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Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Jul 2023Age estimation is an essential part of forensic odontology and many methods are available with variable accuracy. However, the research is going on to find the simple...
BACKGROUND
Age estimation is an essential part of forensic odontology and many methods are available with variable accuracy. However, the research is going on to find the simple and most reliable method.
OBJECTIVES
By measuring the length and area of root dentin translucency in extracted tooth specimens manually and digitally, and comparing them, this study aims to find the most reliable technique of age assessment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One-hundred and twenty-five single-rooted extracted human permanent teeth were selected for the study. In both unsectioned and sectioned teeth, the total length of root dentin translucency was manually measured using a digital vernier caliper. Then, in a ground-sectioned tooth specimen, the total length and area of root dentin translucency were measured digitally using a scanner scale and computer software. Both the methods were compared.
RESULTS
In both manual and digital approaches, the length and area of root dentin translucency grew with age, from younger to older age groups. On comparing the measurements, the correlation coefficient was somewhat higher for digital area measurements than other measurements ( = 0.985).
CONCLUSION
The digital technique outperforms the traditional way for calculating age, and furthermore, measuring the area in the digital method for age estimation has shown to be more accurate.
PubMed: 37654306
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_33_23 -
Neurology India 2023Asterion is the junction of lambdoid, parietomastoid, and occipitomastoid sutures. In traditional anatomy teaching, it is believed that asterion sits over the...
BACKGROUND
Asterion is the junction of lambdoid, parietomastoid, and occipitomastoid sutures. In traditional anatomy teaching, it is believed that asterion sits over the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction (TSSJ). It is a significant surgical landmark for the placement of a burr hole in the retrosigmoid approach.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the asterion's accuracy as a TSSJ-specific external surgical landmark in the Indian population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
16 human dried skulls were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi. The point of TSSJ was taken between the two lips and just posterior to the entry of the superior petrosal sinus. Asterion internally was localized with the help of a geometrical divider. The x- horizontal/ anterior and y- vertically superior (+)/ inferior (-) distances were measured from asterion (internally) to the TSSJ by a digital vernier caliper.
RESULTS
The mean horizontal distance (x) of the left side asterion & TSSJ was 10.3±1.0mm whereas the vertical distance (y) ranged between +2 to -4.3 mm. The mean horizontal distance (x) of the right side asterion & TSSJ was 13.5±1.4mm whereas the vertical distance (y) ranged between +3 to -4.2 mm.
CONCLUSION
Asterion is not a reliable landmark for TSSJ in Indian skulls. The TSSJ with respect to asterion was found on average 10mm and 13.5mm anterior on the left and right side respectively, and mostly inferior (average 4.2mm) in 75% of the skulls. The TSSJ was closer to the asterion on the left side in comparison with the right side. However, further studies with a larger sample size will be needed to evaluate the population-specific relation of asterion with the TSSJ.
Topics: Humans; Craniotomy; Skull; Cranial Sinuses; Cranial Sutures; Transverse Sinuses
PubMed: 37635506
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.383854 -
Maedica Jun 2023Evaluation of sexual dimorphism is a crucial concern for anthropologists, forensic scientists, and archaeologists. Teeth have been used as an alternative tool to...
Evaluation of sexual dimorphism is a crucial concern for anthropologists, forensic scientists, and archaeologists. Teeth have been used as an alternative tool to determine sex in forensic anthropology. However, it is necessary to use data specific to a particular population, as different populations exhibit varying degrees of sexual dimorphism. This study aimed to determine the sexual dimorphism in the buccolingual dimensions of permanent anterior teeth in the young Iranian population. A total of 100 students (50 females and 50 males) participated in the current study. A total of 1200 permanent anterior teeth were examined. The buccolingual dimension of all anterior teeth was measured using Vernier Calipers with a calibration of 0.01 mm. Data were analyzed using an independent sample T-test and paired sample T-test, and a P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean values of the buccolingual dimension of the maxillary canines on the right and left sides (13, 23) were statistically greater in males than females (P=0.04, P=0.03) and had the greatest percentage of sexual dimorphism (4.08% and 5.26%, respectively). The buccolingual dimension of Iranian canines could be used as a reliable material to identify gender in forensic studies, and the degree of sexual dimorphism varies among different populations. Therefore, it is essential to use the relevant data samples for each population. It was concluded that Europeans had the greatest amount of sexual differences in the anterior teeth, while Iranians had the least amount of sexual dimorphism in the anterior teeth.
PubMed: 37588826
DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2023.18.2.271 -
Journal of Physiological Anthropology Jul 2023The aim of the present study is to evaluate the reduction of the distal teeth towards the medial ones in one functional dental group in southern Bulgarian population.
AIM
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the reduction of the distal teeth towards the medial ones in one functional dental group in southern Bulgarian population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study included 232 Bulgarians aged 20-40 years. Mesiodistal dimensions of the teeth were measured by Dentistry Sliding Vernier Caliper and analyzed with SPSS 23.0. Four interdental indices were calculated: inter-incisive, premolar, upper, and lower molar indices.
RESULTS
We found a decrease in the percentage ratio of the lateral to the central incisors of people from the Bulgarian population compared to those dating from the Eneolithic period on the territory of Bulgaria. Furthermore, we found a reduction in the percentage ratio of the upper and lower second molars compared to the first ones. The biggest reduction in the percentage ratio (more than 6%) was found in the lower second premolars compared to the first ones, which is characteristic for southern Bulgarians.
CONCLUSION
There was a dental reduction in all the distal members compared to the medial ones participating in one morphological dental group. As a result, we think that interdental indices can be used for explaining historical, cultural, and biological macro and microevolutionary processes and thus for understanding the origin, formation, contacts, and migration pathways of the different populations leading to ethnic variation of humanity. Therefore, they can be a reliable source of information in physiological anthropology.
Topics: Humans; Bulgaria; Young Adult; Adult; Tooth
PubMed: 37481566
DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00332-5 -
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal May 2023This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of penile girth enhancement (PGE) using amniotic membrane (AM) as a graft in a rabbit model. Additionally, quantitative...
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of penile girth enhancement (PGE) using amniotic membrane (AM) as a graft in a rabbit model. Additionally, quantitative histological data of the structure of the penis were obtained by stereological studies.
METHODS
This study was conducted at the Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. In this study, 20 adult male rabbits of similar age and weight were allocated to two groups: sham surgery and surgery+AM. Both groups underwent surgery in which a longitudinal I-shaped midline incision was made in the tunica albuginea on the dorsal surface of the penis. The surgery+AM group underwent PGE using AM as a graft. The penile length and mid circumference were measured using a vernier caliper before and two months after the surgery.
RESULTS
The mean total volume and diameter of the penis significantly increased in the surgery+AM group ( <0.03 and <0.04, respectively). On stereological evaluation, a significant increase in the mean volumes of the tunica albuginea and corpora cavernosa was observed in the surgery+AM group compared to the sham group ( <0.01 and <0.03, respectively). Additionally, the mean volume densities of the collagen bundles, muscle fibres, cavernous sinuses, and the total number of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells increased in the surgery+AM group compared to the sham group ( <0.05 each). No infections, bleeding or other complications were observed.
CONCLUSION
The use of AM as a graft is a method that shows promising results for material use in penile enhancement. Thus, it may be considered for PGE in the future.
Topics: Animals; Male; Rabbits; Humans; Amnion; Penis; Iran
PubMed: 37377831
DOI: 10.18295/squmj.9.2022.053 -
Turkish Journal of Orthodontics Jun 2023To compare and analyze the precision, accuracy, and reliability of commonly used cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) software in predicting the mesiodistal diameter of...
OBJECTIVE
To compare and analyze the precision, accuracy, and reliability of commonly used cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) software in predicting the mesiodistal diameter of impacted canines.
METHODS
This study was conducted on 11 patients (six males and five females, mean age: 17.5±5.5 years) with either unilateral or bilateral impacted canines in the maxilla or mandible. DICOM data sets of the patients obtained from CBCT scans were then loaded and visualized with four selected CBCT software to measure the widest mesiodistal diameter of the impacted teeth. Physical measurements using a digital vernier caliper, kept as a control, were also made on the extracted teeth and orthodontically erupted teeth. The collected data underwent statistical analysis, and the statistical significance level was set at p<0.05.
RESULTS
The Bland-Altman analysis was performed to quantify the agreement between different software to the digital caliper, showing a narrow difference for all plots. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test followed by a post hoc test was performed to determine whether there was any difference in measuring the mesiodistal diameter of the impacted canine among the five methods, and tend no statistically significant difference was found among the five methods. Intraclass correlation (ICC) was performed, and measurements made with all CBCT software yielded an ICC greater than 0.95, indicating high reliability of the selected software.
CONCLUSION
All the evaluated CBCT imaging software exhibited a high degree of reliability, and accuracy in precise measurement of the mesiodistal diameter of an impacted tooth.
PubMed: 37346063
DOI: 10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2022.2021.0160 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery (Hong... 2023Previous studies lacked adequate quantitative data on sustentaculum tali (ST), especially in Chinese population. The aims of this study are to explore the quantitative...
BACKGROUND
Previous studies lacked adequate quantitative data on sustentaculum tali (ST), especially in Chinese population. The aims of this study are to explore the quantitative morphology of ST in dried bone specimens, and to discuss its implications related to ST screw fixation, talar articular facet variation, as well as subtalar coalitions.
METHODS
A total of 965 dried intact calcanei from Chinese adult donors were evaluated. All linear parameters were measured by two observers with a digital sliding vernier caliper.
RESULTS
Most parts of ST body can accommodate a commonly-used 4-mm-diameter screw, but the minimum height of anterior ST is only 4.02 mm. The shapes of the STs are slightly affected by left-right, subtalar facet, but the subtalar coalition may potentially increase the sizes of STs. The incidence of tarsal coalition is 14.09%. Among the osseous connection, there are 58.8% of type A articular surface and 76.5% of middle and posterior talar facet (MTF and PTF) involvement. ROC curve shows that subtalar coalition will be detected when ST length is greater than 16.815 mm.
CONCLUSIONS
Theoretically, all the STs can accommodate 4 mm diameter screw, but a 3.5 mm diameter screw is recommended to be placed in the middle or posterior of the small ST for safety. The shapes of the STs are greatly influenced by the subtalar coalition, while they are less affected by left-right, subtalar facet. The osseous connection is common in type A articular surface and always involved in the MTF and PTF. The cut-off value of the length of STs was confirmed as 16.815 mm for predicting subtalar coalition.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Bone Screws; Calcaneus; Clinical Relevance; East Asian People; Lower Extremity
PubMed: 37341523
DOI: 10.1177/10225536231178354 -
Cureus May 2023The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological features of the distal femur, with a specific focus on the facies patellaris femoris.
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological features of the distal femur, with a specific focus on the facies patellaris femoris.
METHODS
A total of 45 dry femurs from adult individuals (24 right, 21 left) were used for the study. Measurements were taken using a calibrated digital vernier caliper and a contour gauge.
RESULTS
Anteroposterior (AP) measurements were taken for the medial and lateral condyles of the femur, as well as the articular surfaces of the facies patellaris, sulcus height (51.186±3.81mm), trochlear depth (7.436±1.19mm), and trochlear index (2.295±0.06mm). The results showed that the width of the facies patellaris had a significant positive correlation with the trochlear depth and trochlear index. The length of the facies patellaris was positively correlated with the AP length of the medial condyle and sulcus height, although it was not statistically significant. Additionally, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the length, width, and medial and lateral articular surfaces of the facies patellaris (p<0.005).
CONCLUSION
Understanding the relationship between the morphometry of the medial and lateral condyles of the distal femur and the morphometry of the facies patellaris, sulcus height, trochlear depth, and trochlear index and examining the anatomy of the distal femur and patella in individuals are crucial factors for determining appropriate medical treatment and implant selection and compatibility. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to clinicians' interventions in this region (total knee arthroplasty/replacement operation etc.). These data can also be used by implant designers and forensic experts during investigations.
PubMed: 37303382
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38839 -
Cureus May 2023Background Sex estimation of unidentified incomplete skeletons poses a challenge to paleoanthropologists and forensic experts. The sacrum is a part of the axial skeleton...
Background Sex estimation of unidentified incomplete skeletons poses a challenge to paleoanthropologists and forensic experts. The sacrum is a part of the axial skeleton and contributes to the formation of the pelvic girdle. It is a significant bone for the identification of the sex in the human skeletal system due to associated functional differences of the pelvic bones in males and females. However, there is a lack of cognizance of different morphometric parameters of the sacrum which may be crucial for determining sex, particularly when a part of the bone is available. This study aimed to recognize the best morphometric parameters for the identification of the sex of the sacrum even when fragmented bones were available and compare the various parameters for sexual dimorphism in different populations. Methodology The study was conducted on 110 dry adult human sacra in the anatomy department. Out of these, 42 sacra were female and 68 were male. Morphometric measurements were performed with the help of a digital vernier caliper. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Morphometric measurements of male and female sacra were compared using Student's t-test. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to establish the most appropriate cut-off values for each parameter. Results The mean sacral length measured from the promontory to the apex of the sacrum was higher in males compared to females (p < 0.001), whereas the sacral index was higher in female sacra in comparison to male sacra (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean height of the first posterior sacral foramina (PSF) was higher in male sacra bilaterally (p < 0.05). On ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.994 for the sacral index and 0.862 for the sacral length. Conclusions In this study, the sacral index was noted to be the most important morphometric parameter for the identification of the sex of the sacra. Additionally, the height of the S2 body, the height of the first anterior sacral foramina, and the height of the first PSF can be contemplated with an accuracy of 60-70% if only a part of the sacrum is available for determining the sex. Hence, this study emphasizes the significance of morphometric parameters of the sacrum in the determination of sex, especially in forensic cases when the skull and pelvis are fragmented or unavailable.
PubMed: 37284374
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38629 -
Cureus May 2023The eustachian tube (ET) is a connection between the nasopharynx and the middle ear behind the inferior nasal concha. It plays an important role in regulating air...
BACKGROUND
The eustachian tube (ET) is a connection between the nasopharynx and the middle ear behind the inferior nasal concha. It plays an important role in regulating air pressure across the tympanic membrane for proper transmission of sound. The pharyngeal opening of the tube is an important landmark for endoscopic evaluation in patients suffering from chronic otitis media and is also an important anatomical landmark for the transnasal approach to the infratemporal fossa. Hence, the study was done to locate the position of the pharyngeal opening of the ET in relation to various important anatomical landmarks.
METHODOLOGY
Hundred (50 right and 50 left sides) adult (60-80 years) formalin-fixed sagittal sections of head and neck specimens were taken for the study, which was obtained during the undergraduate teaching program. The shape, size, and position of the pharyngeal opening of the ET were noted. The distance between the pharyngeal opening of the ET and various anatomical landmarks was measured with the help of the digital Vernier caliper. The mean and standard deviation of all the parameters were calculated and tabulated.
RESULTS
In the present study, a slit-like shape was the most common shape of the pharyngeal opening, present in 62 out of 100 specimens. The difference between the anteroposterior length and vertical height of the two sides showed a statistically significant difference.
CONCLUSION
The present study will help to locate the position of the pharyngeal opening of the ET during otorhinolaryngological evaluation for performing various surgeries in the middle ear.
PubMed: 37273376
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38411