-
Journal of Equine Science Dec 2023In racehorses, feeding a high-concentrate diet could cause abnormal fermentation in the hindgut. This feeding management regime is not suitable for the nutritional...
In racehorses, feeding a high-concentrate diet could cause abnormal fermentation in the hindgut. This feeding management regime is not suitable for the nutritional physiology of horses. However, studies on the hindgut environment have yet to be reported in Japanese draft horses, so feeding management needs to be investigated in these horses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-concentrate diet on hindgut fermentation in Japanese draft horses. Feces were collected from 20 male Japanese draft horses managed by two stables with different feeding designs (65% weight ratio of concentrate feed, HC; 50% weight ratio of concentrate, MC), and fecal metabolic characteristics and the microbiome were analyzed. Higher lactate concentrations and lower fecal pH levels were observed in the HC group (P=0.0011, P=0.0192, respectively). Fecal microbiome analysis revealed a decrease in microbial diversity (P=0.0360) and an increase in the relative abundance of Streptococcus lutetiensis/equinus/infantarius (P=0.0011) in the HC group. On the other hand, fibrolytic bacteria in the MC group had similarities with Clostridium sacchalolyticum and Ruminococcus albus. This study revealed that overfeeding of concentrates induced abnormal fermentation in the hindgut of Japanese draft horses. This suggests that the establishment of a feeding design based on not only the chemical compositions of feeds but also microbial dynamics is needed.
PubMed: 38274554
DOI: 10.1294/jes.34.101 -
Food Technology and Biotechnology Dec 2023Heat-stabilised defatted rice bran (HSDRB) is a primary by-product of rice bran oil extraction industry and a nutritious source of protein. However, despite the unique...
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Heat-stabilised defatted rice bran (HSDRB) is a primary by-product of rice bran oil extraction industry and a nutritious source of protein. However, despite the unique nutritional profile of rice bran protein, the protein-rich by-product, HSDRB is underutilised as a low-value animal feed. Research on protein extraction from HSDRB by enzymatic hydrolysis has attracted the attention of numerous scientists. However, a cost-effective extraction method is required to mitigate the high costs associated with the use of enzymes. Therefore, we have presented an alternative economical and natural approach for protein extraction from HSDRB by solid-state fermentation (SSF) with heterofermentative microbes.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
SSF of HSDRB with two types of traditional Asian fermentation starters, namely loog-pang and koji, were evaluated for enzyme production and their efficacy in extracting proteins from HSDRB. For this purpose, HSDRB fermentation was carried out for 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h followed by 24-hour hydrolysis to evaluate the extracted rice bran protein. In addition, microbiome diversity in the fermentation starters was also determined by metagenomic sequencing of 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer to identify bacteria and fungi, respectively.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The microbial community in the fermentation starters showed the dominance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as in loog-pang and , and in koji, while yeast species and dominated the fungal diversity in loog-pang and koji starters, respectively. The results suggest that loog-pang and koji can produce cellulase, neutral and acid proteases during fermentation. Despite the discrepancy in their microbial diversity and the enzyme activity during SSF, both starters could effectively increase protein extraction from HSDRB. A positive relationship between the SSF duration and extracted protein was observed. During SSF with loog-pang and koji after 72 h followed by 24-hour hydrolysis, 65.66 and 66.67 % protein was extracted from HSDRB, respectively. The amino acid analysis of the protein hydrolysate produced by the non-fermented and fermented methods showed no difference and had an abundance of glutamic and aspartic acids, leucine, arginine, alanine and glycine amino acids, which accounted for approx. 58 % of the total amino acids.
NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION
Loog-pang and koji (traditional Thai and Japanese fermentation starters, respectively) were found to be effective in extracting proteins from HSDRB by SSF although they are inexpensive microbial enzyme sources. Future research aimed at scaling up HSDRB protein extraction for usage in industrial applications can draw on our results.
PubMed: 38205047
DOI: 10.17113/ftb.61.04.23.8255 -
Current Research in Microbial Sciences 2024Raw milk from native small ruminant breeds in Epirus, Greece, is a valuable natural source of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with superior...
Antilisterial activity of raw sheep milk from two native Epirus breeds: Culture-dependent identification, bacteriocin gene detection and primary safety evaluation of the antagonistic LAB biota.
Raw milk from native small ruminant breeds in Epirus, Greece, is a valuable natural source of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with superior biotechnological properties. In this study, two bulk milks (RM1, RM2) from two local sheep yards, intended for traditional Kefalotyri cheese production, were preselected for bacteriocin-like antilisterial activity by in vitro tests. Their antagonistic LAB biota was quantified followed by polyphasic (16S rRNA gene sequencing; IGS for ; a multiplex-PCR for ) identification of 42 LAB (RM1/18; RM2/24) isolates further evaluated for bacteriocin encoding genes and primary safety traits. Representative isolates of the numerically dominant mesophilic LAB were (10) in both RMs, (7) in RM2, and (1) in RM1; the subdominant thermophilic LAB isolates were (8), (6), (3), (1), (1), (2), (1) and (1). Based on their and profiles, six strains (8 isolates) were atypical lying between the subspecies and whereas two strains profiled with subsp. that is first-time reported in Greek dairy food. Two RM1 strain biotypes (3 isolates) showed strong, enterocin-mediated antilisterial activity due to possession. One from RM1 possessed and , while additional nine RM2 isolates of the group processed or singly. All showed direct (cell-associated) antilisterial activity only, as also both strains from RM2 did strongly. Desirably, no LAB isolate was β-hemolyrtic, or cytolysin-positive, or possessed for vancomycin resistance, or and virulence genes. However, all three from RM2 possessed and/or virulence genes. In conclusion, all strains, the two safe, enterocin A-B-P-producing strains, and the two antilisterial strains should be validated further as potential costarter or adjunct cultures in Kefalotyri cheese. The prevalence of α-hemolytic pyogenic streptococci in raw milk, mainly in RM2, requires consideration in respect to subclinical mastitis in sheep and the farm hygiene overall.
PubMed: 38116185
DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100209 -
Veterinary Sciences Aug 2022Changes in the gut microbiome can be associated with diseases and affect the overall health of an individual. In the current study, the gut microbiome profile of dogs...
Changes in the gut microbiome can be associated with diseases and affect the overall health of an individual. In the current study, the gut microbiome profile of dogs diagnosed with advanced stages of multicentric lymphoma was compared with that of healthy dogs and analyzed. For this purpose, dogs from veterinary hospitals diagnosed with lymphoma were selected and were further narrowed down to cases of stage IV multicentric lymphoma. Fecal samples from the selected sick and healthy dogs were collected and analyzed using MiSeq sequencing. The gut microbiota in the two groups of dogs was statistically analyzed and compared. The results revealed significant differences in the microbial populations present in sick and healthy dogs. Phylum Actinobacteria and two species ( and ) were found in high proportions in sick dogs and may be considered as potential biomarkers for canine stage IV multicentric lymphoma. Further investigations need to be conducted to understand the mechanisms they might be involved in.
PubMed: 36006324
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080409 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Different gut microbiota is implicated in different diseases, including cancer. However, gut microbiota differences between individuals with clear cell renal cell...
Different gut microbiota is implicated in different diseases, including cancer. However, gut microbiota differences between individuals with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and healthy individuals are unclear. Here, we analyzed gut microbiota composition in 51 ccRCC patients and 40 healthy controls using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. We observed that , , , , and were dominant and positively associated with ccRCC. We isolated and cultured to characterize specific gut microbiota that promotes ccRCC and found that it promoted ccRCC proliferation, migration, and invasion the TGF-signaling pathway. Interactions identified between the gut microbiota and ccRCC suggest the gut microbiota could serve as a potential non-invasive tool for predicting ccRCC risk and also function as a cancer therapy target.
PubMed: 35865926
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.913718 -
Microorganisms Mar 2022Acrylamide is a toxic compound that is formed in cooked carbohydrate-rich food. Baking, roasting, frying, and grilling are cooking methods that cause its formation in...
Acrylamide is a toxic compound that is formed in cooked carbohydrate-rich food. Baking, roasting, frying, and grilling are cooking methods that cause its formation in the presence of reducing sugar and asparagine. To prevent acrylamide formation or to remove it after its formation, scientists have been trying to understand acrylamide formation pathways, and methods of prevention and removal. Therefore, this study aimed to: (1) screen newly isolated LAB for acrylamide removal, (2) optimize conditions (pH, temperature, time, salt) of the acrylamide removal for selected LAB isolates using Box-Behnken design (BBD), (3) investigate the acrylamide removal abilities of selected LAB isolates under the in vitro digestion conditions using INFO-GEST2.0 model, and (4) explore the mechanism of the acrylamide removal using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Forty strains were tested in MRS broth, where and had the highest capability of acrylamide removal by 39% and 26%, respectively. To enhance the binding ability, both strains were tested under controlled conditions of pH (4.5, 5.5 and 6.5), temperature (32 °C, 37 °C and 42 °C), time (14, 18 and 22 h), and NaCl (0%, 1.5% and 3% /) using Box-Behnken design (BBD). Both strains removed more acrylamide in the range of 35-46% for and 45-55% for . After testing the bacterial binding ability, both strains were exposed to a simulated gastrointestinal tract environment, removing more than 30% of acrylamide at the gastric stage and around 40% at the intestinal stage. To understand the mechanism of removal, LAB cells were characterized via scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Cell charges were characterized by zeta potential and functional groups analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results indicated that increasing cell wall thickness improved acrylamide adsorption capacity. Both FTIR and EDS indicated that functional groups C=O, C-O, and N-H were associated with acrylamide adsorption.
PubMed: 35336133
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030557 -
Microorganisms Mar 2022Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can efficiently control different microbial pathogens and show the potential to be applied in clinical practice and livestock production....
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can efficiently control different microbial pathogens and show the potential to be applied in clinical practice and livestock production. In this work, the aim was to isolate AMP-producing ruminal streptococci and to characterize their genetic features through whole-genome sequencing. We cultured 463 bacterial isolates from the rumen of Nelore bulls, 81 of which were phenotypically classified as being . Five isolates with broad-range activity were genome sequenced and confirmed as being . The genetic features linked to their antimicrobial activity or adaptation to the rumen environment were characterized through comparative genomics. The genome of UFV80 harbored a putative CRISPR-Cas9 system (Type IIA). Computational tools were used to discover novel biosynthetic clusters linked to the production of bacteriocins. All bacterial genomes harbored genetic clusters related to the biosynthesis of class I and class II bacteriocins. SDS-PAGE confirmed the results obtained in silico and demonstrated that the class II bacteriocins predicted in the genomes of three strains had identical molecular mass (5197 Da). These results demonstrate that ruminal bacteria of the / complex represent a promising source of novel antimicrobial peptides.
PubMed: 35336126
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030551 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022, an emerging pathogen causing bovine mastitis, has not been well characterized. We reported that was pathogenic both and and caused inflammatory reactions in the...
, an emerging pathogen causing bovine mastitis, has not been well characterized. We reported that was pathogenic both and and caused inflammatory reactions in the mammary gland. However, roles of autophagy and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of -induced mastitis are unclear. In this study, an autophagy model of -infected bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) was used to assess oxidative stress and autophagy flux. Expressions of Beclin1, light chain 3II, and Sequestosome 1/p62 were elevated in bMECs after infection. In addition, autophagosome and lysosome formation confirmed autophagy occurred. Based on LysoTracker Red and acridine orange, lysosome degradation was blocked, and lower expressions of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2, cathepsins D, and cathepsins L confirmed lysosomal damage. Concurrently, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), and NAD (P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and basilic proteins associated with the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, were detected. Decreased keap1 and increased Nrf2, HO1, NQO1, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicated increased oxidative stress. Treatment with N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an ROS inhibitor, decreased both oxidative stress and autophagy. Therefore, we concluded that caused intracellular oxidative stress and autophagy in bMECs. In addition, crosstalk between autophagy and oxidative stress affected the autophagic flux and blocked downstream autophagy. The Nrf2-keap1-p62 pathway participated in this process, with ROS acting upstream of these effects, interfering with normal cell functions.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Cattle; Epithelial Cells; Oxidative Stress; Streptococcus
PubMed: 35178153
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2549772 -
Gut Microbiome (Cambridge, England) 2022We previously demonstrated in non-human primates (NHP) that Mediterranean diet consumption shifted the proportional abundance of in the breast and gut. This data...
We previously demonstrated in non-human primates (NHP) that Mediterranean diet consumption shifted the proportional abundance of in the breast and gut. This data highlights a potential link about gut-breast microbiome interconnectivity. To address this question, we compared bacterial populations identified in matched breast and faecal samples from our NHP study. Dietary pattern concurrently shifted two species in both regions; . While we observe similar trends in abundances in the breast and gut, the species identified in each region vary; Mediterranean diet increased in breast but regulated and in the gut.We also investigated the impact of gut permeability on the breast microbiome. Regardless of dietary pattern, subjects that displayed increased physiological measures of gut permeability (elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide, decreased villi length, and decreased goblet cells) displayed a significantly different breast microbiome. Gut barrier dysfunction was associated with increased α-diversity and significant different β-diversity in the breast tissue. Taken together our data supports the presence of a breast microbiome influenced by diet that largely varies from the gut microbiome population but is, however, sensitive to gut permeability.
PubMed: 36891249
DOI: 10.1017/gmb.2022.9 -
Access Microbiology 2021has been known to cause sepsis in adults, but only one case regarding neonatal sepsis has been reported internationally, with no sequelae. We report the first case of...
has been known to cause sepsis in adults, but only one case regarding neonatal sepsis has been reported internationally, with no sequelae. We report the first case of neonatal bacteremia and meningitis with empyema caused by in the United States.
PubMed: 34712909
DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000264