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ACS Omega Sep 2023The purpose of this study was to compare and explore the potential of two distinct lipases at industrial levels after their production using wheat bran substrate in...
The purpose of this study was to compare and explore the potential of two distinct lipases at industrial levels after their production using wheat bran substrate in solid-state fermentation. Lipases from () and () were characterized to assess their compatibility and suitability for use in laundry detergents. The effects of pH, temperature, metal ions, inhibitors, organic solvents, and various commercially available detergents on these lipases were studied in order to compare their activity and stability profiles and check their stain removal ability. Both lipases remained stable across the wide pH (7-10) and temperature (30-50 °C) ranges. lipase exhibited optimum activity (51.66 U/mL) at pH 7.0 and 37 °C, while lipase showed optimum activity (52.12 U/mL) at pH 8.0 and 40 °C. The addition of Ca and Mg ions enhanced their activities, while sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) reduced their activities. Lipase from both strains showed tolerance to various organic solvents and considerable stability and compatibility with commercially available laundry detergents (>50%); however, lipase performed slightly better. Characterization of these crude lipases showed nearly 60% relative activity after incubation for 2 h in various detergents, thus suggesting their potential to be employed in the formulation of laundry detergents with easy and efficient enzyme production. The production of thermostable and alkaline lipases from both strains makes them an attractive option for economic gain by lowering the amount of detergent to be used, thus reducing the chemical burden on the environment.
PubMed: 37720795
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03644 -
Mycobiology 2023The aim of this study was to characterize a new fungal species, , isolated from air samples collected in Wando, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal...
The aim of this study was to characterize a new fungal species, , isolated from air samples collected in Wando, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit regions revealed its unique position within the genus . The isolated strain displayed distinct morphological characteristics, including ellipsoid or bent-ellipsoid conidia formed in clusters on the phialides. These features differentiate the new species from closely related species within the genus. This study describes the morphological and molecular characteristics of and emphasizes its phylogenetic relationships with other spp. The identification of this novel species contributes to our understanding of the diversity and ecological role of .
PubMed: 37711986
DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2242646 -
MicrobiologyOpen Aug 2023Patulin is a toxic secondary metabolite synthesized by various fungal strains. This mycotoxin is generally toxic to microorganisms as well as mammals due to its...
Patulin is a toxic secondary metabolite synthesized by various fungal strains. This mycotoxin is generally toxic to microorganisms as well as mammals due to its reactivity with the important cellular antioxidant glutathione. In this study, we explored the presence of microorganisms capable of degrading patulin. Microorganisms were screened for the ability to both grow in culture medium containing patulin and reduce its concentration. Screening of 510 soil samples resulted in the isolation of two filamentous fungal strains, one of which, Acremonium sp. TUS-MM1 was characterized in detail. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed that TUS-MM1 cells degraded patulin to desoxypatulinic acid. In addition, extracellular components of strain TUS-MM1 also exhibited patulin-transforming activity. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that the extracellular components generated several products from patulin. Disc diffusion assay using Escherichia coli cells revealed that the patulin-transformation products by the extracellular components are less toxic than patulin. We also demonstrated that a thermostable, low-molecular-weight compound within the extracellular components was responsible for the patulin-transforming activity. These results suggest that strain TUS-MM1 transforms patulin into less-toxic molecules by secreting a highly reactive compound. In addition, once patulin enters the cells, strain TUS-MM1 can transform it into desoxypatulinic acid to reduce its toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Patulin; Fungi; Antioxidants; Biological Transport; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Escherichia coli; Mammals
PubMed: 37642482
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1373 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023Morels ( spp.) are highly prized and popular edible mushrooms. The outdoor cultivation of morels in China first developed at the beginning of the 21st century. Several...
Morels ( spp.) are highly prized and popular edible mushrooms. The outdoor cultivation of morels in China first developed at the beginning of the 21st century. Several species, such as , , and , have been commercially cultivated in greenhouses. However, the detriments and obstacles associated with continuous cropping have become increasingly serious, reducing yields and even leading to a complete lack of fructification. It has been reported that the obstacles encountered with continuous morel cropping may be related to changes in the soil microbial community. To study the effect of dazomet treatment on the cultivation of morel under continuous cropping, soil was fumigated with dazomet before morel sowing. Alpha diversity and beta diversity analysis results showed that dazomet treatment altered the microbial communities in continuous cropping soil, which decreased the relative abundance of soil-borne fungal pathogens, including , , , , and , increased the relative abundance of beneficial soil bacteria, including and . In addition, the dazomet treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of morel mycelia in the soil and significantly improved morel yield under continuous cropping. These results verified the relationship between the obstacles associated with continuous cropping in morels and the soil microbial community and elucidated the mechanism by which the obstacle is alleviated when using dazomet treatment.
PubMed: 37614603
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1200226 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Aug 2023Mycetoma is one of the six Neglected Tropical Diseases that are prevalent in Turkana County (northwest Kenya). The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of...
Mycetoma is one of the six Neglected Tropical Diseases that are prevalent in Turkana County (northwest Kenya). The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of mycetoma in the county, as well as to describe the main causative agents involved in the disease using methods affordable locally. Based on the data collected by the team of cooperative medicine Cirugia en Turkana (Surgery in Turkana), a specific study for mycetoma was started during the 16th humanitarian medicine campaign in February 2019. Patients with suspected mycetoma were studied at the Lodwar County Referral Hospital (LCRH). After informing the patient and getting their consent, the lesions were examined and sampled (mainly by biopsy) and clinical data were recorded. Samples were washed in sterile saline solution and cut in fragments. Some of these were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, Malt Extract Agar, and diluted Nutrient Agar plates. One fragment of each sample was used for DNA extraction. The DNA and the rest of the fragments of samples were kept at -20°C. All cultures were incubated at room temperature at the LCRH laboratory. The DNA obtained from clinical samples was submitted to PCR amplification of the ITS-5.8S and the V4-V5 16S rRNA gene region, for the detection and identification of fungi and bacteria respectively. From February 2019 till February 2022, 60 patients were studied. Most of them were men (43, 74,1%) between 13 and 78 y.o. (mean age 37). Half of the patients were herdsmen but, among women 40% (6) were housewives and 26.7% (4) charcoal burners. Lesions were mainly located at the feet (87.9%) and most of the patients (54; 93.1%) reported discharge of grains in the exudate, being 27 (46.6%) yellow or pale colored and 19 (32.8%) of them dark grains. Culture of clinical samples yielded 35 fungal and bacterial putative causative agents. Culture and molecular methods allowed the identification of a total of 21 causative agents of mycetoma (39.6% of cases studied). Most of them (17) corresponded to fungi causing eumycetoma (80.9%) being the most prevalent the genus Madurella (7; 41.2%), with two species involved (M. mycetomatis and M. fahalii), followed by Aspergillus (2; 11.8%). Other minority genera detected were Cladosporium, Fusarium, Acremonium, Penicillium, and Trichophyton (5.9% each of them). Actinobacteria were detected in 19.1% of samples, but only Streptomyces somaliensis was identified as a known agent of mycetoma, the rest being actinobacteria not previously described as causative agents of the disease, such as Cellulosimicrobium cellulans detected in two of the patients. Although Kenya is geographically located in the mycetoma belt, to our knowledge this is the first report on mycetoma in this country from 1973, and the first one for Turkana County.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Adult; Mycetoma; Kenya; Agar; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Madurella
PubMed: 37578968
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011327 -
BMC Biology Aug 2023The extracellular space between the cell wall and plasma membrane is a battlefield in plant-pathogen interactions. Within this space, the pathogen employs its secretome...
BACKGROUND
The extracellular space between the cell wall and plasma membrane is a battlefield in plant-pathogen interactions. Within this space, the pathogen employs its secretome to attack the host in a variety of ways, including immunity manipulation. However, the role of the plant secretome is rarely studied for its role in disease resistance.
RESULTS
Here, we examined the secretome of Verticillium wilt-resistant Gossypium hirsutum cultivar Zhongzhimian No.2 (ZZM2, encoding 95,327 predicted coding sequences) to determine its role in disease resistance against the wilt causal agent, Verticillium dahliae. Bioinformatics-driven analyses showed that the ZZM2 genome encodes 2085 secreted proteins and that these display disequilibrium in their distribution among the chromosomes. The cotton secretome displayed differences in the abundance of certain amino acid residues as compared to the remaining encoded proteins due to the localization of these putative proteins in the extracellular space. The secretome analysis revealed conservation for an allotetraploid genome, which nevertheless exhibited variation among orthologs and comparable unique genes between the two sub-genomes. Secretome annotation strongly suggested its involvement in extracellular stress responses (hydrolase activity, oxidoreductase activity, and extracellular region, etc.), thus contributing to resistance against the V. dahliae infection. Furthermore, the defense response genes (immunity marker NbHIN1, salicylic acid marker NbPR1, and jasmonic acid marker NbLOX4) were activated to varying degrees when Nicotina benthamiana leaves were agro-infiltrated with 28 randomly selected members, suggesting that the secretome plays an important role in the immunity response. Finally, gene silencing assays of 11 members from 13 selected candidates in ZZM2 displayed higher susceptibility to V. dahliae, suggesting that the secretome members confer the Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data demonstrate that the cotton secretome plays an important role in Verticillium wilt resistance, facilitating the development of the resistance gene markers and increasing the understanding of the mechanisms regulating disease resistance.
Topics: Gossypium; Disease Resistance; Secretome; Verticillium; Ascomycota; Plant Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 37542270
DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01650-x -
Plant Disease Dec 2023Lettuce ( L.) production is greatly threatened by Verticillium wilt, which is caused by three pathogenic races (races 1, 2, and 3) of the soilborne fungus . Race 1 is...
Lettuce ( L.) production is greatly threatened by Verticillium wilt, which is caused by three pathogenic races (races 1, 2, and 3) of the soilborne fungus . Race 1 is predominant, and resistant varieties that provide full protection against it are commercially available. However, heavily relying on race 1-resistant cultivars could shift the population towards resistance-breaking isolates and impact the durability of plant resistance. This study determined the inheritance of partial resistance to isolate VdLs17 of within spp. using 258 F progeny generated from a cross between two partially resistant accessions, 11G99 () and PI 171674 (). Eight experiments were performed under greenhouse and growth room conditions across 3 years using a randomized complete block design, and segregation analysis was conducted to determine the inheritance pattern. The results indicate that partial resistance to isolate VdLs17 of is conditioned by a two-major-gene genetic model with additive-dominance-epistatic effects. Transgressive segregants were infrequent but observed in both directions, indicating that favorable and adverse alleles are dispersed in both parents. Combining favorable alleles of these two partially resistant parents appears to be challenging because of epistatic effects and a significant role of environment in disease severity. The probability of capturing favorable additive genes could be maximized by generating and evaluating a large population and making selections at late generations. This study provides valuable insights into the inheritance pattern of partial resistance to isolate VdLs17 of that will be helpful in designing efficient breeding strategies in lettuce.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Topics: Ascomycota; Inheritance Patterns; Lactuca; Plant Breeding; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 37311229
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-09-22-2194-RE -
Biotechnology Letters Aug 2023Dielectric spectroscopy is commonly used for online monitoring of biomass growth. It is however not utilized for biomass concentration measurements due to poor...
OBJECTIVES
Dielectric spectroscopy is commonly used for online monitoring of biomass growth. It is however not utilized for biomass concentration measurements due to poor correlation with Cell Dry Weight (CDW). A calibration methodology is developed that can directly measure viable biomass concentration in a commercial filamentous process using dielectric values, without recourse to independent and challenging viability determinations.
RESULTS
The methodology is applied to samples from the industrial scale fermentation of a filamentous fungus, Acremonium fusidioides. By mixing fresh and heat-killed samples, linear responses were verified and sample viability could be fitted with the dielectric [Formula: see text] values and total solids concentration. The study included a total of 26 samples across 21 different cultivations, with a legacy at-line viable cell analyzer requiring 2 ml samples, and a modern on-line probe operated at-line with 2 different sample presentation volumes, one compatible with the legacy analyzer, a larger sample volume of 100 ml being compatible with calibration for on-line operation. The linear model provided an [Formula: see text] value of 0.99 between [Formula: see text] and viable biomass across the sample set using either instrument. The difference in ∆C when analyzing 100 mL and 2 mL samples with an in-line probe can be adjusted by a scalar factor of 1.33 within the microbial system used in this study, preserving the linear relation with [Formula: see text] of 0.97.
CONCLUSIONS
It is possible to directly estimate viable biomass concentrations utilizing dielectric spectroscopy without recourse to extensive and difficult to execute independent viability studies. The same method can be applied to calibrate different instruments to measure viable biomass concentration. Small sample volumes are appropriate as long as the sample volumes are kept consistent.
Topics: Fermentation; Bioreactors; Dielectric Spectroscopy; Biomass; Fungi
PubMed: 37227599
DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03384-w -
Planta Medica Oct 2023Fungi-derived polyketide-terpenoid hybrids are important meroterpenoid natural products that possess diverse structure scaffolds with a broad spectrum of bioactivities.... (Review)
Review
Fungi-derived polyketide-terpenoid hybrids are important meroterpenoid natural products that possess diverse structure scaffolds with a broad spectrum of bioactivities. Herein, we focus on an ever-increasing group of meroterpenoids, orsellinic acid-sesquiterpene hybrids comprised of biosynthetic start unit orsellinic acid coupling to a farnesyl group or/and its modified cyclic products. The review entails the search of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases up to June 2022. The key terms include "orsellinic acid", "sesquiterpene", "ascochlorin", "ascofuranone", and "", which are combined with the structures of "ascochlorin" and "ascofuranone" drawn by the Reaxys and Scifinder databases. In our search, these orsellinic acid-sesquiterpene hybrids are mainly produced by filamentous fungi. Ascochlorin was the first compound reported in 1968 and isolated from filamentous fungus (synonym: ); to date, 71 molecules are discovered from various filamentous fungi inhabiting in a variety of ecological niches. As typical representatives of the hybrid molecules, the biosynthetic pathway of ascofuranone and ascochlorin are discussed. The group of meroterpenoid hybrids exhibits a broad arrange of bioactivities, as highlighted by targeting hDHODH (human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) inhibition, antitrypanosomal, and antimicrobial activities. This review summarizes the findings related to the structures, fungal sources, bioactivities, and their biosynthesis from 1968 to June 2022.
Topics: Humans; Sesquiterpenes; Ascomycota; Terpenes
PubMed: 37225133
DOI: 10.1055/a-2099-4932 -
Food Chemistry: X Jun 2023Mouding sufu, a traditional fermented soybean product in China, has been recognized by the public in the southwestern regions of China. To reveal the microbial community...
Mouding sufu, a traditional fermented soybean product in China, has been recognized by the public in the southwestern regions of China. To reveal the microbial community succession and their relationship with the flavor formation during the natural fermentation of Mouding sufu, microbial community, non-volatile flavor compounds and volatile flavor compounds were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography ion migration spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that and were the most abundant bacterial genus, whereas the main fungal genera were and . In addition, Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Alanine, Valine, Lysine, Histidine, lactic acid, succinic acid, and acetic acid were the main non-volatile flavor substances. Furthermore, the taste activity values of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and lactic acid reached 132, 68.9, 18.18 at H60, respectively, meaning that umami and sour were the key taste compounds. Simultaneously, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate-M, ethyl propanoate, methyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate-D, ethyl isobutyrate, linalool-M, linalool-D, cis-4-heptenal, 2-methylpropanal were the characteristic volatile flavor of Mouding sufu. Finally, correlation analysis showed that and correlated with most of the key aroma compounds. 20 bacteria and 21 fungi were identified as core functional microbe for Mouding sufu production.
PubMed: 37168719
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100686