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The Lancet. Oncology Jul 2024
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Androgen Antagonists; Neoplasm Metastasis; Treatment Outcome; Androgen Receptor Antagonists
PubMed: 38936382
DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00335-8 -
American Society of Clinical Oncology... Jun 2024The landscape of prostate cancer care has rapidly evolved. We have transitioned from the use of conventional imaging, radical surgeries, and single-agent androgen... (Review)
Review
The landscape of prostate cancer care has rapidly evolved. We have transitioned from the use of conventional imaging, radical surgeries, and single-agent androgen deprivation therapy to an era of advanced imaging, precision diagnostics, genomics, and targeted treatment options. Concurrently, the emergence of large language models (LLMs) has dramatically transformed the paradigm for artificial intelligence (AI). This convergence of advancements in prostate cancer management and AI provides a compelling rationale to comprehensively review the current state of AI applications in prostate cancer care. Here, we review the advancements in AI-driven applications across the continuum of the journey of a patient with prostate cancer from early interception to survivorship care. We subsequently discuss the role of AI in prostate cancer drug discovery, clinical trials, and clinical practice guidelines. In the localized disease setting, deep learning models demonstrated impressive performance in detecting and grading prostate cancer using imaging and pathology data. For biochemically recurrent diseases, machine learning approaches are being tested for improved risk stratification and treatment decisions. In advanced prostate cancer, deep learning can potentially improve prognostication and assist in clinical decision making. Furthermore, LLMs are poised to revolutionize information summarization and extraction, clinical trial design and operations, drug development, evidence synthesis, and clinical practice guidelines. Synergistic integration of multimodal data integration and human-AI integration are emerging as a key strategy to unlock the full potential of AI in prostate cancer care.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Artificial Intelligence
PubMed: 38935882
DOI: 10.1200/EDBK_438516 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... Jan 2024Melanoma is the ninth most prevalent and the second most lethal tumour. The aetiology and pathogenesis remain uncertain. It occurs in elderly people, over the fifth...
Melanoma is the ninth most prevalent and the second most lethal tumour. The aetiology and pathogenesis remain uncertain. It occurs in elderly people, over the fifth decade, and is predominant in males. Clinically, they present as an asymptomatic macular or nodular growth. The prognosis is impacted by the size of the tumour and distant metastases. Patients with distant metastases have a 5-year survival rate of less than 30%, constituting metastasis as the major cause of melanoma-related fatality. Currently, the mainstay of treatment for metastatic melanoma is immunotherapy due to the inoperable state, radioresistant nature of the tumour and high chances of cytotoxicity in chemotherapy. A senile male patient, who was diagnosed with oral malignant melanoma of the maxillary buccopalatal gingiva with distant metastasis to the liver and the prostate, is reported here. Although metastasis to the liver is common among malignant melanomas, in this case metastasis to the prostate gland highlights the rarity.
Topics: Humans; Male; Melanoma; Prostatic Neoplasms; Mouth Neoplasms; Liver Neoplasms; Gingival Neoplasms; Aged
PubMed: 38934760
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_376_23 -
Archivio Italiano Di Urologia,... Jun 2024To evaluate the accuracy of PSMA PET/CT in men with mpMRI PI-RADS score 5 negative biopsy histology.
INTRODUCTION
To evaluate the accuracy of PSMA PET/CT in men with mpMRI PI-RADS score 5 negative biopsy histology.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From January 2011 to January 2023, 180 men with PI-RADS score 5 underwent systematic plus mpMRI/TRUS biopsy; 25/180 (13.9%) patients had absence of cancer and six months from biopsy were submitted to: digital rectal examination, PSA and PSA density exams, mpMRI and 68GaPSMA PET/CT evaluation (standardized uptake value "SUVmax" was reported).
RESULTS
In 24/25 (96%) patients PSA and PSA density significantly decreased, moreover, the PI-RADS score was downgraded resulting < 3; in addition, median SUVmax was 7.5. Only 1/25 (4%) man had an increased PSA value (from 10.5 to 31 ng/ml) with a confirmed PI-RADS score 5, SUVmax of 32 and repeated prostate biopsy demonstrating a Gleason score 9/ISUP Grade Group 5 PCa.
CONCLUSIONS
The strict follow up of men with PI-RADS score 5 and negative histology reduce the risk of missing csPCa especially if PSMA PET/CT evaluation is in agreement with downgrading of mpMRI (PI-RADS score < 3).
Topics: Humans; Male; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Prostatic Neoplasms; Aged; Middle Aged; Biopsy; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostate; Retrospective Studies; Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 38934527
DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2024.12358 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Cancer therapy, from malignant tumor inhibition to cellular eradication treatment, remains a challenge, especially regarding reduced side effects and low energy...
Cancer therapy, from malignant tumor inhibition to cellular eradication treatment, remains a challenge, especially regarding reduced side effects and low energy consumption during treatment. Hence, phytochemicals as cytotoxic sensitizers or photosensitizers deserve special attention. The dark and photo-response of Yemenite 'Etrog' leaf extracts applied to prostate PC3 cancer cells is reported here. An XTT cell viability assay along with light microscope observations revealed pronounced cytotoxic activity of the extract for long exposure times of 72 h upon concentrations of 175 μg/mL and 87.5 μg/mL, while phototoxic effect was obtained even at low concentration of 10.93 μg/mL and a short introduction period of 1.5 h. For the longest time incubation of 72 h and for the highest extract concentration of 175 μg/mL, relative cell survival decreased by up to 60% (below the IC). In combined phyto-photodynamic therapy, a reduction of 63% compared to unirradiated controls was obtained. The concentration of extract in cells versus the accumulation time was inversely related to fluorescence emission intensity readings. Extracellular ROS production was also shown. Based on an ATR-FTIR analysis of the powdered leaves and their liquid ethanolic extract, biochemical fingerprints of both polar and non-polar phyto-constituents were identified, thereby suggesting their implementation as phyto-medicine and phyto-photomedicine.
Topics: Humans; Male; Plant Extracts; Photochemotherapy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Plant Leaves; Cell Survival; Photosensitizing Agents; PC-3 Cells; Reactive Oxygen Species; Yemen; Cell Line, Tumor; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic
PubMed: 38931175
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121820 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024The crystal structures of two newly synthesized nitrilotriacetate oxidovanadium(IV) salts, namely [QH][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) () and [(acr)H][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) (), were...
The crystal structures of two newly synthesized nitrilotriacetate oxidovanadium(IV) salts, namely [QH][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) () and [(acr)H][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) (), were determined. Additionally, the cytotoxic effects of four N-heterocyclic nitrilotriacetate oxidovanadium(IV) salts-1,10-phenanthrolinium, [(phen)H][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) (), 2,2'-bipyridinium [(bpy)H][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) (), and two newly synthesized compounds () and ()-were evaluated against prostate cancer (PC3) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. All the compounds exhibited strong cytotoxic effects on cancer cells and normal cells (HaCaT human keratinocytes). The structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the number and arrangement of conjugated aromatic rings in the counterion had an impact on the antitumor effect. The compound (III), the 1,10-phenanthrolinium analogue, exhibited the greatest activity, whereas the acridinium salt (II), with a different arrangement of three conjugated aromatic rings, showed the lowest toxicity. The increased concentrations of the compounds resulted in alterations to the cell cycle distribution with different effects in MCF-7 and PC3 cells. In MCF-7 cells, compounds and were observed to block the G/M phase, while compounds and were found to arrest the cell cycle in the G/G phase. In PC3 cells, all compounds increased the rates of cells in the G/G phase.
Topics: Humans; Antineoplastic Agents; Breast Neoplasms; Male; Female; MCF-7 Cells; Prostatic Neoplasms; Nitrilotriacetic Acid; Structure-Activity Relationship; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Heterocyclic Compounds; Vanadium; PC-3 Cells; Cell Cycle; Molecular Structure; Salts; Cell Survival; Apoptosis
PubMed: 38930989
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122924 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) May 2024: Signet-ring cells are typically associated with mucin-secreting epithelium; thus, they are most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract, but not exclusively.... (Review)
Review
: Signet-ring cells are typically associated with mucin-secreting epithelium; thus, they are most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract, but not exclusively. Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the prostate is a rare and poorly differentiated, aggressive acinar adenocarcinoma variant with a grim prognosis. : In June of 2023, a 54-year-old Caucasian male presented with a complaint of lower urinary tract obstructive symptoms with occasional macrohematuria, non-specific body aches, and shortness of breath. A prostate specimen obtained in transurethral resection of the prostate was sent for histopathological examination. After a series of extraprostatic diagnostic workups, including fibrogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy computed tomography imaging, and immunohistochemical studies, the patient was diagnosed with primary prostatic signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma stage IV. Unfortunately, due to the advanced stage of the disease, PE, and third-degree thrombocytopenia, the patient was not a candidate for chemotherapy and died of cardiopulmonary insufficiency later that week. : Prostatic signet-ring cell carcinoma accounts for 0.02% of all prostate adenocarcinoma cases. Due to its nature and epidemiology, a diligent extraprostatic investigation has to be carried out. The disease often presents with unremarkable clinical symptoms and variable serum prostate-specific antigen results, which may contribute to its late diagnosis. Inconsistent immunohistochemical findings and an unpredictable response to hormonal treatment together pose both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that negatively affect the prognosis. : This study highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and the need for diagnostic and therapeutic consensus within the research community in search of the primary site of the disease, which may positively influence the prognosis.
Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatic Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell; Mucins; Adenocarcinoma; Fatal Outcome
PubMed: 38929494
DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060877 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2024Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are nucleotide sequences that participate in different biological processes and are associated with different pathologies, including...
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are nucleotide sequences that participate in different biological processes and are associated with different pathologies, including cancer. Long intergenic non-protein-coding RNA 662 (LINC00662) has been reported to be involved in different cancers, including colorectal, prostate, and breast cancer. However, its role in gallbladder cancer has not yet been described. In this article, we hypothesize that LINC00662 has an important role in the acquisition of aggressiveness traits such as a stem-like phenotype, invasion, and chemoresistance in gallbladder cancer. Here, we show that LINC00662 is associated with larger tumor size and lymph node metastasis in patients with gallbladder cancer. Furthermore, we show that the overexpression of LINC00662 promotes an increase in CD133/CD44 cell populations and the expression of stemness-associated genes. LINC00662 promotes greater invasive capacity and the expression of genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition, the expression of LINC00662 promotes resistance to cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil, associated with increased expression of chemoresistance-related ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in gallbladder cancer (GBC) cell lines. Finally, we show that the mechanism by which LINC00662 exerts its function is through a decrease in microRNA 335-5p (miR-335-5p) and an increase in octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) in GBC cells. Thus, our data allow us to propose LINC00662 as a biomarker of poor prognosis and a potential therapeutic target for patients with GBC.
Topics: Humans; Gallbladder Neoplasms; MicroRNAs; RNA, Long Noncoding; Cell Line, Tumor; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Octamer Transcription Factor-3; Female; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Cisplatin; Middle Aged; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Fluorouracil; Lymphatic Metastasis
PubMed: 38928444
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126740 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2024Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in almost all disorders, including cancer. Many factors, including aging, a high-fat diet, a stressful lifestyle, smoking,... (Review)
Review
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in almost all disorders, including cancer. Many factors, including aging, a high-fat diet, a stressful lifestyle, smoking, infection, genetic mutations, etc., lead to elevated levels of ROS. Prostate cancer, the most prevalent type of cancer in senior American men and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in American men, results from chronic oxidative stress. The doubled incident rate as well as the doubled mortality numbers of prostate cancer have persisted in African Americans in comparison with Caucasian Americans and other racial groups, indicating a prostate cancer disparity in African American men. In this review, we mainly focus on the latest findings on ROS in prostate cancer development and progression within the last five years to update our understanding in this area, as several comprehensive literature reviews addressing oxidative stress and/or inflammation in prostate cancer before 2020 are available. In addition to other known factors such as socioeconomic disadvantage, cultural mistrust of the health care system, etc. that are long-existing in the African American group, we also summarize the latest evidence that demonstrated high systemic oxidative stress and inflammation in African Americans for their potential contribution to the racial prostate cancer disparity in this population.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reactive Oxygen Species; Oxidative Stress; Black or African American; Black People; Health Status Disparities; Inflammation
PubMed: 38928370
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126665 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2024Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer diagnosed in men worldwide. Currently, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is resistant to androgen...
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer diagnosed in men worldwide. Currently, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is resistant to androgen deprivation therapy, has a poor prognosis and is a therapeutic problem. We investigated the antitumor effects on PC of an antibody neutralizing secreted disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 9 (sADAM9), which is a blood-soluble form. We performed proliferation assays, wound healing assays, invasion assays, Western blot (WB), and an in vivo study in which a sADAM9 neutralizing antibody was administered intratumorally to PC-bearing mice. In invasion assays, the sADAM9 neutralizing antibody significantly inhibited invasion in all cell lines (TRAMP-C2: = 0.00776, LNCaP: = 0.000914, PC-3: = 0.0327, and DU145: = 0.0254). We examined epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, one of the metastatic mechanisms, in WB and showed downregulation of Slug in TRAMP-C2, LNCaP, and DU145 and upregulation of E-cadherin in TRAMP-C2 and PC-3 by sADAM9 neutralization. In mouse experiments, the sADAM9 neutralizing antibody significantly suppressed tumor growth compared to controls (1.68-fold in TRAMP-C2, 1.89-fold in LNCaP, and 2.67-fold in PC-3). These results suggested that the sADAM9 neutralizing antibody inhibits invasion, migration, and tumor growth in PC. Previous studies examined the anti-tumor effect of knockdown of total ADAM9 or sADAM9, but this study used the new technology of neutralizing antibodies for sADAM9. This may be novel because there was no animal study using a neutralizing antibody for sADAM9 to see the relationship between ADAM9 expression and prostate cancer.
Topics: Male; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Animals; Humans; Cell Movement; ADAM Proteins; Mice; Cell Line, Tumor; Prostatic Neoplasms; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Cell Proliferation; Membrane Proteins; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
PubMed: 38928352
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126646