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Translational Psychiatry May 2024Schizophrenia is associated with increased risk of medical comorbidity, possibly including osteoporosis, which is a public health concern due to its significant social... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Schizophrenia is associated with increased risk of medical comorbidity, possibly including osteoporosis, which is a public health concern due to its significant social and health consequences. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to determine whether schizophrenia is associated with bone fragility. The protocol for this review has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020171959). The research question and inclusion/exclusion criteria were developed and presented according to the PECO (Population, Exposure, Comparison, Outcome) framework. Schizophrenia was identified from medical records, DSM-IV/5 or the ICD. The outcomes for this review were bone fragility [i.e., bone mineral density (BMD), fracture, bone turnover markers, bone quality]. A search strategy was developed and implemented for the electronic databases. A narrative synthesis was undertaken for all included studies; the results from eligible studies reporting on BMD and fracture were pooled using a random effects model to complete a meta-analysis. The conduct of the review and reporting of results adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Our search yielded 3103 studies, of which 29 met the predetermined eligibility criteria. Thirty-seven reports from 29 studies constituted 17 studies investigating BMD, eight investigating fracture, three investigating bone quality and nine investigating bone turnover markers. The meta-analyses revealed that people with schizophrenia had lower BMD at the lumbar spine [standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.74, 95% CI -1.27, -0.20; Z = -2.71, p = 0.01] and at the femoral neck (SMD -0.78, 95% CI -1.03, -0.53; Z = -6.18, p ≤ 0.001). Also observed was a higher risk of fracture (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.27, 1.61; Z = 5.88, p ≤ 0.001). Following adjustment for publication bias, the association between schizophrenia and femoral neck BMD (SMD -0.63, 95% CI -0.97, -0.29) and fracture (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.28, 1.35) remained. Significantly increased risk of bone fragility was observed in people with schizophrenia. This association was independent of sex, participant number, methodological quality and year of publication.
Topics: Humans; Schizophrenia; Bone Density; Osteoporosis; Fractures, Bone
PubMed: 38816361
DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02884-1 -
Scientific Reports May 2024The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of exercise on intermediate disease markers in populations with overweight and obesity, providing evidence-based... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of exercise on intermediate disease markers in populations with overweight and obesity, providing evidence-based recommendations for clinicians to utilize these markers in developing exercise prescriptions for this group. The study was conducted by retrieving data from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CNKI and only including Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) to examine the effect of different exercise interventions on intermediate disease markers in overweight and obese people. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Bias Risk Assessment tool and the data was analyzed using Stata 15.1 data analysis software. The RCTs were collected from January 2017 to March 2024. A total of 56 RCTs were included and the results of 10 outcomes were analyzed using random effects meta-analysis. The total sample size used in the study was 3193 The results showed that resistance training significantly reduced total cholesterol (SUCRA: 99.9%), triglycerides (SUCRA: 100.0%), low-density lipoprotein (SUCRA: 100.0%), systolic pressure (SUCRA: 92.5%), and increased high-density lipoprotein (SUCRA: 100.0%). Aerobic exercise significantly reduced insulin (SUCRA: 89.1%) and HbA1c (SUCRA: 95.3%). Concurrent training significantly reduced HOMA-IR (SUCRA: 93.8%), diastolic blood pressure (SUCRA: 71.2%) and Glucose (SUCRA: 87.6%). Exercise has a significant impact on intermediate disease markers in populations with overweight and obese. Compared with no exercise, exercise lowers total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, HOMA-IR, insulin, and HbA1c, and increases HDL in people with overweight and obese. These findings provide evidence-based recommendations for exercise interventions aimed at weight reduction and the prevention of chronic diseases in individuals with overweight and obese.
Topics: Humans; Obesity; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Biomarkers; Exercise; Overweight; Network Meta-Analysis; Male; Exercise Therapy; Glycated Hemoglobin; Triglycerides; Female; Resistance Training
PubMed: 38802439
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62677-w -
Nutrients May 2024Previous studies have shown encouraging results regarding the efficacy and safety of nutraceuticals, such as "red yeast rice (RYR) extract", on reducing... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Safety and Efficacy of the Consumption of the Nutraceutical "Red Yeast Rice Extract" for the Reduction of Hypercholesterolemia in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Previous studies have shown encouraging results regarding the efficacy and safety of nutraceuticals, such as "red yeast rice (RYR) extract", on reducing hypercholesterolemia in humans. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted from January 2012 to May 2022. The search was strictly focused on clinical trials that examined the association between RYR extract consumption and parameters of the lipid profile in humans. Fourteen double-blinded clinical trials were identified. The interventions lasted 4-24 weeks. In most studies, there was one intervention group and one control group. RYR extract consumption statistically significantly reduced total cholesterol (mean absolute reduction: 37.43 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -47.08, -27.79) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; mean absolute reduction: 35.82 mg/dL; 95% CI: -43.36, -28.29), but not high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoproteins A-I and B. As regards the safety, RYR extract was considered a safe choice with neither threatening nor frequent side effects. The consumption of RYR extract by people with hypercholesterolemia was associated with statistically significant reduction in total cholesterol and LDL-C, whereas it was not associated with an increase in life-threatening side effects. Further research on specific subpopulations and outcomes could establish a consensus on determining the clinical benefits and potential risks, if any, of this nutraceutical.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Middle Aged; Anticholesteremic Agents; Biological Products; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Dietary Supplements; Hypercholesterolemia; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over
PubMed: 38794691
DOI: 10.3390/nu16101453 -
Journal of Cardiovascular Development... May 2024Atherosclerosis is a multi-factorial disease, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a critical risk factor in developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Atherosclerosis is a multi-factorial disease, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a critical risk factor in developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Cholesteryl-ester transfer-protein (CETP), synthesized by the liver, regulates LDL-C and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) through the bidirectional transfer of lipids. The novelty of CETP inhibitors (CETPis) has granted new focus towards increasing HDL-C, besides lowering LDL-C strategies. To date, five CETPis that are projected to improve lipid profiles, torcetrapib, dalcetrapib, evacetrapib, anacetrapib, and obicetrapib, have reached late-stage clinical development for ASCVD risk reduction. Early trials failed to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular occurrences. Given the advent of some recent large-scale clinical trials (ACCELERATE, HPS3/TIMI55-REVEAL Collaborative Group), conducting a meta-analysis is essential to investigate CETPis' efficacy.
METHODS
We conducted a thorough search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that commenced between 2003 and 2023; CETPi versus placebo studies with a ≥6-month follow-up and defined outcomes were eligible.
PRIMARY OUTCOMES
major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality, all-cause mortality.
SECONDARY OUTCOMES
stroke, revascularization, hospitalization due to acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction (MI).
RESULTS
Nine RCTs revealed that the use of a CETPi significantly reduced CVD-related mortality (RR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81-0.98; = 0.02; I2 = 0%); the same studies also reduced the risk of MI (RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.98; = 0.01; I2 = 0%), which was primarily attributed to anacetrapib. The use of a CETPi did not reduce the likelihood any other outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
Our meta-analysis shows, for the first time, that CETPis are associated with reduced CVD-related mortality and MI.
PubMed: 38786974
DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11050152 -
American Journal of Health Promotion :... May 2024To identify environmental features of multi-family housing (MFH) and their surrounding neighborhoods that influence residents' physical activity (PA). (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To identify environmental features of multi-family housing (MFH) and their surrounding neighborhoods that influence residents' physical activity (PA).
DATA SOURCE
Articles published between January 2000 and September 2023 were identified from major social science, medical, health, behavioral science, and urban studies databases.
STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Studies were included if they (a) were empirical studies published in peer-reviewed journals and written in English; (b) focused on the MFH environment or the surrounding neighborhood; and (c) had at least one PA outcome.
DATA EXTRACTION
Data was extracted regarding the study objective, location, study sample, research design, results related to MFH and neighborhood environment, and limitations.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Descriptive summary of study characteristics and analysis to identify emerging themes at three spatial scales (i.e., building, site and neighborhood).
RESULTS
Findings from 35 identified articles revealed factors influencing MFH residents' PA. On the building level, typology and tenure showed contrasting correlations with PA in different age groups. On the site level, the presence of PA facilities and safe, walking-friendly environments promoted PA. On the neighborhood level, safety, quality of PA and pedestrian infrastructure, upkeep, air quality, aesthetics, neighborhood satisfaction, street connectivity, walkability, land use mix, density, and public transport promoted PA.
CONCLUSION
Study findings highlight the importance of the MFH environments in promoting PA, especially in older adults and young children. With increasing housing demand, understanding diverse MFH typologies and the impact of interventions on multi-spatial scales can help promote healthy and activity-friendly communities.
PubMed: 38785111
DOI: 10.1177/08901171241254940 -
Heliyon May 2024L. () has been traditionally utilized as a medicinal intervention for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The current study was designed to offer a GRADE-assessed...
Effects of L. supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
L. () has been traditionally utilized as a medicinal intervention for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The current study was designed to offer a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the impact of intake on glycemic indexes and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM.
METHODS
A comprehensive search was conducted across several databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, from the inception of each database until April 22, 2023. The Hartung-Knapp adjustment was applied to ensure conservative summary estimates with broad confidence intervals.
RESULTS
A total of eight trials involving 423 patients with T2DM were included in this study. Compared to the control group, the intake of supplementation resulted in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD: -0.85 mmol/L; 95%CI: -1.44, -0.26; = 0.005; = 73.4 %), postprandial glucose (PPG) (WMD: -2.28 mmol/L; 95%CI: -3.35, -1.21; = 0.000; = 66.9 %), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (WMD: -0.38 %; 95%CI: -0.53, -0.23; = 0.000; = 37.6 %), and total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: -0.38 mmol/L; 95%CI: -0.70, -0.07; = 0.017; = 63.6 %). These results remained statistically significant even after applying the Hartung-Knapp adjustment. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study suggest that could serve as a potential alternative for individuals with T2DM, particularly those with elevated total cholesterol levels. However, further high-quality studies are necessary to validate these results.
PubMed: 38784554
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31126 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Metabolic syndrome (MetS) poses a significant clinical challenge for individuals living with HIV (PLHIV). In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), this condition is becoming a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) poses a significant clinical challenge for individuals living with HIV (PLHIV). In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), this condition is becoming a growing concern, owing to lifestyle changes and an increasingly aging population. Several SSA countries have reported on the prevalence of MetS. However, these estimates may be outdated because numerous recent studies have updated MetS prevalence among PLHIV in these countries. Moreover, prior research has focused on various study designs to report the pooled prevalence, which is a methodological limitation. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled estimates of MetS in PLHIV in SSA by addressing these gaps. We systematically searched Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, and PubMed/Medline for the prevalence of MetS and its subcomponents among people with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. The estimated pooled prevalence was presented using a forest plot. Egger's and Begg's rank regression tests were used to assess evidence of publication bias. Twenty-five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria after review of the updated PRISMA guidelines. The pooled prevalence of MetS was 21.01% [95% CI: (16.50, 25.51)] and 23.42% [95% CI: (19.16, 27.08)] to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, respectively. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Low HDL) at 47.25% [95% CI: 34.17, 60.33)] were the highest reported individual subcomponent, followed by abdominal obesity at 38.44% [95% CI: (28.81, 48.88)]. The prevalence of MetS is high in sub-Saharan Africa. Low HDL levels and increased waist circumference/abdominal obesity were the most prevalent components of MetS. Therefore, early screening for MetS components and lifestyle modifications is required. Policymakers should develop strategies to prevent MetS before an epidemic occurs.PROSPERO: CRD42023445294.
Topics: Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Africa South of the Sahara; HIV Infections; Prevalence; Female; Male; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38777850
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62497-y -
Movement Ecology May 2024The relationship between animal dispersal and conspecific density has been explored in various study systems but results in terms of both the magnitude and the direction...
The relationship between animal dispersal and conspecific density has been explored in various study systems but results in terms of both the magnitude and the direction of density dependence are inconsistent. We conducted a thorough review of the literature (2000-2023) and found k = 97 empirical studies of birds, fishes, herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles), invertebrates, or mammals that had tested for a correlation between conspecific density and animal dispersal. We extracted categorical variables for taxonomic group, sex, age, migratory behavior, study design, dispersal metric, density metric and variable type, as well as temporal and spatial scale, to test each of their correlation with the effect of density on dispersal (Pearson's r) using linear regressions and multilevel mixed-effect modelling. We found certain biases in the published literature, highlighting that the impact of conspecific density on dispersal is not as widespread as it is thought to be. We also found no predominant trend for density-dependent dispersal across taxonomic groups. Instead, results show that the scale and metrics of empirical observations significantly affected analytical results, and heterogeneity measures were high within taxonomic groups. Therefore, the direction and magnitude of the interaction between density and dispersal in empirical studies could partially be attributed to the data collection method involved. We suggest that the contradictory observations for density-dependent dispersal could be explained by dispersal-dependent density, where density is driven by movement instead, and urge researchers to either test this interaction when applicable or consider this perspective when reporting results.
PubMed: 38773669
DOI: 10.1186/s40462-024-00478-6 -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2024Diabetic neuropathy affects nearly half of all diabetics and poses a significant threat to public health. Recent preclinical studies suggest that mesenchymal stem cells...
Diabetic neuropathy affects nearly half of all diabetics and poses a significant threat to public health. Recent preclinical studies suggest that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may represent a promising solution for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. However, an objective assessment of the preclinical effectiveness of MSCs is still pending. We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane library to identify preclinical studies that investigate the effects of MSCs on diabetic neuropathy up until 15 September 2023. Outcome indicators consisted of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities, intra-epidermal nerve fiber density, sciatic nerve blood flow, capillary-to-muscle fiber ratio, neurotrophic factors, angiogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines. The literature review and meta-analysis were conducted independently by two researchers. 23 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this system review for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Pooled analyses indicated that MSCs exhibited an evident benefit in diabetic neuropathy in terms of motor (SMD = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.71-2.61) and sensory nerve conduction velocities (SMD = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.78-4.07), intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (SMD = 3.17, 95% CI: 2.28-4.07), sciatic nerve blood flow (SMD = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.37-2.66), and capillary-to-muscle fiber ratio (SMD = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.55 to 3.01, < 0.00001). Furthermore, after MSC therapy, the expressions of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors increased significantly in most studies, while the levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced. The relevance of this review relies on the fact that summarizes an extensive body of work entailing substantial preclinical evidence that supports the efficacy of MSCs in mitigating diabetic neuropathy. While MSCs emerge as a promising potential treatment for diabetic neuropathy, further research is essential to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and the best administration strategy for MSCs.
PubMed: 38770273
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1349050 -
World Journal of Diabetes May 2024Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, non-communicable disease with a substantial global impact, affecting a significant number of individuals. Its etiology is closely tied to...
BACKGROUND
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, non-communicable disease with a substantial global impact, affecting a significant number of individuals. Its etiology is closely tied to imbalanced dietary practices and sedentary lifestyles. Conversely, increasing die-tary fiber (DF) intake has consistently demonstrated health benefits in numerous studies, including improvements in glycemic control and weight management.
AIM
To investigate the efficacy of DF interventions in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
METHODS
A systematic literature review was conducted to explore the association between DF intake and the management of T2DM. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 26 studies were included in this review.
RESULTS
The main strategies implied to increased DF intake were: High DF diet plus acarbose (2 studies); DF supplements (14 studies); and high DF diets (10 studies). Overall, most studies indicated that increased DF intake resulted in im-provements in glycemic control and weight management in T2DM patients.
CONCLUSION
DF represents a valuable strategy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, improving health outcomes. DF intake offers the potential to improve quality of life and reduce complications and mortality associated with diabetes. Likewise, through supplements or enriched foods, DF contributes significantly to the control of several markers such as HbA1c, blood glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and body weight.
PubMed: 38766430
DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i5.1001