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Macromolecular Bioscience Apr 2024As the core index, how to improve bioavailability of loaded cargoes is a hot topic of drug carriers. In this study, aminated β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a cross-linking...
As the core index, how to improve bioavailability of loaded cargoes is a hot topic of drug carriers. In this study, aminated β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a cross-linking points is first integrated into 3D poly(acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile) (P(AAm-co-AN)) network to build up a unique submicrocage (466.2 ± 47.6 nm), featuring upper critical solution temperature (UCST; ≈40 °C), high volume expansion coefficient, and excellent biocompatibility. Hereinto, hydrophobic β-elemene (ELE) is locally loaded in β-CD with high loading efficiency (8.72%) and encapsulation efficiency (78.60%) through hydrophobic desolvation and host-guest interaction. Above UCST, the release of the loaded ELE is accelerated to 72.87% in 24 h, together with the enhanced sensitization effect of synergized radiotherapy. Given spontaneous long-lasting delivery, targeted embolization, and post-treatment removal of such UCST-type submicrocage, it is anticipated to provide a novel, facile, efficient, and versatile strategy of comprehensive anticancer treatments for high drug bioavailability.
PubMed: 38642330
DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400033 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jun 2024Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in both indoor and outdoor environments. Evidence on the associations of individual and joint VOC exposure with...
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in both indoor and outdoor environments. Evidence on the associations of individual and joint VOC exposure with all-cause and cause-specific mortality is limited. Measurements of 15 urinary VOC metabolites were available to estimate exposure to 12 VOCs in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006 and 2011-2018. The environment risk score (ERS) was calculated using LASSO regression to reflect joint exposure to VOCs. Follow-up data on death were obtained from the NHANES Public-Use Linked Mortality File through December 31, 2019. Cox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic spline models were applied to evaluate the associations of individual and joint VOC exposures with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Population attributable fractions were calculated to assess the death burden attributable to VOC exposure. During a median follow-up of 6.17 years, 734 (8.34 %) deaths occurred among 8799 adults. Urinary metabolites of acrolein, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, and ethylbenzene/styrene were significantly associated with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease (RD), and cancer mortality in a linear dose-response manner. Linear and robust dose-response relationships were also observed between ERS and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Each 1-unit increase in ERS was associated with a 33.6 %, 39.1 %, 109.8 %, and 67.8 % increase for all-cause, CVD, RD, and cancer mortality risk, respectively. Moreover, joint exposure to VOCs contributed to 17.95 % of all-cause deaths, 13.49 % of CVD deaths, 35.65 % of RD deaths, and 33.85 % of cancer deaths. Individual and joint exposure to VOCs may enhance the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Reducing exposure to VOCs may alleviate the all-cause and cause-specific death burden.
Topics: Humans; Volatile Organic Compounds; Prospective Studies; Male; United States; Adult; Environmental Exposure; Female; Middle Aged; Air Pollutants; Nutrition Surveys; Cardiovascular Diseases; Butadienes; Neoplasms; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Mortality; Benzene Derivatives
PubMed: 38636853
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172512 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... May 2024This study investigates nanoparticle emission during 3D printing processes, assessing various filament materials' impact on air quality. Commonly used 3D printers,...
This study investigates nanoparticle emission during 3D printing processes, assessing various filament materials' impact on air quality. Commonly used 3D printers, including both filament and resin-based types, were examined. The study's scope encompasses diverse filament materials like ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PLA (polylactic acid), PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol), ASA (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate), TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane), PP (polypropylene), nylon, and wood-based variants, alongside three types of resins. The research delves into the relationship between the type of material and nanoparticle emissions, emphasizing temperature's pivotal role. Measurement instruments were employed for nanoparticle quantification, including an engine exhaust particle sizer spectrometer, condensation particle counter, and nanozen dust counters. Notably, results reveal substantial variations in nanoparticle emissions among different filament materials, with ASA, TPU, PP, and ABS showing considerably elevated emission levels and characteristic particle size distribution patterns. The findings prompt practical recommendations for reducing nanoparticle exposure, emphasizing printer confinement, material selection, and adequate ventilation. This study offers insights into potential health risks associated with 3D printing emissions and provides a basis for adopting preventive measures.
Topics: Printing, Three-Dimensional; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Air Pollutants
PubMed: 38625471
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33257-2 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024Easy-to-handle -hydroxyacridinecarbimidoyl chloride hydrochlorides were synthesized as convenient nitrile oxide precursors in the preparation of...
Easy-to-handle -hydroxyacridinecarbimidoyl chloride hydrochlorides were synthesized as convenient nitrile oxide precursors in the preparation of 3-(acridin-9/2-yl)isoxazole derivatives via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with terminal alkynes, 1,1-dichloroethene, and acrylonitrile. Azirines with an acridin-9/2-yl substituent attached directly or via the 1,2,3-triazole linker to the azirine C2 were also synthesized. The three-membered rings of the acridine-azirine hybrids were found to be resistant to irradiation in the UV/visible boundary region, despite their long-wave absorption at 320-420 nm, indicating that the acridine moiety cannot be used as an antenna to transfer light energy to generate nitrile ylides from azirines for photoclick cycloaddition. The acridine-isoxazole hybrids linked at the C9-C3 or C2-C3 atoms under blue light irradiation underwent the addition of such hydrogen donor solvents, such as, toluene, -xylene, mesitylene, 4-chlorotoluene, THF, 1,4-dioxane, or methyl -butyl ether (MTBE), to the acridine system to give the corresponding 9-substituted acridanes in good yields. The synthesized acridine-azirine, acridine-isoxazole, and acridane-isoxazole hybrids exhibited cytotoxicity toward both all tested cancer cell lines (HCT 116, MCF7, and A704) and normal cells (WI-26 VA4).
PubMed: 38611817
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071538 -
Polymers Mar 2024The present work proposes to investigate the effect of an ultrahigh molecular weight silicone rubber (UHMW-SR) and two ethylene methyl acrylate copolymers (EMA) with...
Phosphorus-Based Flame-Retardant Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Copolymer with Enhanced Mechanical Properties by Combining Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Silicone Rubber and Ethylene Methyl Acrylate Copolymer.
The present work proposes to investigate the effect of an ultrahigh molecular weight silicone rubber (UHMW-SR) and two ethylene methyl acrylate copolymers (EMA) with different methyl acrylate (MA) content on the mechanical and fire performance of a fireproof acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS) composite, with an optimum amount of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi). ABS formulations with a global flame retardant weight content of 20 wt.% (ABS P) were melt-compounded, with and without EMA and UHMW-SR, in a Brabender mixer. During this batch process, ABS P formulations with UHMW-SR and/or EMA registered lower torque values than those of ABS P. By means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was possible to observe that all ABS composites exhibited a homogenous structure without phase separation or particle agglomeration. Slightly improved interfacial interaction between the well-dispersed flame-retardant particles in the presence of EMA and/or UHMW-SR was also noticed. Furthermore, synergies in mechanical properties by adding both EMA and UHMW-SR into ABS P were ascertained. An enhancement of molecular mobility that contributed to the softening of ABS P was observed under dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). An improvement of its flexibility, ductility and toughness were also registered under three-point-bending trials, and even more remarkable synergies were noticed in Charpy notched impact strength. Particularly, a 212% increase was achieved when 5 wt.% of EMA with 29 wt.% of MA and 2 wt.% of UHMW-SR in ABS P (ABS E29 S P) were added. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the presence of EMA copolymers in ABS P formulations did not interfere with its thermal decomposition, whereas UHMW-SR presence decreased its thermal stability at the beginning of the decomposition. Although the addition of EMA or UHMW-SR, as well as the combination of both in ABS P increased the pHRR in cone calorimetry, UL 94 V-0 classification was maintained for all flame-retarded ABS composites. In addition, through SEM analysis of cone calorimetry sample residue, a more cohesive surface char layer, with Si-O-C network formation confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), was shown in ABS P formulations with UHMW-SR.
PubMed: 38611181
DOI: 10.3390/polym16070923 -
Lab on a Chip Apr 2024We developed a microfluidic system for vibrational polariton studies, which consists of two microfluidic chips: one for solution mixing and another for tuning an...
We developed a microfluidic system for vibrational polariton studies, which consists of two microfluidic chips: one for solution mixing and another for tuning an infrared cavity made of a pair of gold mirrors and a PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) spacer. We show that the cavity of the system can be accurately tuned with either piezoelectric actuators or microflow-induced pressure to result in resonant coupling between a cavity mode and a variational mode of the solution molecules. Acrylonitrile solutions were chosen to prove the concept of vabriational strong coupling (VSC) of a CN stretching mode with light inside the cavity. We also show that the Rabi splitting energy is linearly proportional to the square root of molecular concentration, thereby proving the relevance and reliability of the system for VSC studies.
PubMed: 38606494
DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01101a -
Contact Dermatitis Jul 2024Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from rubber glove usage is usually caused by rubber additives such as the accelerators. However, in analyses of the suspected gloves,...
BACKGROUND
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from rubber glove usage is usually caused by rubber additives such as the accelerators. However, in analyses of the suspected gloves, ordinary rubber allergens are not always found. Accelerator-free rubber gloves are available, but some patients with accelerator allergy do not tolerate them and might also be patch test positive to them.
OBJECTIVES
To identify and chemically characterize a new allergen, 2-cyanoethyl dimethyldithiocarbamate (CEDMC), in rubber gloves. We describe two patient cases: patient 1 that led us to the identification of CEDMC and patient 2 with occupational ACD caused by CEDMC.
METHODS
The patients were examined with patch testing including baseline and rubber series, and their own rubber gloves. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for chemical analysis of rubber gloves. The allergen was synthesized and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and infrared spectrometry, and tested on patient 2.
RESULTS
CEDMC was identified by HPLC in a nitrile glove associated with hand eczema in patient 1. Patient 2 whose nitrile gloves contained CEDMC was patch test positive to CEDMC.
CONCLUSIONS
CEDMC is a new contact allergen in nitrile gloves and probably forms during vulcanization from residual monomer acrylonitrile and rubber additives.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Gloves, Protective; Patch Tests; Dermatitis, Occupational; Nitriles; Dimethyldithiocarbamate; Male; Hand Dermatoses; Female; Middle Aged; Allergens; Adult; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Ditiocarb
PubMed: 38602297
DOI: 10.1111/cod.14553 -
Heliyon Apr 2024Mercury's neurotoxic effects have prompted the development of advanced control and remediation methods to meet stringent measures for industries with high-mercury... (Review)
Review
Mercury's neurotoxic effects have prompted the development of advanced control and remediation methods to meet stringent measures for industries with high-mercury feedstocks. Industries with significant Hg emissions, including artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM)-789.2 Mg year, coal combustion-564.1 Mg year, waste combustion-316.1 Mg year, cement production-224.5 Mg year, and non-ferrous metals smelting-204.1 Mg year, use oxidants and adsorbents capture Hg from waste streams. Oxidizing agents such as O, Cl, HCl, CaBr, CaCl, and NHCl oxidize Hg to Hg for easier adsorption. To functionalize adsorbents, carbonaceous ones use S, SO, and NaS, metal-based adsorbents use dimercaprol, and polymer-based adsorbents are grafted with acrylonitrile and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Adsorption capacities span 0.2-85.6 mg g for carbonaceous, 0.5-14.8 mg g for metal-based, and 168.1-1216 mg g for polymer-based adsorbents. Assessing Hg contamination in soils and sediments uses bioindicators and stable isotopes. Remediation approaches include heat treatment, chemical stabilization and immobilization, and phytoremediation techniques when contamination exceeds thresholds. Achieving a substantially Hg-free ecosystem remains a formidable challenge, chiefly due to the ASGM industry, policy gaps, and Hg persistence. Nevertheless, improvements in adsorbent technologies hold potential.
PubMed: 38571637
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28253 -
International Journal of Biological... May 2024We present the design, synthesis, computational analysis, and biological assessment of several acrylonitrile derived imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines, which were evaluated for...
We present the design, synthesis, computational analysis, and biological assessment of several acrylonitrile derived imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines, which were evaluated for their anticancer and antioxidant properties. Our aim was to explore how the number of hydroxy groups and the nature of nitrogen substituents influence their biological activity. The prepared derivatives exhibited robust and selective antiproliferative effects against several pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells, most markedly targeting Capan-1 cells (IC 1.2-5.3 μM), while their selectivity was probed relative to normal PBMC cells. Notably, compound 55, featuring dihydroxy and bromo substituents, emerged as a promising lead molecule. It displayed the most prominent antiproliferative activity without any adverse impact on the viability of normal cells. Furthermore, the majority of studied derivatives also exhibited significant antioxidative activity within the FRAP assay, even surpassing the reference molecule BHT. Computational analysis rationalized the results by highlighting the dominance of the electron ionization for the antioxidant features with the trend in the computed ionization energies well matching the observed activities. Still, in trihydroxy derivatives, their ability to release hydrogen atoms and form a stable O-H⋯O⋯H-O fragment upon the H abstraction prevails, promoting them as excellent antioxidants in DPPH assays as well.
Topics: Antioxidants; Acrylonitrile; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Pyridines; Adenocarcinoma; Structure-Activity Relationship; Imidazoles
PubMed: 38569992
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131239 -
Chemistry, An Asian Journal Jun 2024We have synthesized an aggregation-induced emissive molecule that exhibits promising photophysical characteristics. The aggregating aptitude is demonstrated by binary...
We have synthesized an aggregation-induced emissive molecule that exhibits promising photophysical characteristics. The aggregating aptitude is demonstrated by binary solvent mixture and it is emissive in both solution and solid state. The luminogenic characteristics are employed in creating fluorescent inks as well as for the detection of nitro antibiotics in biofluids and in solid support. Moreover, the acrylonitrile-based compound is bactericidal tested on E. coli and B. subtilis.
Topics: Acrylonitrile; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli; Bacillus subtilis; Fluorescent Dyes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 38567713
DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400148