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International Journal of Veterinary... 2024In Italy, the use of autogenous inactivated vaccines prepared with the bacterial strains isolated from affected animals is authorized by the Ministry of Health in farms...
In Italy, the use of autogenous inactivated vaccines prepared with the bacterial strains isolated from affected animals is authorized by the Ministry of Health in farms where bacterial diseases occur frequently. The autogenous vaccine performed using is frequently used in rabbit farms, but the feedback of its application is not available. Therefore, the aim of this study is to give information about the impact on the clinical signs of a bivalent autogenous vaccine in rabbits of a genetic centre. The vaccine was prepared using two strains belonging to serogroups A and F, equipped with virulence genes and responsible for cyclical outbreak of pasteurellosis in the farm. The vaccine was administered with a first injection, followed by another one after 15 days, then another one four months after the first injection, and then continuing with a further injection every six months to all rabbits. Clinical conditions and mortality rates were monitored for two years after the first vaccination. The improvement in clinical condition and the decrease of the mortality rate were significant especially in the first year post-vaccine. In addition, the number of animals removed due to the disease decreased greatly. Based on the finding of strains belonging to serogroup D and serogroup A equipped with different virulence-gene patterns from those previously found, we suggest that the vaccine was unable to prevent the introduction and spreading of new strains among the rabbits.
PubMed: 38854457
DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2024.2348900 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Subclinical mastitis in camels, an inflammation of the udder without visible signs, can reduce milk quality and raise bacteria levels. Regular monitoring of camel milk...
Determination of prevalence of subclinical mastitis, characterization of intra-mammary infection-causing bacteria, and antibiotic susceptibility in dairy camels in Jigjiga City, Somali region, Ethiopia.
BACKGROUND
Subclinical mastitis in camels, an inflammation of the udder without visible signs, can reduce milk quality and raise bacteria levels. Regular monitoring of camel milk is crucial for consumer safety.
METHODS
A cross sectional study was conducted in Jigjiga city, Ethiopia to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of subclinical mastitis in she-camels. The study included 244 lactating she-camels from three privately-owned camel dairy farms, and a questionnaire survey was conducted with 60 camel owners.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in she-camels was 10.6% (26/244), with no significant difference among the studied dairy farms. Risk factors that influenced the result of California Mastitis Test (CMT) included age and udder and leg hygiene. The study revealed that was the most prevalent bacterium among the isolated bacteria, with a prevalence rate of 34.5%. This was followed by , , and , with prevalence rates of 29.8, 19.4, and 16.2%, respectively. Among the isolated bacteria, 84.5% were sensitive to Erythromycin, 60% to Streptomycin, 44.7% to Oxytetracycline, and 36.7% to Tetracycline. Interviews with camel owners revealed that 66.7% used mixed herd grazing methods and reported feed shortage. Treatment practices for sick camels included modern veterinary drugs, traditional medicines, or a combination of both. The owners of camel dairy farms did not maintain proper hygiene practices during milking, such as not using soap when washing hands.
CONCLUSION
Addressing camel mastitis necessitates access to alternative drugs, comprehensive herder training, and enhanced management practices.
PubMed: 38846785
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1398118 -
Acta Veterinaria Hungarica Jun 2024The spread of antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest challenges of our time, making it difficult to treat bacterial diseases. Pasteurella multocida is a widespread...
The spread of antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest challenges of our time, making it difficult to treat bacterial diseases. Pasteurella multocida is a widespread facultative pathogenic bacterium, which causes a wide range of diseases in both mammals and birds. In the present study, antibiotic susceptibility of 155 P. multocida strains were tested using the broth microdilution method to obtain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for 15 antibiotics. The most effective antibiotics against pasteurellosis were ceftiofur, tetracycline, doxycycline, florfenicol and tilmicosin. Of the strains, 12 proved to be multi-drug resistant (MDR). To combat antibiotic resistance, it is important to establish a pre-treatment antibiotic susceptibility profile. A well-chosen antibiotic would not only make the treatment more successful but may also slow down the spread of resistance and the evolution of MDR strains.
PubMed: 38842941
DOI: 10.1556/004.2024.01051 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024is a bacterial pathogen that causes a variety of infections across diverse animal species, with one of the most devastating associated diseases being hemorrhagic...
BACKGROUND
is a bacterial pathogen that causes a variety of infections across diverse animal species, with one of the most devastating associated diseases being hemorrhagic septicemia. Outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes are marked by rapid progression and high mortality. These infections have particularly harmful socio-economic impacts on small holder farmers in Africa and Asia who are heavily reliant on a small number of animals kept as a means of subsistence for milk and draft power purposes. A novel vaccine target, PmSLP-3, has been identified on the surface of hemorrhagic septicemia-associated strains of and was previously shown to elicit robust protection in cattle against lethal challenge with a serogroup B strain.
METHODS
Here, we further investigate the protective efficacy of this surface lipoprotein, including evaluating the immunogenicity and protection upon formulation with a variety of adjuvants in both mice and cattle.
RESULTS
PmSLP-3 formulated with Montanide ISA 61 elicited the highest level of serum and mucosal IgG, elicited long-lasting serum antibodies, and was fully protective against serogroup B challenge. Studies were then performed to identify the minimum number of doses required and the needed protein quantity to maintain protection. Duration studies were performed in cattle, demonstrating sustained serum IgG titres for 3 years after two doses of vaccine and full protection against lethal serogroup B challenge at 7 months after a single vaccine dose. Finally, a serogroup E challenge study was performed, demonstrating that PmSLP-3 vaccine can provide protection against challenge by the two serogroups responsible for hemorrhagic septicemia.
CONCLUSION
Together, these data indicate that PmSLP-3 formulated with Montanide ISA 61 is an immunogenic and protective vaccine against hemorrhagic septicemia-causing strains in cattle.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Pasteurella multocida; Hemorrhagic Septicemia; Bacterial Vaccines; Cattle Diseases; Mice; Antibodies, Bacterial; Female; Serogroup; Pasteurella Infections; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Immunoglobulin G; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Vaccination
PubMed: 38835751
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1392681 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Jun 2024() plays an important role in bovine respiratory diseases. Here we describe the complete genome of a multiresistant . The strain was isolated from the lung of a...
() plays an important role in bovine respiratory diseases. Here we describe the complete genome of a multiresistant . The strain was isolated from the lung of a diseased, 4-month old, male Fleckvieh calf with a clinical history of bronchopneumonia in Upper Austria.
PubMed: 38832799
DOI: 10.1128/mra.00212-24 -
Cureus May 2024is known to be the most commonly isolated pathogen of soft tissue infections caused by cat or dog-inflicted wounds. We present a case of a 66-year-old female who was...
is known to be the most commonly isolated pathogen of soft tissue infections caused by cat or dog-inflicted wounds. We present a case of a 66-year-old female who was bitten by a cat, prescribed antibiotic therapy outpatient, and developed a septic metacarpophalangeal joint despite appropriate antibiotics. A failure to improve with appropriate antibiotic therapy should raise suspicion of a source control problem and prompt surgical intervention, a principle that is highlighted in this case. septic arthritis of the fingers manifests in less than 4% of cases, making this case a rare presentation of a septic joint, which necessitated surgical management.
PubMed: 38826892
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59537 -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Jul 2024Despite the prevalence of co-infections and the association of over 50 viral and 46 bacterial pathogens with pig diseases, little is known about their simultaneous...
Despite the prevalence of co-infections and the association of over 50 viral and 46 bacterial pathogens with pig diseases, little is known about their simultaneous occurrence, particularly in commercial pig farming environments where health programs are in place. To address this knowledge gap, this study aimed to evaluate the pathogen threshold of respiratory and enteric pathogens in pig herds using the Pork MultiPath™ (PMP1 and PMP2, respiratory and enteric respectively) technology, which detects multiple pathogens simultaneously in a single reaction with high sensitivity and specificity. In this study the most prevalent respiratory pathogens, Mycoplasma hyrohinis, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus parasuis detected by PMP1 were effectively controlled during the nursery stage through strategic treatment with tiamulin. Even though the major respiratory incidences were reduced, the recorded coughing and sneezing rates were associated with the levels of H. parasuis and M. hyrohinis, which were set at 1356 and 1275 copies/reaction, respectively. In addition, one of the identified co-infection patterns indicated a strong relationship between the occurrence of H. parasuis and M. hyorhinis at the sample and pen levels, highlighting the high likelihood of detecting these two pathogens together. Testing with enteric panel PMP2 revealed that the most frequently detected virulence factors during the early nursery stage were Escherichia coli genes for toxins - ST1, ST2, and fimbriae - F4 and F18. Moreover, a co-infection with Rotavirus B and C was often observed during the nursery stage, and a strong positive correlation between these two markers has been identified. Additionally, the levels of several markers, namely E. coli F4, F5, F18, LT, ST1, and ST2, have been associated with a higher likelihood of sickness in pig populations. In addition, the onset of Brachyspira pilosicoli during the nursery and grower stages was found to be associated with an increased risk of diarrhoea, with a set threshold at around 500 copies/reaction. Although simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens is not yet widely used in the pig industry, it offers a significant advantage in capturing the diversity and interactions of co-infections. Testing pooled samples with Pork MultiPath™ is cost-effective and practical to regularly monitor the health status of pig populations.
Topics: Animals; Swine Diseases; Swine; Coinfection; Epidemiological Monitoring
PubMed: 38820832
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106237 -
Virulence Dec 2024() is a bacterial pathogen responsible for a range of infections in humans and various animal hosts, causing significant economic losses in farming. Integrative and...
() is a bacterial pathogen responsible for a range of infections in humans and various animal hosts, causing significant economic losses in farming. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are important horizontal gene transfer elements, potentially enabling host bacteria to enhance adaptability by acquiring multiple functional genes. However, the understanding of ICEs in and their impact on the transmission of this pathogen remains limited. In this study, 42 poultry-sourced genomes obtained by high-throughput sequencing together with 393 publicly available genomes were used to analyse the horizontal transfer of ICEs. Eighty-two ICEs were identified in , including SXT/R391 and Tn916 subtypes, as well as three subtypes of ICE1056 family, with the latter being widely prevalent in and carrying multiple resistance genes. The correlations between insertion sequences and resistant genes in ICEs were also identified, and some ICEs introduced the carbapenem gene and the bleomycin gene to . Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses of these bioinformatics found that ICEs in were transmitted vertically and horizontally and have evolved with host specialization. These findings provide insight into the transmission and evolution mode of ICEs in and highlight the importance of understanding these elements for controlling the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Topics: Pasteurella multocida; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Animals; Phylogeny; Pasteurella Infections; Genome, Bacterial; DNA Transposable Elements; Conjugation, Genetic; Evolution, Molecular; Poultry; Prevalence; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
PubMed: 38808732
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2359467 -
Respirology Case Reports May 2024We present two cases of () respiratory infection. The first case involves a 62-year-old female with abnormal chest shadows, a history of bronchial asthma, and...
We present two cases of () respiratory infection. The first case involves a 62-year-old female with abnormal chest shadows, a history of bronchial asthma, and colorectal cancer. Endobronchial ultrasound with a guide sheath (EBUS-GS) revealed granulomatous changes, and was cultured. The second case is a 64-year-old female presenting to the emergency department with progressively worsening chest pain and dyspnea, with detected from her sputum culture. Treatment with penicillin antibiotics resulted in symptom improvement and normalization of CT findings. These cases indicate the importance of considering in respiratory infections, given the patients' history of pet ownership and the nonspecific imaging findings and symptoms. This highlights the necessity for accurate diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment, particularly in cases where animal traumatic exposure is not detected.
PubMed: 38808152
DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.1388 -
Microorganisms May 2024Pradofloxacin is the newest of the veterinary fluoroquinolones to be approved for use in animals-initially companion animals and most recently food animals. It has a...
Comparative In Vitro Killing by Pradofloxacin in Comparison to Ceftiofur, Enrofloxacin, Florfenicol, Marbofloxacin, Tildipirosin, Tilmicosin and Tulathromycin against Bovine Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens.
Pradofloxacin is the newest of the veterinary fluoroquinolones to be approved for use in animals-initially companion animals and most recently food animals. It has a broad spectrum of in vitro activity, working actively against Gram-positive/negative, atypical and some anaerobic microorganisms. It simultaneously targets DNA gyrase (topoisomerase type II) and topoisomerase type IV, suggesting a lower propensity to select for antimicrobial resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate and extent of bacterial killing by pradofloxacin against bovine strains of and , in comparison with several other agents (ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, marbofloxacin, tildipirosin, tilmicosin and tulathromycin) using four clinically relevant drug concentrations: minimum inhibitory and mutant prevention drug concentration, maximum serum and maximum tissue drug concentrations. At the maximum serum and tissue drug concentrations, pradofloxacin killed 99.99% of cells following 5 min of drug exposure (versus growth to 76% kill rate for the other agents) and 94.1-98.6% of following 60-120 min of drug exposure (versus growth to 98.6% kill rate for the other agents). Statistically significant differences in kill rates were seen between the various drugs tested depending on drug concentration and time of sampling after drug exposure.
PubMed: 38792823
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050996