural determination showed that two of them were novel compounds, 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-4,4'-diaponeurosporene and 5-glucosyl-5,6-dihydro-4,4'-diapolycopene, and that one rare carotenoid 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-4,4'-diapolycopene is included there. Moderate singlet oxygen-quenching activities were observed in the five C-carotenoids including the two novel and one rare compounds.
CONCLUSIONS
The carotenoid biosynthesis genes from P. maritimus strain iso-3, were isolated and functionally identified. Furthermore, we were able to produce two novel and one rare C-carotenoids in E. coli, followed by positive evaluations of their singlet oxygen-quenching activities.
Topics: Antioxidants; Carotenoids; Escherichia coli; Genes, Bacterial; Planococcaceae
PubMed: 34627253
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01683-3 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Dec 2021Serious hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] pollution has continuously threatened ecological security and public health. Microorganism-assisted remediation technology has...
Serious hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] pollution has continuously threatened ecological security and public health. Microorganism-assisted remediation technology has strong potential in the treatment of environmental Cr(VI) pollution due to its advantages of high efficiency, low cost, and low secondary pollution. Sporosarcina saromensis M52, a strain with strong Cr(VI) removal ability, isolated from coastal intertidal zone was used in this study. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated M52 was relatively stable under Cr(VI) stress and trace amount of Cr deposited on the cell surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses exhibited M52 could reduce Cr(VI) into Cr(III). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the bacterial surface was mainly consisted of polysaccharides, phosphate groups, carboxyl groups, amide II (NH/CN) groups, alkyl groups, and hydroxyl groups, while functional groups involving in Cr(VI) bio-reduction were not detected. According to these characterization analyses, the removal of Cr(VI) was primarily depended on bio-reduction, instead of bio-adsorption by M52. Genome analyses further indicated the probable mechanisms of bio-reduction, including the active efflux of Cr(VI) by chromate transporter ChrA, enzymatic redox reactions mediated by reductases, DNA-repaired proteases ability to minimize the ROS damage, and the formation of specific cell components to minimize the biofilm injuries caused by Cr(VI). These studies provided a theoretical basis which was useful for Cr(VI) remediation, especially in terms of increasing its effectiveness. THE MAIN FINDING OF THE WORK: M52 realized the bioremediation of Cr(VI) majorly through bio-reduction, including Cr(VI) efflux, chromate reduction, DNA repair, and the formation of specific cell components, instead of bio-adsorption.
Topics: Chromium; Genomics; Sporosarcina
PubMed: 34507039
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112767 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Sep 2021Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has recently become an intelligent and environmentally friendly method for repairing cracks in concrete. To...
Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has recently become an intelligent and environmentally friendly method for repairing cracks in concrete. To improve on this ability of microbial materials concrete repair, we applied random mutagenesis and optimization of mineralization conditions to improve the quantity and crystal form of microbially precipitated calcium carbonate. ATCC 11859 was used as the starting strain to obtain the mutant with high urease activity by atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis. Next, we investigated the optimal biomineralization conditions and precipitation crystal form using Plackett-Burman experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM). Biomineralization with 0.73 mol/l calcium chloride, 45 g/l urea, reaction temperature of 45°C, and reaction time of 22 h, significantly increased the amount of precipitated calcium carbonate, which was deposited in the form of calcite crystals. Finally, the repair of concrete using the optimized biomineralization process was evaluated. A comparison of water absorption and adhesion of concrete specimens before and after repairs showed that concrete cracks and surface defects could be efficiently repaired. This study provides a new method to engineer biocementing material for concrete repair.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Biomineralization; Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Chloride; Construction Materials; Mutagenesis; Mutation; Plasma Gases; Sporosarcina; Temperature; Urea; Urease
PubMed: 34319256
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2104.04019 -
Environmental Microbiology Dec 2021Exposure to a diverse microbial environment during pregnancy and early postnatal period is important in determining predisposition towards allergy. However, the effect...
Exposure to a diverse microbial environment during pregnancy and early postnatal period is important in determining predisposition towards allergy. However, the effect of environmental microbiota exposure during preconception, pregnancy and postnatal life on development of allergy in the child has not been investigated so far. In the S-PRESTO (Singapore PREconception Study of long Term maternal and child Outcomes) cohort, we collected house dust during all three critical window periods and analysed microbial composition using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At 6 and 18 months, the child was assessed for eczema by clinicians. In the eczema group, household environmental microbiota was characterized by presence of human-associated bacteria Actinomyces, Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Micrococcus, Prevotella and Propionibacterium at all time points, suggesting their possible contributions to regulating host immunity and increasing the susceptibility to eczema. In the home environment of the control group, putative protective effect of an environmental microbe Planomicrobium (Planococcaceae family) was observed to be significantly higher than that in the eczema group. Network correlation analysis demonstrated inverse relationships between beneficial Planomicrobium and human-associated bacteria (Actinomyces, Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Micrococcus, Prevotella and Propionibacterium). Exposure to natural environmental microbiota may be beneficial to modulate shed human-associated microbiota in an indoor environment.
Topics: Bacteria; Child; Cohort Studies; Eczema; Female; Humans; Microbiota; Pregnancy; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 34309161
DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15684 -
Genes Jun 2021Biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in the agro-ecosystem is mediated by soil microbes. These microbes regulate the availability of phosphorus in the soil. Little is...
Biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in the agro-ecosystem is mediated by soil microbes. These microbes regulate the availability of phosphorus in the soil. Little is known about the response of functional traits of phosphorus cycling microbes in soil fertilized with compost manure (derived from domestic waste and plant materials) or inorganic nitrogen fertilizers at high and low doses. We used a metagenomics investigation study to understand the changes in the abundance and distribution of microbial phosphorus cycling genes in agricultural farmlands receiving inorganic fertilizers (120 kg N/ha, 60 kg N/ha) or compost manure (8 tons/ha, 4 tons/ha), and in comparison with the control. Soil fertilization with high level of compost (Cp8) or low level of inorganic nitrogen (N1) fertilizer have nearly similar effects on the rhizosphere of maize plants in promoting the abundance of genes involved in phosphorus cycle. Genes such as involved in polyphosphate formation and (for phosphate transportation) are highly enriched in these treatments. These genes facilitate phosphorus immobilization. At a high dose of inorganic fertilizer application or low compost manure treatment, the phosphorus cycling genes were repressed and the abundance decreased. The bacterial families and were very abundant in the high inorganic fertilizer (N2) treated soil, while , , , , , , were most abundant in Cp8. , , and fungi were observed to be dominant in Cp8 and , , , and archaea have the highest percentage occurrence in Cp8. Moreover, N2 treatment, , and were most abundant among fertilized soils. Our findings have brought to light the basis for the manipulation of rhizosphere microbial communities and their genes to improve availability of phosphorus as well as phosphorus cycle regulation in agro-ecosystems.
Topics: Agriculture; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Fertilizers; Manure; Metagenomics; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Rhizosphere; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Zea mays
PubMed: 34209356
DOI: 10.3390/genes12071022 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary effects of SC06 (SC06) instead of antibiotics on the growth performance, intestinal health, and intestinal microbiota...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary effects of SC06 (SC06) instead of antibiotics on the growth performance, intestinal health, and intestinal microbiota of broilers. A total of 360 30-day-old Lingnan yellow broilers were randomly allocated into two groups with six replicates per group (30 birds per replicate). The broilers were fed either a non-supplemented diet or a diet supplemented with 10 colony-forming units lyophilized SC06 per kilogram feed for 30 days. Results showed that SC06 supplementation had no effect on the growth performance compared with that of the control group. SC06 treatment significantly ( <0.05) increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in the liver, and the activities of trypsin, α-amylase (AMS), and NaK-ATPase in the ileum, whereas it decreased ( < 0.05) lipase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), and maltase activities in the ileum. Meanwhile, SC06 treatment also improved the immune function indicated by the significantly ( < 0.05) increased anti-inflammatory cytokine [interleukin (IL)-10] level and the decreased ( < 0.05) pro-inflammatory cytokine [IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] levels in the ileum. Furthermore, we also found that SC06 enhanced the intestinal epithelial intercellular integrity (tight junction and adhesion belt) in the ileum. Microbial analysis showed that SC06 mainly increased the alpha diversity indices in the jejunum, ileum, and cecum. SC06 treatment also significantly ( < 0.05) increased the abundances of , and in the cecum and simultaneously decreased the abundances of in the duodenum, in the jejunum, and and in cecum. In conclusion, these results suggested that instead of antibiotics showed a potential beneficial effect on the intestinal health of broilers.
PubMed: 34150896
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.679368 -
Nature Communications Apr 2021Studies in humans and laboratory animals link stable gut microbiome "enterotypes" with long-term diet and host health. Understanding how this paradigm manifests in wild...
Studies in humans and laboratory animals link stable gut microbiome "enterotypes" with long-term diet and host health. Understanding how this paradigm manifests in wild herbivores could provide a mechanistic explanation of the relationships between microbiome dynamics, changes in dietary resources, and outcomes for host health. We identify two putative enterotypes in the African buffalo gut microbiome. The enterotype prevalent under resource-abundant dietary regimes, regardless of environmental conditions, has high richness, low between- and within-host beta diversity, and enrichment of genus Ruminococcaceae-UCG-005. The second enterotype, prevalent under restricted dietary conditions, has reduced richness, elevated beta diversity, and enrichment of genus Solibacillus. Population-level gamma diversity is maintained during resource restriction by increased beta diversity between individuals, suggesting a mechanism for population-level microbiome resilience. We identify three pathogens associated with microbiome variation depending on host diet, indicating that nutritional background may impact microbiome-pathogen dynamics. Overall, this study reveals diet-driven enterotype plasticity, illustrates ecological processes that maintain microbiome diversity, and identifies potential associations between diet, enterotype, and disease.
Topics: Animals; Buffaloes; Communicable Diseases; DNA, Bacterial; Feces; Feeding Behavior; Firmicutes; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Incidence; Metagenomics; Phylogeny; Planococcaceae; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; South Africa; Symbiosis
PubMed: 33859184
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22510-8 -
Marine Drugs Mar 2021With the widespread occurrence of aquaculture diseases and the broad application of antibiotics, drug-resistant pathogens have increasingly affected aquatic animals'...
With the widespread occurrence of aquaculture diseases and the broad application of antibiotics, drug-resistant pathogens have increasingly affected aquatic animals' health. Marine probiotics, which live under high pressure in a saltwater environment, show high potential as a substitute for antibiotics in the field of aquatic disease control. In this study, twenty strains of non-hemolytic bacteria were isolated from the intestine of wild oysters and perch, and a model of infected by was established. Based on the model, ML1206, which showed a 99% similarity of 16S rRNA sequence to , was selected as a potential marine probiotic, with strong antibacterial capabilities and great acid and bile salt tolerance, to protect from being damaged by . Combined with plate counting and transmission electron microscopy, it was found that strain ML1206 could significantly inhibit colonization in the intestinal tract of . Acute oral toxicity tests in mice showed that ML1206 was safe and non-toxic. The real-time qPCR results showed a higher expression level of genes related to the antibacterial peptide () and detoxification (, , and ) in the group of protected by ML1206 compared to the control group. It is speculated that ML1206, as a potential probiotic, may inhibit the infection caused by through stimulating to secrete antibacterial effectors and detoxification proteins. This paper provides a new direction for screening marine probiotics and an experimental basis to support the potential application of ML1206 as a marine probiotic in aquaculture.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Caenorhabditis elegans; Female; Intestines; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Ostreidae; Planococcaceae; Probiotics; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Survival; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 33809116
DOI: 10.3390/md19030150 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2021Sample storage conditions are an important factor in fecal microbiota analyses in general. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sample storage at...
Sample storage conditions are an important factor in fecal microbiota analyses in general. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sample storage at room temperature on the equine fecal microbiota composition. Fecal samples were collected from 11 healthy horses. Each sample was divided into 7 sealed aliquots. One aliquot was immediately frozen at -80 °C; the remaining aliquots were stored at room temperature (21 to 22 °C) with one transferred to the freezer at each of the following time points: 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The Illumina MiSeq sequencer was used for high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Fibrobacteraceae () and Ruminococcaceae () were enriched in samples from 0 h and 6 h, whereas taxa from the families Bacillaceae, Planococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Moraxellaceae were enriched in samples stored at room temperature for 24 h or greater. Samples frozen within the first 12 h after collection shared similar community membership. The community structure was similar for samples collected at 0 h and 6 h, but it was significantly different between samples frozen at 0 h and 12 h or greater. In conclusion, storage of equine fecal samples at ambient temperature for up to 6 h before freezing following sample collection had minimal effect on the microbial composition. Longer-term storage at ambient temperature resulted in alterations in alpha-diversity, community membership and structure and the enrichment of different taxa when compared to fecal samples immediately frozen at -80 °C.
PubMed: 33803934
DOI: 10.3390/ani11030819