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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies that affects men and significantly contributes to increased mortality rates in men globally. Patients affected with prostate... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies that affects men and significantly contributes to increased mortality rates in men globally. Patients affected with prostate cancer present with either a localized or advanced disease. In this review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of prostate cancer, including the diagnosis of the disease, mutations leading to the onset and progression of the disease, and treatment options. Prostate cancer diagnoses include a digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen analysis, and prostate biopsies. Mutations in certain genes are linked to the onset, progression, and metastasis of the cancer. Treatment for localized prostate cancer encompasses active surveillance, ablative radiotherapy, and radical prostatectomy. Men who relapse or present metastatic prostate cancer receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), salvage radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Currently, available treatment options are more effective when used as combination therapy; however, despite available treatment options, prostate cancer remains to be incurable. There has been ongoing research on finding and identifying other treatment approaches such as the use of traditional medicine, the application of nanotechnologies, and gene therapy to combat prostate cancer, drug resistance, as well as to reduce the adverse effects that come with current treatment options. In this article, we summarize the genes involved in prostate cancer, available treatment options, and current research on alternative treatment options.
Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Salvage Therapy
PubMed: 36080493
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175730 -
Genes & Development Sep 2018Despite the high long-term survival in localized prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer remains largely incurable even after intensive multimodal therapy. The... (Review)
Review
Despite the high long-term survival in localized prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer remains largely incurable even after intensive multimodal therapy. The lethality of advanced disease is driven by the lack of therapeutic regimens capable of generating durable responses in the setting of extreme tumor heterogeneity on the genetic and cell biological levels. Here, we review available prostate cancer model systems, the prostate cancer genome atlas, cellular and functional heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment, tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance, and technological advances focused on disease detection and management. These advances, along with an improved understanding of the adaptive responses to conventional cancer therapies, anti-androgen therapy, and immunotherapy, are catalyzing development of more effective therapeutic strategies for advanced disease. In particular, knowledge of the heterotypic interactions between and coevolution of cancer and host cells in the tumor microenvironment has illuminated novel therapeutic combinations with a strong potential for more durable therapeutic responses and eventual cures for advanced disease. Improved disease management will also benefit from artificial intelligence-based expert decision support systems for proper standard of care, prognostic determinant biomarkers to minimize overtreatment of localized disease, and new standards of care accelerated by next-generation adaptive clinical trials.
Topics: Animals; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Gene Fusion; Humans; Male; Mice; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 30181359
DOI: 10.1101/gad.315739.118 -
Nature Reviews. Urology Feb 2021From a clinical, morphological and molecular perspective, prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Primary prostate cancers are often multifocal, having... (Review)
Review
From a clinical, morphological and molecular perspective, prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Primary prostate cancers are often multifocal, having topographically and morphologically distinct tumour foci. Sequencing studies have revealed that individual tumour foci can arise as clonally distinct lesions with no shared driver gene alterations. This finding demonstrates that multiple genomically and phenotypically distinct primary prostate cancers can be present in an individual patient. Lethal metastatic prostate cancer seems to arise from a single clone in the primary tumour but can exhibit subclonal heterogeneity at the genomic, epigenetic and phenotypic levels. Collectively, this complex heterogeneous constellation of molecular alterations poses obstacles for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. However, advances in our understanding of intra-tumoural heterogeneity and the development of novel technologies will allow us to navigate these challenges, refine approaches for translational research and ultimately improve patient care.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Epigenesis, Genetic; Genetic Heterogeneity; Genome; Genomics; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Phenotype; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33328650
DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-00400-w -
Missouri Medicine 2018Prostate cancer is common, and recent efforts in clinical management have focused on identifying patients who could be candidates from less aggressive management or who... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is common, and recent efforts in clinical management have focused on identifying patients who could be candidates from less aggressive management or who could benefit from more aggressive therapy. As prostate cancer histology, especially Gleason score, plays a critical role in predicting patient outcomes, attempts have been made to refine histologic classification and reporting in prostate cancer to facilitate patient risk stratification. This review discusses recent updates in prostate cancer grading and reporting.
Topics: Biopsy; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Grading; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 30228708
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2021Prostate cancer (PCa) is globally the second most diagnosed cancer type and the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Family history of PCa, hereditary... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer (PCa) is globally the second most diagnosed cancer type and the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Family history of PCa, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) and Lynch syndromes (LS), are among the most important risk factors compared to age, race, ethnicity and environmental factors for PCa development. Hereditary prostate cancer (HPCa) has the highest heritability of any major cancer in men. The proportion of PCa attributable to hereditary factors has been estimated in the range of 5-15%. To date, the genes more consistently associated to HPCa susceptibility include mismatch repair (MMR) genes (, , , and ) and homologous recombination genes (, , , ). Additional genes are also recommended to be integrated into specific research, including , and . Importantly, and mutated patients potentially benefit from Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase PARP inhibitors, through a mechanism of synthetic lethality, causing selective tumor cell cytotoxicity in cell lines. Moreover, the detection of germline alterations in MMR genes has therapeutic implications, as it may help to predict immunotherapy benefits. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of the genetic basis for inherited predisposition to PCa, the potential target therapy, and the role of active surveillance as a management strategy for patients with low-risk PCa. Finally, the current PCa guideline recommendations are reviewed.
Topics: Germ-Line Mutation; Humans; Male; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasm Proteins; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 33916521
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073753 -
Archivos Espanoles de Urologia Mar 2018Prostate cancer is a disease that presents a wide spectrum from low aggressiveness localized to disseminated cancer. Locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC) is a... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Prostate cancer is a disease that presents a wide spectrum from low aggressiveness localized to disseminated cancer. Locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC) is a particularly difficult to manage phase of this spectrum.
OBJECTIVES
We review the definition, diagnosis and treatment of this phase of the disease.
METHODS
We performed a non systematic literature review of the most relevant features of this pathology.
RESULTS
LAPC is more aggressive than organ confined disease. Its clinical diagnosis is not always easy. Local treatment, in spite of being aggressive with potential sequelae, seems to be advantageous in terms of patient survival.
CONCLUSIONS
Prostate cancer local staging is currently based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Local radical treatment with surgery or radiotherapy, with probable addition of systemic treatment, offers promising results for disease control and quality of life improvement.
Topics: Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 29633943
DOI: No ID Found -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Oct 2020Among U.S. men, prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death (1). Past studies documented decreasing incidence of prostate cancer overall since...
Among U.S. men, prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death (1). Past studies documented decreasing incidence of prostate cancer overall since 2000 but increasing incidence of distant stage prostate cancer (i.e., signifying spread to parts of the body remote from the primary tumor) starting in 2010 (2,3). Past studies described disparities in prostate cancer survival by stage, age, and race/ethnicity using data covering ≤80% of the U.S. population (4,5). To provide recent data on incidence and survival of prostate cancer in the United States, CDC analyzed data from population-based cancer registries that contribute to U.S. Cancer Statistics (USCS).* Among 3.1 million new cases of prostate cancer recorded during 2003-2017, localized, regional, distant, and unknown stage prostate cancer accounted for 77%, 11%, 5%, and 7% of cases, respectively, but the incidence of distant stage prostate cancer significantly increased during 2010-2017. During 2001-2016, 10-year relative survival for localized stage prostate cancer was 100%. Overall, 5-year survival for distant stage prostate cancer improved from 28.7% during 2001-2005 to 32.3% during 2011-2016; for the period 2001-2016, 5-year survival was highest among Asian/Pacific Islanders (API) (42.0%), followed by Hispanics (37.2%), American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) (32.2%), Black men (31.6%), and White men (29.1%). Understanding incidence and survival differences by stage, race/ethnicity, and age can guide public health planning related to screening, treatment, and survivor care. Future research into differences by stage, race/ethnicity, and age could inform interventions aimed at improving disparities in outcomes.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ethnicity; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Racial Groups; Survival Analysis; United States
PubMed: 33056955
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6941a1 -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... Sep 2020
Topics: Europe; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32593798
DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.06.011 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021This Special Issue focuses on the molecular mechanisms involved in therapeutic resistance, lineage plasticity, and phenotypic reprogramming leading to prostate cancer...
This Special Issue focuses on the molecular mechanisms involved in therapeutic resistance, lineage plasticity, and phenotypic reprogramming leading to prostate cancer recurrence and, ultimately, lethal disease [...].
Topics: Androgen Receptor Antagonists; Androgens; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Androgen; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34769075
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111645 -
The British Journal of Radiology Mar 2022
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35179398
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20229003