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Biomedical Research (Tokyo, Japan) 2024Fish oil (FO) is rich in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been demonstrated that FO intake possesses lipid-lowering properties. Conversely, a high-cholesterol...
Fish oil (FO) is rich in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been demonstrated that FO intake possesses lipid-lowering properties. Conversely, a high-cholesterol (CH) diet promotes lipid accumulation in the liver and induces fatty liver. This study investigated the effects of FO feeding on hepatic lipid accumulation induced by high-cholesterol feeding in KK mice. All experimental diets had a fat energy ratio of 25%, the SO group had all fat sources as safflower oil (SO), the 12.5 FO group had half of the SO replaced with FO, and the 25 FO group had all of the SO replaced with FO, each with or without 2 weight % (wt%) cholesterol (SO/CH, 12.5 FO/CH, and 25 FO/CH groups, respectively), for 8 weeks. The hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the 25 FO/CH group than in the SO/CH group. The hepatic mRNAs of fatty acid synthesis-related genes were downregulated by the FO feeding groups. In view of importance to establish the benefit of FO for preventing severe NAFLD, our results suggest that FO intake prevents excessive hepatic fat accumulation induced by a high-cholesterol diet in obese KK mice through the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Fish Oils; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids; Obesity
PubMed: 38325844
DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.45.33 -
BMC Genomics Dec 2023Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an oilseed crop with substantial medicinal and economic value. However, the methods for constructing safflower core germplasm...
BACKGROUND
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an oilseed crop with substantial medicinal and economic value. However, the methods for constructing safflower core germplasm resources are limited, and the molecular mechanisms of lipid biosynthesis in safflower seeds are not well understood.
RESULTS
In this study, 11 oil-related quantitative traits and 50 pairs of InDel markers were used to assess the diversity of a collection of 605 safflower germplasms. The original safflower germplasm exhibited rich phenotypic diversity, with high variation for most of the phenotypic traits under investigation. Similarly, high genetic diversity was evaluated in the original germplasm, in which the mean Shannon's information index (I), observed heterozygosity (H), and expected heterozygosity (He) were 0.553, 0.182, and 0.374, respectively. Four subgroups with strong genetic structures were identified and a core germplasm of 214 cultivars was constructed, which is well represented in the original germplasm. Meanwhile, differential expression analysis of the transcriptomes of high and low linoleic acid safflower varieties at two stages of seed development identified a total of 47 genes associated with lipid biosynthesis. High expression of the genes KAS II and SAD enhanced the synthesis and accumulation of oleic acid, while FAD genes like FAD2 (Chr8G0104100), FAD3, FAD7 and FAD8 promoted the consumption of oleic acid conversion. The coordinated regulation of these multiple genes ensures the high accumulation of oleic acid in safflower seed oil.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on these findings, a core germplasm of 214 cultivars was constructed and 47 candidate genes related to unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid accumulation were identified. These results not only provide guidance for further studies to elucidate the molecular basis of oil lipid accumulation in safflower seeds, but also contribute to safflower cultivar improvements.
Topics: Carthamus tinctorius; Oleic Acid; Phenotype; Seeds; Linoleic Acid
PubMed: 38082219
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09874-5 -
Microorganisms Oct 2023Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is perceived to protect the body from metabolic diseases. This study was conducted to determine the effect () on CLA production and...
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is perceived to protect the body from metabolic diseases. This study was conducted to determine the effect () on CLA production and sensory characteristics of cheddar cheese. can convert linoleic acid (LA) to CLA. To increase CLA in cheddar cheese and monitor the conversion of LA to CLA by , the LA content of cheese milk (3.4% fat) was increased by partially replacing fat with safflower oil (85% LA of oil) at 0, 3, 6, and 9% concentrations (T, T, T, and T). Furthermore, 10 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL (8 log CFU mL) was added in all treatments along with traditional cheddar cheese culture ( ssp. and ssp. ). After 30 days of ripening, in T, T, T, and T was 6.75, 6.72, 6.65, and 6.55 log CFU g. After 60 days of ripening, in T, T, T, and T was 6.35, 6.27, 6.19, and 6.32 log CFU g. After 60 days of ripening, in T, T, T, and T was 6.41, 6.25, 6.69, and 6.65 log CFU g. GC-MS analysis showed that concentrations of CLA in the 90 days' control, T, T, T, and T were 1.18, 2.73, 4.44, 6.24, and 9.57 mg/100 g, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed that treatments containing and LA presented higher concentrations of organic acids than the control sample. The addition of safflower oil at all concentrations did not affect cheese composition, free fatty acids (FFA), and the peroxide value (POV) of cheddar cheese. Color flavor and texture scores of experimental cheeses were not different from the control cheese. It was concluded that and safflower oil can be used to increase CLA production in cheddar cheese.
PubMed: 37894271
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102613 -
Journal of Oleo Science Oct 2023The objective of the present study was to increase the frying stability of refined safflower oil (RSO) by blending it with refined olive pomace oil (ROPO) during deep...
The objective of the present study was to increase the frying stability of refined safflower oil (RSO) by blending it with refined olive pomace oil (ROPO) during deep fat frying. For this purpose; RSO, ROPO and their blends were utilized for frying of potato sticks at 180°C for 3 consecutive days. The frying stability of the oils was monitored by analyzing them for their free fatty acids, peroxide values, total polar contents, ultraviolet spectrophotometric indices at 232 and 270 nm, fatty acid profiles, p-anisidine values, α-tocopherol contents and photometric color indices. 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidyl ester (GE) levels of oils before and after frying were measured as well. The results have shown that thermooxidative degradation products increased as the frying progressed for all oils, however the decomposition rate was found to slow down in blend oils by stabilizing with ROPO. Blending RSO with ROPO decreased linoleic and linolenic; but increased the oleic and palmitic acid percentages of the blends. C18:2/C16:0 ratio was found to decrease by frying for RSO and the blend oils, however ROPO was not affected significantly. 3-MCPD-E levels of the blends increased as the ratio of ROPO increased. Principal component analysis enabled a clear discrimination between oils with different composition throughout the frying process.
PubMed: 37704448
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23016 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Safflower oil is a very valuable product for the body and human health. It is rich in macro- and microelements, vitamins and minerals, and also has antioxidant...
Safflower oil is a very valuable product for the body and human health. It is rich in macro- and microelements, vitamins and minerals, and also has antioxidant properties. The primary purification of safflower oil is an important stage of its production and directly affects the quality of the final product and its storage ability. Purifying safflower oil using a combination of filtration and sedimentation processes in an experimental cone-shaped centrifuge is a new direction in its processing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of flax fiber as a filter material for safflower oil. The Akmai variety of the safflower was tested. The results showed that the quality indicators of safflower oil before and after filtration through flax fiber are different. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic (18.31 ± 0.874%) and cis-linoleic acid (82.52 ± 1.854%) increased, as well as the content of arginine (2.1), tyrosine (0.57), methionine (0.4), cystine (2.5), tryptophan (2.6), and other amino acids (in oil g per 100 g of protein). The increase in the total amount of phenols (322.12 ± 6 mgEAG/kg of oil) was observed, which directly caused the higher antioxidant activity (42.65 ± 8%) of the safflower oil. These results demonstrate that flax fiber can enrich safflower oil. To find the optimal conditions for safflower oil centrifugation in a cone-shaped sedimentary-filtering centrifuge, the thickness of the flax fiber and the distance between the inner and outer perforated filter rotor were tested. It was found that the optimal and effective thickness of the flax fiber is 1.5 × 10 nm, while the thickness of the sediment is 0.5 × 10 nm.
PubMed: 37685208
DOI: 10.3390/foods12173275 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Wei safflower seed oil (WSO) prepared by the cold pressing method and organic solvent extraction method was characterized in this study. The yield of cold-pressed WSO...
Wei safflower seed oil (WSO) prepared by the cold pressing method and organic solvent extraction method was characterized in this study. The yield of cold-pressed WSO (CP-WSO) was inferior to that of -hexane-extracted WSO (HE-WSO). The physicochemical properties (refractive index, density, iodine value, insoluble impurities) and fatty acid compositions were similar, and both were rich in linoleic acid. However, CP-WSO had better color and less solvent residue. The type and content of vitamin E in CP-WSO was also superior to that in HE-WSO, which explained the high oxidative stability of CP-WSO in the Rancimat test. Our results provide a reference for the development of Wei safflower seed oil.
PubMed: 37685161
DOI: 10.3390/foods12173228 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Oxylipins, oxidation products of unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs), are involved in various cellular signaling systems. Among these oxylipins, FFA epoxides are...
Oxylipins, oxidation products of unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs), are involved in various cellular signaling systems. Among these oxylipins, FFA epoxides are associated with beneficial effects in metabolic and cardiovascular health. FFA epoxides are metabolized to diols, which are usually biologically less active, by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Plasma epoxide-diol ratios have been used as indirect measures of sEH activity. This study was designed to examine the effects of acute elevation of individual plasma FFAs on a variety of oxylipins, particularly epoxides, diols, and their ratios. We tested if FFA epoxide-diol ratios are altered by circulating FFA levels (i.e., substrate availability) independent of sEH activity. Wistar rats received a constant intravenous infusion of olive (70% oleic acid (OA)), safflower seed (72% linoleic acid (LA)), and fish oils (rich in ω-3 FFAs) as emulsions to selectively raise OA, LA, and ω-3 FFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), respectively. As expected, olive, safflower seed, and fish oil infusions selectively raised plasma OA (57%), LA (87%), EPA (70%), and DHA (54%), respectively ( < 0.05 for all). Raising plasma FFAs exerted substrate effects to increase hepatic and plasma epoxide and diol levels. These increases in epoxides and diols occurred to similar extents, resulting in no significant changes in epoxide-diol ratios. These data suggest that epoxide-diol ratios, often used as indices of sEH activity, are not affected by substrate availability or altered plasma FFA levels and that epoxide-diol ratios may be used to compare sEH activity between conditions of different circulating FFA levels.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Oxylipins; Epoxide Hydrolases; Epoxy Compounds; Rats, Wistar; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fish Oils; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Linoleic Acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Oleic Acid
PubMed: 37445935
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310760 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2023Clinical studies on effects of marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and...
Sex-specific responses in glucose-insulin homeostasis and lipoprotein-lipid components after high-dose supplementation with marine n-3 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: a randomized double-blind crossover study.
BACKGROUND
Clinical studies on effects of marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) on lipoprotein-lipid components and glucose-insulin homeostasis have shown conflicting results, which may partly be explained by differential responses in females and males. However, we have lacked data on sexual dimorphism in the response of cardiometabolic risk markers following increased consumption of n-3 or n-6 PUFAs.
OBJECTIVE
To explore sex-specific responses after n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFA supplementation on circulating lipoprotein subfractions, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acids in red blood cell membranes, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity among people with abdominal obesity.
METHODS
This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-week intervention periods separated by a 9-week washout phase. Females ( = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males ( = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we measured lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity.
RESULTS
The between-sex difference in relative change scores was significant after n-3 for total high-density lipoproteins (females/males: -11%*/-3.3%, = 0.036; *: significant within-sex change), high-density lipoprotein particle size (+2.1%*/-0.1%, = 0.045), and arachidonic acid (-8.3%*/-12%*, = 0.012), and after n-6 for total (+37%*/+2.1%, = 0.041) and small very-low-density lipoproteins (+97%*/+14%, = 0.021), and lipoprotein (a) (-16%*/+0.1%, = 0.028). Circulating markers of glucose-insulin homeostasis differed significantly after n-3 for glucose (females/males: -2.1%/+3.9%*, = 0.029), insulin (-31%*/+16%, < 0.001), insulin C-peptide (-12%*/+13%*, = 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index 2 (-12%*/+14%*, = 0.001) and insulin sensitivity index 2 (+14%*/-12%*, = 0.001), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+4.9%*/-3.4%*, < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
We found sex-specific responses after high-dose n-3 (but not n-6) supplementation in circulating markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity, which improved in females but worsened in males. This may partly be related to the sex differences we observed in several components of the lipoprotein-lipid profile following the n-3 intervention.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [NCT02647333].
PubMed: 37404855
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1020678 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023Oilseed crops are widely cultivated and are related to nutrition and human health as valuable nutraceutical sources with valuable biological properties. The growing...
Oilseed crops are widely cultivated and are related to nutrition and human health as valuable nutraceutical sources with valuable biological properties. The growing demand for oil plants used in human and animal nutrition or for the processing industry has contributed to the diversification and development of a new variety of oil crops. Increased oil crop diversity, besides ensuring reduced sensitivity to pests and climate conditions, has also led to improved nutritional values. In order to enable oil crop cultivation to become commercially sustainable, a comprehensive characterization of newly created varieties of oilseeds, including their nutritional and chemical composition, is required. In this study, two varieties of safflower and white and black mustard were investigated as alternative oil species for nutritional parameters, mainly protein, fat, carbohydrate, moisture, ash, polyphenols, flavonoids, chlorophylls contents, acids and mineral composition, and compared with those of two different genotypes of rapeseeds as a traditional oil crop plant. The proximate analysis found that the highest oil content was found in the oil rape NS Svetlana genotype (33.23%), while the lowest was in black mustard (25.37%). The protein content varies from around 26% in safflower samples to 34.63%, determined in white mustard. High content of unsaturated fatty acids and low content of saturated fatty acid was observed in the analyzed samples. In mineral analysis, the dominant elements were phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, in descending order. The observed oil crops are also good sources of microelements, including iron, copper, manganese and zinc, accompanied by high antioxidant activity due to the presence of significant amounts of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds.
PubMed: 37299138
DOI: 10.3390/plants12112160 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023Safflower ( L.) is a promising oilseed crop for cultivation in central Southern Italy due to its high tolerance to drought and salinity stress and appreciable seed and...
Safflower ( L.) is a promising oilseed crop for cultivation in central Southern Italy due to its high tolerance to drought and salinity stress and appreciable seed and oil yields. The genetic diversity of cultivars and climate factors can affect fatty acid composition and yield traits. This study aimed to assess the effects of genotype and climate conditions on the productive performance of eight high oleic safflower genotypes under rainfed conditions in Sicily (Italy). These genotypes were compared to the Montola 2000 cultivar, which was used as a reference. Tests were carried out during the growing seasons of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Morphological and yield components were significantly affected by genotype while the year had a significant effect on plant height only. In general, CTI 17 produced the highest seed yield (1.40 t ha) and oil yield (0.58 t ha). The seed oil content was found on 40.2% of dry matter, on average. The "genotype" factor significantly affected oil content and fatty acid composition. Oleic acid content was on average 66.1% and did not vary greatly over the two growing seasons. The above- and belowground plant parts showed the highest carbon content and the lowest nitrogen content as a percentage of dry matter. The results indicate that, under rainfed conditions, yield parameters of high oleic safflower genotypes can be profitable in southern Italy though significantly dependent upon genotype.
PubMed: 37176792
DOI: 10.3390/plants12091733