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Cureus Nov 2023Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thyroid-stimulating antibodies that can potentially lead to thyrotoxicosis, goiter, skin disease, and eye... (Review)
Review
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thyroid-stimulating antibodies that can potentially lead to thyrotoxicosis, goiter, skin disease, and eye disease. Available treatment options for Graves' disease include management with antithyroid drugs (ATDs), thyroid ablation with radioactive iodine (RAI), and surgical thyroid gland removal. For individuals unable to reach a normal thyroid hormone level, promptly considering a thyroidectomy is essential. Preoperative strategies to achieve a euthyroid state prevent thyroid storms and minimize postoperative complications and are therefore crucial. While variations in professional guidance exist, this review focuses on standard medical interventions as well as compares respective guidelines set forth by the American Thyroid Association, the European Thyroid Association, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology, and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons. There is consensus among these organizations underscoring the importance of rendering patients euthyroid prior to surgery and the use of ATDs. Most guidelines recommend screening for vitamin D deficiency as well as endorse thyroidectomy as the preferred treatment option for hyperthyroidism with skilled surgeons. Nevertheless, discrepancies do become apparent in aspects such as potassium iodide (SSKI) course duration and preoperative dexamethasone administration. By understanding these differing approaches, healthcare professionals can more effectively manage Graves' disease prior to surgery, resulting in improved patient outcomes and enhanced surgical success.
PubMed: 38046703
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48156 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Dec 2023The removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) pollution from the environment is a globally pressing issue, due to some PFAS' recalcitrant, bioaccumulative,...
The removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) pollution from the environment is a globally pressing issue, due to some PFAS' recalcitrant, bioaccumulative, and carcinogenic nature. Destruction via ultrasonic waves (sonolysis) is a promising contender for industrialisation due to; moderate power consumption, applicability to several PFAS and sample types, and limited by-products. Liquid flow rate through an ultrasonic reactor can affect the size, shape, and spatial distribution of ultrasonic cavities and hence their chemical activity. Such effects have not been studied during PFAS sonolysis, and temporal effects have not been studied much beyond the reactant concentration. Here, the effects of varying recirculating flow rate on the ultrasonic defluorination of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and implications for industrial scale up are presented. Under the ultrasonic power (200 W L, 2.27 W cm) and frequency (410 kHz) used, flow rates of 79 and 214 ml min enhanced defluorination up to 14 % during 30 min of treatment. However, these effects were temporal and most significant in the initial minutes of treatment. This indicated a dynamic bubble size distribution which stabilised after around 15 min. Defluorination rates of PFOS were compared with measured potassium iodide dosimetry, calorimetry, sonoluminescence (SL), and sonochemiluminescence (SCL). Flow rates which enhanced defluorination correlated moderately with enhanced SCL and negatively impacted SL, calorimetry, and dosimetry. Effects were attributed to perturbed cavity surfaces, leading to asymmetric cavity collapse, and the possibility of enhanced solvated electron production/interaction. SL, SCL, dosimetry, and calorimetric measurements were also temporal, and each showed different times to equilibrate. Flow rates of 439 and 889 ml min returned all sonochemical measurements to the levels without flow, likely due to continued collapse temperature quenching by furthered bubble asymmetry. Flow also enhanced reactor cooling, which is significant for industrial temperature control. The pump energy consumed was small (≈1.9 %) compared to that of the amplifier and chiller, hence, PFOS defluorination was more cost-effective using flow. However, the effect may be limited for the longer treatment times needed for environmental remediation.
PubMed: 38039593
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106667 -
Heliyon Nov 2023Assessment of activity levels of radionuclides that exist in soil, granite, and charnockite rock samples is very crucial because it exhibits an enhanced elemental...
Assessment of activity levels of radionuclides that exist in soil, granite, and charnockite rock samples is very crucial because it exhibits an enhanced elemental concentration of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) contributing higher natural background activity than usual in the environment and it may cause health risk to human health through the external and internal exposure. This study determined the radioactivity levels of U, Th, and K radionuclides in soil, granite, and charnockite rock samples collected from selected fields in Ekiti State, Nigeria using Caesium iodide CsI(Tl) scintillation gamma spectrometer. It also evaluated indices of the radiological parameters consisting of radium equivalent activity (Ra), absorbed dose rate (D), annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), internal hazard index (H), and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). The calculated average activity concentrations of U, Th, and K are 30.40 ± 0.71 Bq kg, 3.31 ± 0.05 Bq kg, and 222.25 ± 14.72 Bq kg, respectively, which were lower than their respective world average values. Comparatively, potassium concentrations in these collected samples have a higher value than concentrations of uranium and thorium (K > U > Th). All the evaluated values of the radiological parameters (except D) of the appraised radionuclides were below the global permissible limits. The granite rocks, charnockite rocks, and soils from Ekiti State in Nigeria do not pose any hazardous risk to humans, but continued monitoring is necessary when these materials are used as building materials, which cause long-term radiation exposure.
PubMed: 38034673
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22451 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023In this the antibacterial of quercetin against was evaluated by measuring the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)....
In this the antibacterial of quercetin against was evaluated by measuring the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Subsequently, the effect of quercetin on cell membrane was evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface hydrophobicity determination, diacetate fluorescein staining and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Additionally, the effects of quercetin on intracellular macromolecules and cell metabolism were explored by measuring the culture medium protein, bacterial protein and intracellular sodium and potassium adenosine triphosphate (ATP) enzyme activity. The results revealed that quercetin exhibited the MIC and MBC values of 100 ug/mL and 400 ug/mL, respectively, against . The SEM results revealed that quercetin could induce irreversible damage to the cell membrane effectively. Moreover, quercetin could enhance the surface hydrophobicity of . The results of flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy analyses revealed that quercetin could promote cell damage by altering the cell membrane permeability of , inducing the release of nucleic acid substances from the cells. Furthermore, the determination of protein content in the culture medium, bacterial protein content, and the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity demonstrated that quercetin could reduce the intracellular protein content and impedes protein expression and ATPase synthesis effectively, leading to apoptosis.
PubMed: 38033555
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1286187 -
RSC Sustainability Sep 2023The synthesis of 5,5'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine using 2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine was achieved at 50 °C using palladium acetate, tetrabutylammonium...
The synthesis of 5,5'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine using 2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine was achieved at 50 °C using palladium acetate, tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI), potassium carbonate, and isopropanol in Cyrene™ (dihydrolevoglucosenone), a bio-renewable "green" solvent formed by a two-step process from cellulose. Improvements were achieved with 50% of γ-valerolactone (GVL) in Cyrene™ resulting in a 95% yield and 99% product purity without the use of column chromatography or recrystallization. At 80 °C, the reaction was completed within 1 h. Full conversion with 1 mol% instead of 15 mol% of palladium acetate was observed within 10 h. We showed that the formed 2,2'-bipyridine product significantly accelerated the reaction probably due to the stabilization of the catalytic species. The addition of TBAI was essential for the rapid homocoupling, however, 20 mol% of TBAI was sufficient to reach full conversion of 2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine within 6 h at 80 °C. Another improvement was observed with the substitution of isopropanol by 1,4-butanediol achieving full conversion within 6 h. 2-Bromopyridines with electron withdrawing substituents in the 6, 5, 4 ring position reacted under these conditions. 2-Bromopyridines with an electron donating substituent reacted slower. Overall, we demonstrated that the 50% GVL in Cyrene™ blend is a superior "green" and less toxic alternative to dimethylformamide for the reductive homocoupling reaction. Using a quantitative scoring for twelve principles of green chemistry (DOZN™), we found significant improvements that were mediated by higher yield (atom economy), shorter heating time and lower reaction temperature (energy efficiency), safer solvent (hazardous chemical synthesis), and safer chemistry (accident prevention).
PubMed: 38013944
DOI: 10.1039/d3su00005b -
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine... Mar 2024To examine whether adherence to a low-iodine diet (LID) enhances the therapeutic efficacy of radioiodine therapy (RAI) in Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) in iodine-rich...
Effect of previous administration of potassium iodine and different durations of low iodine diets for radioiodine therapy on the treatment of Graves' disease in iodine-rich areas.
PURPOSE
To examine whether adherence to a low-iodine diet (LID) enhances the therapeutic efficacy of radioiodine therapy (RAI) in Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) in iodine-rich areas.
METHODS
We retrospectively evaluated 185 patients with GH from Aichi (n = 114) and Hokkaido (n = 71) Prefectures. Patients aged ≥ 18 years with GH who underwent RAI between December 2012 and March 2022 were divided into subgroups based on pretreatment with anti-thyroid drug (ATD) or potassium iodide (KI). Patients were followed up with LID from 18 days (group A) or 7 days (group H) before RAI to 3 days after RAI. The dose of radioactive iodine 131 (I) was adjusted to deliver > 100 Gy to the thyroid. The associations between urinary iodine concentration on UIC2 vs. 24hRU and UIC2 vs. the 1-year RAI success rate (SR) were investigated.
RESULTS
Compared with UIC1, UIC2 was significantly decreased in all subgroups (P < 0.01). An inverse correlation between UIC2 and 24hRU was observed in the four groups; however, the difference was insignificant. The SR in groups A and H was 85% and 89%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed no association between UIC2 and SR in each group. Additionally, stratification of the 185 patients into quartiles using UIC2 yielded no significant differences in SR (p = 0.79).
CONCLUSIONS
LID sufficiently reduced UIC in patients undergoing RAI. Although a lower UIC2 may increase 24hRU, it did not increase the success of RAI. The benefit of LID in enhancing the efficacy of RAI in GH treatment remains uncertain.
Topics: Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Iodine; Retrospective Studies; Thyroid Neoplasms; Graves Disease; Hyperthyroidism; Diet; Potassium; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 38008728
DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06523-7 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Nov 2023This prospective, comparative, double-cohort study aimed to compare the efficacy of silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide (38% SDF+KI; Riva Star) with sodium...
This prospective, comparative, double-cohort study aimed to compare the efficacy of silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide (38% SDF+KI; Riva Star) with sodium fluoride varnish (5% NaF; Duraphat) in hypersensitive carious lesions in primary teeth to evaluate caries arrest and hypersensitivity relief. : This study included thirty 2-5-year-olds (mean age = 3.67 ± 1.06 years; 16 males and 14 females) who required a desensitizing treatment for hypersensitive carious defects with visible dentin. A total of 15 of the participants were consecutively allocated to treatment with 5% NaF, and they were further compared to an equal number of participants treated with 38% SDF+KI solutions ( = 15). The treatments were performed following clinical evaluation of caries activity using the International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS) and the Bjørndal criteria (score of 0-9). Parental-reported hypersensitivity was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (0-10 = no to severe pain). : Clinical variables were evaluated at baseline and three months after treatment. Thereafter, a significant decline in hypersensitivity/pain led to lower final scores in the Riva Star group (0.40 ± 1.12, = 0.002) than in the Duraphat group (1.40 ± 2.20, = 0.004). The caries arrest effect was significantly higher in the Riva Star group (86.7%) compared to the Duraphat group three months after treatment (13.3%, < 0.001). In both groups, there were no statistically significant differences in the children's behavior before, during, and after treatment. : Ultimately, with both fluoride therapies reducing hypersensitivity/pain significantly, treatment with 38% SDF+KI was clearly more effective in caries arrest than 5% NaF varnish after a 3-month period.
Topics: Male; Child; Female; Humans; Child, Preschool; Fluorides; Cariostatic Agents; Cohort Studies; Prospective Studies; Tooth, Deciduous; Pain; Dental Caries
PubMed: 38004091
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59112042 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Dec 2023Due to the complex physical and chemical interactions taking place in the sonicated medium, various methods have been proposed in the literature for a better...
Due to the complex physical and chemical interactions taking place in the sonicated medium, various methods have been proposed in the literature for a better understanding of the sonochemical system. In the present paper, the performance of calorimetry, iodometry, Fricke, 4-nitrophenol, HO, and ascorbic acid dosimetry techniques have been evaluated over the electric power range from 20 to 80 W (f = 300 kHz). These methods have been analyzed for distilled and seawater in light of the literature findings. It has been found that the lowest temperatures and calorimetric energies were obtained for seawater in comparison to distilled water. However, the discrepancy between both mediums disappears with the increase in the electric power up to 80 W. Compared to the calorimetry results, a similar trend was obtained for the KI dosimetry, where the discrepancy between both solutions (seawater and distilled water) increased with the reduction in the electric power down to 20 W. In contrast, over the whole range of the electric power (20-80 W), the HO dosimetry was drastically influenced by the salt composition of seawater, where, I formation was clearly reduced in comparison to the case of the distilled water. On the other hand, a fluctuated behavior was observed for the Fricke and 4-nitrophenol dosimetry methods, especially at the low electric powers (20 and 40 W). It has been found that dosimetry techniques based on ascorbic acid or potassium iodide are the best means for accurate quantification of the sonochemical activity in the irradiated liquid. As a result, it has been concluded, in terms of the dosimetry process's performance, that the dosimetry methods are in the following order: Ascorbic acid ≈ KI > Fricke > 4-nitrophenol > HO.
PubMed: 37944338
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106647 -
Canister valve and actuator deposition in metered dose inhalers formulated with low-GWP propellants.International Journal of Pharmaceutics Dec 2023A challenge in pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) formulation design is management of adhesion of the drug to the canister wall, valve and actuator internal...
A challenge in pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) formulation design is management of adhesion of the drug to the canister wall, valve and actuator internal components and surfaces. Wall-material interactions differ between transparent vials used for visual inspection and metal canister pMDI systems. This is of particular concern for low greenhouse warming potential (GWP) formulations where propellant chemistry and solubility with many drugs are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate a novel application of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation to assay the contents of surrogate solution and suspension pMDI formulations of potassium iodide and barium sulphate in propellants HFA134a, HFA152a and HFO1234ze(E) using aluminium canisters and standard components. Preliminary results indicate that through unit life drug distribution in the canister valve closure region and actuator can vary significantly with new propellants. For solution formulations HFO1234ze(E) propellant shows the greatest increase in local deposition inside the canister valve closure region as compared to HFA134a and HFA152a, with correspondingly reduced actuator deposition. This is likely driven by chemistry changes. For suspension formulations HFA152a shows the greatest differences, due to its low specific gravity. These changes must be taken into consideration in the development of products utilising low-GWP propellants.
Topics: Metered Dose Inhalers; Nebulizers and Vaporizers; Administration, Inhalation; Catheters; Aluminum; Suspensions; Aerosol Propellants; Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated
PubMed: 37925043
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123569 -
Microorganisms Oct 2023The optimal combinatorial parameters of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by methylene blue (MB) with the addition of potassium iodide (KI) against...
A Uniform Design Method Can Optimize the Combinatorial Parameters of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, Including the Concentrations of Methylene Blue and Potassium Iodide, Light Dose, and Methylene Blue's Incubation Time, to Improve Fungicidal Effects on Candida Species.
The optimal combinatorial parameters of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by methylene blue (MB) with the addition of potassium iodide (KI) against Candida species have never been defined. This study aimed to optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT, including the concentrations of MB (X, 0.1-1.0 mM) and KI (X 100-400 mM), light dose (X, 10-70 J/cm), and MB's incubation time (X, 5-35 min) for three Candida species. The best MB + KI-aPDT fungicidal effects (Y) against ATCC 90028 (Y), ATCC 22019 (Y), and ATCC 2950 (Y) were investigated using a uniform design method. The regression models deduced using this method were Y = 7.126 + 1.199XX - 1.742X + 0.206X - 0.361X; Y = 10.724 - 0.867X - 1.497X + 0.560X + 1.298X; and Y = 0.892 - 0.956X + 2.296X + 1.299X - 3.316XX. The optimal combinatorial parameters inferred from the regression equations were MB 0.1 mM, KI 400 mM, a light dose of 20 J/cm, and a 5-minute incubation time of MB for ; MB 0.1 mM, KI 400 mM, a light dose of 70 J/cm, and a 5-minute incubation time of MB for ; MB 0.1 mM, KI 100 mM, a light dose of 10 J/cm, and a 35-minute incubation time of MB for . The uniform design method can optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT mediated by MB plus KI to obtain the best aPDT fungicidal effects on Candida species, providing a new method to optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT for different pathogens in the future.
PubMed: 37894215
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102557